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arXiv 2024年

作者： Nakka, Kalyan Dani, Jimmy Saxena, Nitesh SPIES Research Lab Department of Computer Science & Engineering Texas A&M University United States

In this paper, we present a very first study to investigate trust and ethical implications of on-device artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on small language models (SLMs) amenable for personal devices like smartphones. While on-device SLMs promise enhanced privacy, reduced latency, and improved user experience compared to cloud-based services, we posit that they might also introduce significant risks and vulnerabilities compared to their on-server counterparts. As part of our trust assessment study, we conduct a systematic evaluation of the state-of-the-art on-devices SLMs, contrasted to their on-server counterparts, based on a well-established trustworthiness measurement framework. Our results show on-device SLMs to be significantly less trustworthy, specifically demonstrating more stereotypical, unfair and privacy-breaching behavior. Informed by these findings, we then perform our ethics assessment study using a dataset of unethical questions, that depicts harmful scenarios. Our results illustrate the lacking ethical safeguards in on-device SLMs, emphasizing their capabilities of generating harmful content. Further, the broken safeguards and exploitable nature of on-device SLMs is demonstrated using potentially unethical vanilla prompts, to which the on-device SLMs answer with valid responses without any filters and without the need for any jailbreaking or prompt engineering. These responses can be abused for various harmful and unethical scenarios like: societal harm, illegal activities, hate, self-harm, exploitable phishing content and many others, all of which indicates the severe vulnerability and exploitability of these on-device SLMs. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational linguistics

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Rethinking and improving robustness of convolutional neural networks: a shapley value-based approach in frequency domain 22

Rethinking and improving robustness of convolutional neural ...

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Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

作者： Yiting Chen Qibing Ren Junchi Yan Department of Computer Science and Engineering MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence Shanghai Jiao Tong University

ISBN: (纸本)9781713871088

The existence of adversarial examples poses concerns for the robustness of convolutional neural networks (CNN), for which a popular hypothesis is about the frequency bias phenomenon: CNNs rely more on high-frequency components (HFC) for classification than humans, which causes the brittleness of CNNs. However, most previous works manually select and roughly divide the image frequency spectrum and conduct qualitative analysis. In this work, we introduce Shapley value, a metric of cooperative game theory, into the frequency domain and propose to quantify the positive (negative) impact of every frequency component of data on CNNs. Based on the Shapley value, we quantify the impact in a fine-grained way and show intriguing instance disparity. Statistically, we investigate adversarial training(AT) and the adversarial attack in the frequency domain. The observations motivate us to perform an in-depth analysis and lead to multiple novel hypotheses about i) the cause of adversarial robustness of the AT model; ii) the fairness problem of AT between different classes in the same dataset; iii) the attack bias on different frequency components. Finally, we propose a Shapley-value guided data augmentation technique for improving the robustness. Experimental results on image classification benchmarks show its effectiveness.

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Investigating the Transferability of Evasion Attacks in Network Intrusion Detection Systems Considering Domain-Specific Constraints 1

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25th International Conference on Information Security Applications, WISA 2024

作者： Mbow, Mariama Roman, Rodrigo Seal, Ayan Wang, Kevin I-Kai Mohanty, Sraban Kumar Sakurai, Kouichi Department of Information Science and Technology Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan Lab University of Malaga Málaga Spain PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur482005 India Department of Electrical Computer and Software Engineering The University of Auckland Auckland1010 New Zealand

ISBN: (数字)9789819616244

ISBN: (纸本)9789819616237

Recently, adversarial attacks against machine learning-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) have gained significant attention in cybersecurity. This study investigates the transferability of these adversarial attacks in the context of NIDS. In addition, most existing studies in adversarial learning against NIDS adopted attack strategies designed originally for image classification without considering network traffic characteristics. However, this is impractical and will fail in the real world as network traffic features are constrained, and ignoring the functional behavior of the network traffic features leads to invalid network traffic flow or produces adversarial samples that do not retain their original functionality (malicious or benign). To address these issues, we propose a constrained momentum iterative fast gradient sign method (C-MIFGSM) to generate adversarial network flows that can successfully evade an ML-based IDS through transfer-based attacks while preserving the functional behavior of the network traffic. Our approach was validated using several target NIDS models built with the NSLKDD benchmark dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that even without knowledge of the target model and under feature constraints, it is possible to generate adversarial network traffic flows that achieve a high evasion attack success rate against NIDS built with deep learning and classical ML models. For example, the attack degraded the detection rate of the DoS traffic drops from 92.35% to 20.27% for the MLP model with an evasion increase rate of 78.04%. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Adversarial machine learning

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EEG-based Emotion Recognition on Unstable Patterns over Time

EEG-based Emotion Recognition on Unstable Patterns over Time

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2024 International Symposium on Digital Home, ISDH 2024

作者： Wu, Guopei Qin, Sheng Luo, Yuling Fu, Qiang Zeng, Jin Yang, Su Liu, Junxiu School of Electronic and Information Engineering Guangxi Normal University Guangxi Key Lab of Brain-inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips Guilin541004 China Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Guilin China Swansea University Department of Computer Science United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509873

In brain-computer interface (BCI) systems, users' emotion can be recognized by using electroencephalography (EEG) data. Recent researches proposed different methods for feature extraction and EEG-based emotion classification. However, EEG data collected over time is not always stable and accuracies of emotion recognition are found not robust. In this paper, a novel EEG emotion recognition system is proposed by combining ReliefF for extracting features, and Long Short-Term Memory Network coupled with Support Vector Machine for classification. A public EEG emotion dataset of SEED which contains three different recordings of EEG data is used in the experiments. It is shown that the proposed network is effective for mitigating the phenomenon of unstable accuracies, and achieves higher emotion classification accuracies compared to other approaches using the same dataset. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Emotion Recognition

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Probabilistic Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow: A Grey Wolf Optimizer Approach Considering Load and Wind Turbine Uncertainties

Probabilistic Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow: A Grey Wol...

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Canadian Conference on Electrical and computer engineering (CCECE)

作者： Shiva Amini Innocent Kamwa Shabbo Nahvi Hêmin Golpîra Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering Laval University Quebec Canada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Power Systems Modeling & Simulation Lab University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran

ISBN: (数字)9798350371628

ISBN: (纸本)9798350371635

This article presents a novel approach to tackle the challenge of Probabilistic Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow (PMOOPF) by utilizing the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The methodology incorporates uncertainties related to both load and wind turbine generation, modeling load uncertainty with a normal distribution and wind speed uncertainty with a Weibull distribution and employs Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to establish the probability distribution function (PDF) for both the load and power generated by the hybrid sources. The PMOOPF problem aims to concurrently minimize thermal generation costs, real power losses, and maximize voltage stability. The proposed approach is tested on the IEEE 26-bus system, and the outcomes are compared with the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The contribution of this paper lies in effectively addressing uncertainties in load and wind turbine generation, incorporating diverse PMOOPF objectives, and employing the GWO optimization technique. The simulation results demonstrate the method's efficacy and efficiency in achieving economic and technical benefits.

关键词： Uncertainty Costs Wind speed Voltage Probabilistic logic Stability analysis Wind turbines

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PCP-MAE: Learning to Predict Centers for Point Masked Autoencoders

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Zhang, Xiangdong Zhang, Shaofeng Yan, Junchi Department of Computer Science and Engineering MoE Lab of AI Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China

Masked autoencoder has been widely explored in point cloud self-supervised learning, whereby the point cloud is generally divided into visible and masked parts. These methods typically include an encoder accepting visible patches (normalized) and corresponding patch centers (position) as input, with the decoder accepting the output of the encoder and the centers (position) of the masked parts to reconstruct each point in the masked patches. Then, the pre-trained encoders are used for downstream tasks. In this paper, we show a motivating empirical result that when directly feeding the centers of masked patches to the decoder without information from the encoder, it still reconstructs well. In other words, the centers of patches are important and the reconstruction objective does not necessarily rely on representations of the encoder, thus preventing the encoder from learning semantic representations. Based on this key observation, we propose a simple yet effective method, i.e., learning to Predict Centers for Point Masked AutoEncoders (PCP-MAE) which guides the model to learn to predict the significant centers and use the predicted centers to replace the directly provided centers. Specifically, we propose a Predicting Center Module (PCM) that shares parameters with the original encoder with extra cross-attention to predict centers. Our method is of high pre-training efficiency compared to other alternatives and achieves great improvement over Point-MAE, particularly surpassing it by 5.50% on OBJ-BG, 6.03% on OBJ-ONLY, and 5.17% on PB-T50-RS for 3D object classification on the ScanObjectNN dataset. The code is available at https://***/aHapBean/PCP-MAE . Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decoding

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Understanding and Enhancing Linux Kernel-based Packet Switching on WiFi Access Points

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Zhang, Shiqi Gupta, Mridul Dezfouli, Behnam Internet of Things Research Lab Department of Computer Science and Engineering Santa Clara University United States

As the number of WiFi devices and their traffic demands continue to rise, the need for a scalable and high-performance wireless infrastructure becomes increasingly essential. Central to this infrastructure are WiFi Access Points (APs), which facilitate packet switching between Ethernet and WiFi interfaces. Despite APs’ reliance on the Linux kernel’s data plane for packet switching, the detailed operations and complexities of switching packets between Ethernet and WiFi interfaces have not been investigated in existing works. This paper makes the following contributions towards filling this research gap. Through macro and micro-analysis of empirical experiments, our study reveals insights in two distinct categories. Firstly, while the kernel’s statistics offer valuable insights into system operations, we identify and discuss potential pitfalls that can severely affect system analysis. For instance, we reveal the implications of device drivers on the meaning and accuracy of the statistics related to packet-switching tasks and processor utilization. Secondly, we analyze the impact of the packet switching path and core configuration on performance and power consumption. Specifically, we identify the differences in Ethernet-to-WiFi and WiFi-to-Ethernet data paths regarding processing components, multi-core utilization, and energy efficiency. We show that the WiFi-to-Ethernet data path leverages better multi-core processing and exhibits lower power consumption. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wireless local area networks (WLAN)

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Auxiliary-Variable Adaptive Control Lyapunov Barrier Functions for Spatio-Temporally Constrained Safety-Critical Applications

Auxiliary-Variable Adaptive Control Lyapunov Barrier Functio...

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IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： Shuo Liu Wei Xiao Calin A. Belta department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Brookline MA USA Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of Computer Science College Park University of Maryland MD USA

ISBN: (数字)9798350316339

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316346

Recent work has shown that stabilizing an affine control system while optimizing a quadratic cost subject to state and control constraints can be mapped to a sequence of Quadratic Programs (QPs) using Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) and Control Lyapunov Functions (CLFs). One of the main challenges in this method is that the QPs could easily become infeasible under safety and spatio-temporal constraints with tight control bounds. In our own recent work, we defined Auxiliary-Variable Adaptive CBFs (AVCBFs) to improve the feasibility of the CBF-based QP, while avoiding extensive parameter tuning. In this paper, we consider spatio-temporal constraints as finite-time reachability requirements. In order to satisfy these requirements, we generalize AVCBFs to AuxiliaryVariable Adaptive Control Lyapunov Barrier Functions (AVCLBFs) that work for systems and constraints with arbitrary relative degrees. We show that our method has fewer conflicts with safety and input constraints, and outperforms the state of the art in term of adaptivity and feasibility in solving the QP. We illustrate our approach on an optimal control problem for a unicycle.

关键词： Costs Optimal control Safety Adaptive control Tuning Lyapunov methods

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JARVIS-Leaderboard:a large scale benchmark of materials design methods

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npj Computational Materials 2024年第1期10卷 2280-2296页

作者： Kamal Choudhary Daniel Wines Kangming Li Kevin F.Garrity Vishu Gupta Aldo H.Romero Jaron T.Krogel Kayahan Saritas Addis Fuhr Panchapakesan Ganesh Paul R.C.Kent Keqiang Yan Yuchao Lin Shuiwang Ji Ben Blaiszik Patrick Reiser Pascal Friederich Ankit Agrawal Pratyush Tiwary Eric Beyerle Peter Minch Trevor David Rhone Ichiro Takeuchi Robert B.Wexler Arun Mannodi-Kanakkithodi Elif Ertekin Avanish Mishra Nithin Mathew Mitchell Wood Andrew Dale Rohskopf Jason Hattrick-Simpers Shih-Han Wang Luke E.K.Achenie Hongliang Xin Maureen Williams Adam J.Biacchi Francesca Tavazza Material Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD20899USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto27 King’s College CirTorontoONCanada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics Princeton UniversityPrincetonNJ 08544USA Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Princeton UniversityPrincetonNJ 08544USA Department of Physics and Astronomy West Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV 26506USA Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA Center for Nanophase Materials Science Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA Computational Sciences and Engineering Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX 77843USA Globus University of ChicagoChicagoIL 60637USA Data Science and Learning Division Argonne National LabLemontIL 60439USA Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKaiserstraße 1276131 KarlsruheGermany Institute of Theoretical Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKaiserstraße 1276131 KarlsruheGermany Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA Department of Physics Applied Physics and AstronomyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Washington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO63130USA School of Materials Engineering Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIllinois 61801USA Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA Theore

Lack of rigorous reproducibility and validation are significant hurdles for scientific development across many *** science,in particular,encompasses a variety of experimental and theoretical approaches that require careful *** efforts have been developed previously to mitigate these ***,a comprehensive comparison and benchmarking on an integrated platform with multiple data modalities with perfect and defect materials data is still *** work introduces JARVIS-Leaderboard,an open-source and community-driven platform that facilitates benchmarking and enhances *** platform allows users to set up benchmarks with customtasks and enables contributions in the form of dataset,code,and meta-data *** cover the following materials design categories:Artificial Intelligence(AI),Electronic Structure(ES).

关键词： rigorous perfect enable

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Painterly Image Harmonization via Adversarial Residual Learning

Painterly Image Harmonization via Adversarial Residual Learn...

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IEEE Workshop on Applications of computer Vision (WACV)

作者： Xudong Wang Li Niu Junyan Cao Yan Hong Liqing Zhang Department of Computer Science and Engineering MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Image compositing plays a vital role in photo editing. After inserting a foreground object into another background image, the composite image may look unnatural and inharmonious. When the foreground is photorealistic and the background is an artistic painting, painterly image harmonization aims to transfer the style of background painting to the foreground object, which is a challenging task due to the large domain gap between foreground and background. In this work, we employ adversarial learning to bridge the domain gap between foreground feature map and background feature map. Specifically, we design a dual-encoder generator, in which the residual encoder produces the residual features added to the foreground feature map from main encoder. Then, a pixel-wise discriminator plays against the generator, encouraging the refined foreground feature map to be indistinguishable from background feature map. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method could achieve more harmonious and visually appealing results than previous methods.

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