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Human systems integration and advanced technology in engineering department workload and manpower reduction

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2003年第1期115卷 57-65页

作者： Lively, KA Seman, AJ Kirkpatrick, M KENNETH A. LIVELY graduated from the University of Colorado with a BS in applied mathematics and an MS in mathematics in 1976 and from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with an MS in electrical engineering and the degree ocean engineer in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1984. He retired from the U.S. Navy in 1989 after 23 years of service. Assignments included electrical officer on the USS Constellation (CV 64) project engineer for the DDG 51 machinery control system (NAVSEA) and DDG 51 Technical Director (NAVSEA). He was vice president of the PDI Division of Bird-Johnson Company from July 1989 to November 1998 where he managed various gas turbine and machinery controls related development projects. He joined Anteon Corporation's Systems Engineering Group as senior controls engineer in December 1998 where he provided technical support to the integrated power systems program (NAVSEA PMS 510) and managed the Office of Naval Research Afloat Laboratory. DR. MARK KIRKPATRICK is currently an independent consultant in human factors and work-load/manning analysis and modeling. He holds a Ph.D. degree in experimental psychology from The Ohio State University and has 34 years of experience in applied human factors. From 1982 through 2000 Dr. Kirkpatrick served as the senior vice president of Carlow International. Prior to joining Carlow in 1982 Dr. Kirkpatrick served as a member of the technical staff at North American Rockwell's Missiles Division and as a project director and vice president for Essex Corporation. His areas of expertise include workload simulation task analysis operator-in-the-loop simulation human performance experimentation statistical analysis and human factors T&E. He has directed and/or participated in human factors projects for the U.S. Navy U.S. Army NASA Department of Transportation the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and private industry. ANTHONY J. SEMAN III is the technical manager for the reduced ship's crew by virtual presence (RSVP) advanced technology d

Aboard current ships, such as the DDG 51, engineering control and damage control activities are manpower intensive. It is anticipated that, for future combatants, the workload demand arising from operation of systems under conditions of normal steaming and during casualty response will need to be markedly reduced via automated monitoring, autonomous control, and other technology initiatives. Current DDG 51 class ships can be considered as a manpower baseline and under Condition III typical engineering control involves seven to eight watchstanders at manned stations in the Central Control Station, the engine rooms and other machinery spaces. In contrast to this manning level, initiatives such as DD 21 and the integrated engineering plant (IEP) envision a partnership between the operator and the automation system, with more and more of the operator's functions being shifted to the automation system as manning levels decrease. This paper describes some human systems integration studies of workload demand reduction and, consequently, manning reduction that can be achieved due to application of several advanced technology concepts. Advanced system concept studies in relation to workload demand are described and reviewed including. Piecemeal applications of diverse automation and remote control technology concepts to selected high driver tasks in current DDG 51 activities. Development of the reduced ship's crew by virtual presence system that will provide automated monitoring and display to operators of machinery health, compartment conditions, and personnel health. The IEP envisions the machinery control system as a provider of resources that are used by various consumers around the ship. Resource needs and consumer priorities are at all times dependent upon the ship's current mission and the availability of equipment pawnbrokers.

关键词： Naval warfare

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Decision-aid system for survivability of damaged conventional military submarines

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2002年第4期114卷 21-30页

作者： Lee, D Lee, J Lee, KH DONGKON LEE has served as a research engineer in Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering(KRISO)/KORDI for 19 years. He obtained his Ph.D in naval architecture at Pusan National University Korea in 1995. His current research interests include artificial intelligence maritime safety damage survivability evacuation and computer simulation. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers Society of Naval Architects of Korea Korea Information Science Society and Korea Intelligent Information System. JAEYONG LEE has served as an engineering duty officer a commander in Korea Naval Sea Systems Command for 20 years. He graduated from Korea Naval Academy in 1979 with a bachelor of science degree in electric engineering. He received a master of engineering degree in industrial engineering from Yeonse University in 1997 and a master of engineering degree in naval architecture from Chungnam National University in 2000. His current research interests include design and safety of submarine. KYUNG-HO LEE has served as a research engineer in Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering(KRISO)/KORDI for 11 years. He obtained his Ph.D in naval architecture at Seoul National University in 1998. His current research interests include artificial intelligence maritime safety and concurrent engineering. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea

AEven small leakage in submarines can lead to serious consecutive damage, since they operate under high water pressure. Such leakage including damage to piping and the bull eventually result in human casualties and loss of expensive equipment as well as the loss of combat capabilities. In such cases, a decision-making system is necessary to respond immediately to the damage in order to maintain the safety or the survival of the submarine. So it is necessary to have an automatic system that can generate responses and give advice to the operator on bow to make decisions to maintain the survivability of the damaged vessel. In this paper a knowledge-based decision support system for submarine safety is developed. The domain knowledge is acquired from submarine design documents, design expertise, and interviews with operators. The knowledge consists of responses regarding damage of the pressure bull and piping systems. Expert elements are deduced to obtain the decision from the knowledge base, and the system makes recommendations on bow to cope with damage to the bull and piping and whether the submarine should stay in the sea or to surface. It is demonstrated that the developed system is well simulated to the real situation through sample applications.

关键词： Submarines

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Definition of evaluation criteria for system development acquisition modeling and simulation

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第1期111卷 55-64页

作者： Leite, MJ Mensh, DR Michael J. Leite:is a Principal Engineer with PRC Inc. a division of Litton Industries. He supports combat system engineering for theater air and missile defense. His other tasks have included the command and control for the AEGIS shipbuilding program systems engineering for the 21st Century Surface Combatant combat system survivability and the development of NATO standardization agreements for naval ordnance. He was previously a Senior Engineer with San Diego Gas & Electric with responsibility for its energy application and lighting programs. Prior to joining SDG&E Mr. Leite was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy where he served in operations and engineering assignments. Following active duty he accepted a Naval Reserve commission and has retired with the rank of Captain. His assignments included command operational and engineering tours. Mr. Leite has also served as an expert witness in admiralty and engineering matters. He is a gradate of the University of California Berkeley with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Engineering and also holds a Masters Degree in Business Administration from National University in San Diego. Mr. Leite is a Registered Professional Engineer in the States of California and Minnesota. Mr. Leite is a member of ASNE ASCE MORS the Illuminating Engineering Society and the U.S. Naval institute. Dennis Roy Mensh:is a Senior Engineer with PRC Inc. a division of Litton Industries in Crystal City VA where he supports modeling and simulation tasking for combat systems. He received BS and MS degrees in applied Physics from Lopola College in Baltimore MD and the American University in Washington DC. He has also completed the course work towards a Ph.D. degree in computer science specializing in the fields of Operations Reseurch Anabsis Systems Analysis and Computer Modeling and Simulation. Previously he was employed at the White Oak Laboratory of the Naval Surface Warfare Carter in Silver Spring MD where he worked in the areas of naval sensor and weapon system analysis

This paper defines, develops and examines a set of generic analysis tools that can be applied to Models and Simulations at the Systems engineering level of fidelity. The tools examine the performance and effectiveness of Sensors;Weapons;and Battle Management, Command, Control, Communications, computers, and Intelligence ((BMCI)-I-4) systems and equipment. The Measures of Performance (MOPs), Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) and Measures of Force Effectiveness (MOFEs) were extracted from the Modular Command and Control Structure Paradigm which was developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. The paradigm provides for the development of evaluation criteria (MOPs, MOEs, and MOFEs) in a framework that ensures the traceability of system performance and effectiveness to the system operational requirements as specified in the Operational Requirements Document (ORD). Also, the analysis tools provide insight and valid estimates of numerical measures of the defined system functionality threads, which represent the system's operational requirements as specified in the ORD. The tools are directly transferrable and applicable to test and evaluation exercise events which are conducted in support of the development and acquisition of systems and equipment. Once the levels of system performance have been defined, the Paradigm generates a quantitative database that becomes a useful tool in system tradeoffs and selection. Once the alternative system suites have been defined, the suites can be analyzed in terms of system functionality threads and their corresponding performance capabilities versus cost.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Design decision support system for the engineering/re-engineering of complex naval systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第4期109卷 23-33页

作者： Graham, JH Ragade, RK Shea, J James H. Graham:is the Henry Vogt Professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Louisville. Previous professional employment includes positions at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and General Motors Corporation. He received his master's and doctoral degrees at Purdue University and his bachelor's degree at Rose-Hulman Institute of Ethnology. His research interests include artificial intelligence robotics and paraliel computing. Rammohan K. Ragade:is professor of engineering mathematics and computer science at the University of Louisville. He received his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology at Kampur in 1968. He has been a faculty member at the University of Waterloo and held an engineering position with Bell Northern Research. His research interests include human-computer interaction decision support systems object-oriented simulation and modeling distributed database systems and fuzzy logic. John G. Shea Jr.:served until 1995 as a project manager in the Phalanx Engineering Section of Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Louisville Station. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Speed Scientific School at the University of Louisville. He was a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers.

Hybrid simulation includes both functional computer software models and actual hardware subsystems operating as an integrated whole. A ''hot test bed'' or a ''hybrid simulator-emulator'' enables design engineers to evaluate conceptual models in a more realistic real-lime context, but places increased cognitive demands on the designer. This paper describes an architecture, and results from a prototype implementation, for a design decision support system to allow a designer to make more productive and cost effective use of a test bed system.

关键词： Decision support systems

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Developing a prototype concurrent design tool for composite topside structures

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 279-290页

作者： Dirlik, S Hambric, S Azarm, S Marquardt, M Hellman, A Bartlett, S Castelli, V Steve Dirlik:began his career at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division in 1981 as an aerospace engineer co-op student. He completed his bachelor of science degree in aeropace and ocean engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985 and his master of science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland in 1990. Mr. Dirlik recently completed a master of science program in applied physics at The Johns Hopins University and currently works in the Radar Cross Section and Target Physics Branch of the Signatures Directorate at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Corderoke Division. He has worked on Navy low observable programs since 1990. Stephen Hambric:is a research associate at the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his B. S. and M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and his D. Sc. in mechnical engineering from the George Washington University. He has worked on several computer aided multidiscikplinary design and optimization projects over the years including an automated propeller design system and a structural acoustic optimization capability. Dr. Shpour Azarm:is currently working as an associate professor with the Design and Manufacturing Group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of maryland at College Park. Dr Azarm's expertise is in the areas of optimization-based designed and concurrent design and optimization of multidisciplinary systems. He was a consultant at Black & Decker Corporation (summer 1996) and worked as a Navy senior summer faculty fellow (summer 1995) and a NASA summer faculty fellow (summer 1994). He was a visiting scientist at NASA Langley Research Center for Multidisciplinary Analysis and Applied Structural Optimzatiom at the University of Siegen in Germany (spring 1992) and the Design Institute of the Technical University of Denmark (summer 1990). Dr Azarm was an associate technical editor of the ASME Jour

A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been developed for the preliminary design of composite topside structures for modern navy warships. This tool, named GELS for the Concurrent engineering of Layered Structures, provides designers with an immediate assessment of the impacts of their decisions on several disciplines which are important to the performance of a modern naval topside structure, including electromagnetic interference effects (EMI), radar cross section (RCS), structural integrity, cost, and weight. Preliminary analysis modules in each of these disciplines are integrated to operate from a common set of design variables and a common materials database. Performance in each discipline and an overall fitness function for the concept are then evaluated. A graphical user interface (GUI) is used to define requirements and to display the results from the technical analysis modules. Optimization techniques, including feasible sequential quadratic programming (FSQP) and exhaustive search are used to modify the design variables to satisfy all requirements simultaneously. The development of this tool, the technical modules, and their integration are discussed noting the decisions and compromises required to develop and integrate the modules into a prototype conceptual design tool.

关键词： Warships

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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DETERMINATION OF EXTREME SEAS ENCOUNTERED BY OPERATIONAL SHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1995年第3期107卷 197-215页

作者： ZAHN, PB GRIM, M Mr. Zahn received a B.S. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from Webb Institute in 1980 and has published various papers on offshore systems computer tools for engineering and operations and icebreaker design and performance. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME Mr. Grim received a Bachelor of Science in Ocean Engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1992. He is a member of SNAME

In March of 1993, components of a CVN Battle Group deploying to the Mediterranean encountered heavy seas in the area between Norfolk and Bermuda, This was the storm referred to in the press as The Blizzard of '93. The ships involved reported damage as a result of wave action, but continued their transit without incident and with full mission capability intact. In order to investigate the damage, it was necessary to determine what the encountered wave conditions were. Because the probable time of damage was at night, with no visual observations available, as well as because of the large variations in reported conditions, it was decided that other methods would be investigated to determine the actual conditions encountered. Four data sources were used in an attempt to determine the encountered wave conditions. This paper describes the data sources, the comparison of the data, and the conclusion that, while severe, the conditions are not likely to represent the lifetime maximum for design.

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THERE ARE NO IN-SITU METHODS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第4期14卷 120-123页

作者： NYER, EK SCHAFER, DC Evan K. Nyer is an expert in the research and application of technology to ground water cleanup. As vice president of technical resources with Geraghty & Miller Inc. (1099–18th St. Ste. 2100 Denver CO 80202) he is responsible for maintaining and expanding Geraghty & Miller's technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology engineering modeling risk assessment bioremediation and many other areas. He also provides expertise in engineering services including the design of treatment systems for contaminated water sites throughout the United States. He has designed and installed more than 100 ground water and soil remediation systems. He is a member of the Water Pollution Control Federation the National Ground Water Association the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers. David C. Schafer is a principal scientist/associate with Geraghty & Miller Inc. He attended the University of Minnesota where he obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a master's degree in computer science. Prior to joining Geraghty & Miller he worked for a major water well equipment manufacturer for 19 years. Throughout his career he has specialized in the design of monitoring and production wells and the analysis and interpretation of pumping test data. He has written numerous articles on these subjects and has designed and analyzed pumping tests from hundreds of wells throughout North America.

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VES DESIGN - USING SIMPLE OR SOPHISTICATED DESIGN METHODS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第3期14卷 101-104页

作者： NYER, EK MACNEAL, RW SCHAFER, DC Evan K. Nyer is an expert in the research and application of technology to ground water cleanup. As vice president of technical resources with Geraghty & Miller Inc. (1099–18th St. Ste. 2100 Denver CO 80202) he is responsible for maintaining and expanding Geraghty & Miller's technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology engineering modeling risk assessment bioremediation and many other areas. He also provides expertise in engineering services including the design of treatment systems for contaminated water sites throughout the United States. He has designed and installed more than 100 ground water and soil remediation systems. He is a member of the Water Pollution Control Federation the National Ground Water Association the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers. Robert W. Macneal is a staff engineer with Geraghty & Miller Inc. with five years of experience in environmental consulting. He specializes in applying mathematical models to study saturated flow and transport processes in support of remediation design and risk evaluation. He conducts analyses to design and optimize soil venting bioventing air sparging and ground water recovery systems. He is a member of the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers. David C. Schafer is a principal scientist/associate with Geraghty & Miller Inc. He attended the University of Minnesota where he obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a master's degree in computer science. Prior to joining Geraghty & Miller he worked for a major water well equipment manufacturer for 19 years. Throughout his career he has specialized in the design of monitoring and production wells and the analysis and interpretation of pumping test data. He has written numerous articles on these subjects and has designed and analyzed pumping tests from hundreds of wells throughout North America.

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PERFORMANCE TESTING OF SHIPBOARD ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第3期105卷 118-124页

作者： HARDER, G MARTIN, RA PE George Harder:is an electronics engineer for Naval Undersea Warfare Center Detachment Norfolk's Electromagnetic Engineering Branch located at the Norfolk Shipboard Electronic Systems Evaluation Facility (SESEF) site. He is responsible for fleet electromagnetic readiness (FEMR) inspections on board Navy ships and provides computer programming support to SESEF. Mr. Harder has a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Florida and has qualified for his professional engineering license in the state of Virginia. Robert A. Martin:is a supervisor electronics engineer employed by the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Detachment Norfolk. He functions as the branch head for the Electromagnetic Engineering Office which is responsible for the operation of the Norfolk Shipboard Electronic Systems Evaluation Facility (SESEF) and the Fleet Electromagnetic Readiness (FEMR) Program. Mr. Martin received a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Akron.

Performance evaluation of shipboard electronic systems entails debugging the systems in a laboratory environment, placing them in service and relving on svstem operators to provide feedback. General testing can be performed at selected sites by system designers, but each site where equipment is to be installed can offer unique problems. It is impossible to predict all the scenarios. Unique problems are more the rule than the exception when equipment is destined for Navy ships. Ship deployments make for difficult logistics when sending test teams to evaluate system failures. So, out of necessity, if newly installed equipment receives the proper inputs and generates the proper outputs, it is accepted and becomes the sailor's responsibilitv to maintain. In cases where documentation is ambiguous or incomplete, it is left to the sailor's ingenuity to continue testing and training on equipment. This is generallv obtained through computer simulations and back-to-back testing which can provide results for ideal conditions, but does not take the dynamics of interference into account. Remote site testing is the only way to get a true representation of equipment performance and training problems. Electronic system operators on board Navy vessels are fortunate, thev have help. There exists an organization available near major naval ports worldwide whose existence is to test electronic systems performance. The testing utilizes electronic systems as they would normally be configured for operations. This organization is the Shipboard Electronic Svstem Evaluation Facility (SESEF).

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