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Green Synthesis and Characterizations of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Coherent Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Investigations

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Water (Switzerland) 2023年第5期15卷 910页

作者： Chelliah, Parvathiraja Wabaidur, Saikh Mohammad Sharma, Hari Prapan Jweeg, Muhsin J. Majdi, Hasan Sh. AL. Kubaisy, Munthir Mohammed Radhy Iqbal, Amjad Lai, Wen-Cheng Department of Physics Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tamilnadu Tirunelveli627012 India Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box-2455 Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Department of Business Management GLA University Uttar Pradesh Mathura281406 India College of Technical Engineering Al-Farahidi University Baghdad10070 Iraq Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries Al-Mustaqbal University College Babylon51001 Iraq Department of Medical Physics The University of Mashreq Baghdad10001 Iraq Department of Materials Technologies Silesian University of Technology Gliwice44-100 Poland Bachelor Program in Industrial Projects National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliu640301 Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliu640301 Taiwan

Water pollution is a serious concern for developing and undeveloped countries. Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is an effective degradation method to restrain the green ecosystem. This research article presents a green, low-cost, and benevolent eco-friendly biosynthesis of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles using Curcuma longa plant extract. The UV and visible region absorbance of Co3O4 nanoparticles estimated the Co2+ and Co3+ transitions on the lattice oxygen, and their bandgap of 2.2 eV was confirmed from the UV-DRS spectroscopy. The cubic structure and spherical shape of Co3O4 nanoparticles were estimated by using XRD and TEM characterizations. Plant molecules aggregation and their agglomerations on the nanoparticles were established from FTIR and EDX spectroscopy. Multiple cobalt valences on the oxygen surfaces and their reaction, bonding, and binding energies were analyzed from XPS measurements. The biogenic Co3O4 nanoparticles were executed against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus—S. aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli—E. coli) bacteria. A gram-positive bacterial strain exhibited great resistivity on Co3O4 nanoparticles. Degradation of organic dye pollutants on the Co3O4 nanoparticles was performed against methylene blue (MB) dye under the conditions of visible light irradiation. Dye degradation efficiency pseudo-first-order kinetics on the pseudo-first-order kinetics denotes the rate of degradation over the MB dye. This research work achieved enhanced degradation potency against toxic organic dye and their radicals are excited from visible light irradiations. Absorption light and charged particle recombinations are reformed and provoked by the plant extract bio-molecules. In this process, there is no inferior yield development, and electrons are robustly stimulated. Furthermore, the biosynthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles determined the potency of bacterial susceptibility and catalytic efficacy over the industrial dye pollutants. © 202

关键词： Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO HULL STRUCTURE DESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1970年第5期82卷 59-&页

作者： RAWAT, P who began his education in his native India received a Bachelor of Technology degree with honors from the Indian Institute of Technology in 1957. His subsequent education includes S. M.‘s in Industrial Management and Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering from M. I. T. in 1961 and a professional degree in Naval Architecture from the same institution in 1965. Rawat's career began as a Naval Architect in preliminary design with the Hamburg firm of Howladtswerke in 1958. A year later he performed as a research assistant in M. I. T.'s School of Industrial Management for a Ford Foundation Project for a top management training program for India. After this two-year period he acted as the head of the Department Head of Engineering at the Ghana Nautical College in West Africa until 1963. He returned to M. I. T. afterwards to work as a research assistant in Naval Architecture on structural optimization programs. From 1965 to 1966 he filled the capacity of Naval Architecture with M. Rosenblatt & Son in the area of structural design on such projects as MOHOLE AGOR 14 and Catamaran Hull. Since 1966 Rawat has been working in various capacities with Litton Industries: Senior Naval Architect on the FDL Project Section Manager of Hull Structures for the LHA and DD Projects and his present position as Section Manager for Computer Aided Ship Design.

Many useful conclusions can be drawn if hull structural design is considered as a system. Proper definition of system objectives enables setting up of meaningful long range and intermediate goals. Current state-of-art in systems engineering is such that the system objectives can be denned in mathematical form. This provides meaningful scales for progress measurement. The engineering function is to meet the goals set by systems engineering. The state-of-art in engineering has a considerable impact on the definition of system objectives. In recent times we have made considerable progress in developing analytical techniques. Many interesting conclusions result from our experience in using the analytical tools in an iterative manner for design. By using relatively simple algorithms for iteration the analytical processes can be sequenced in such a manner that optimum solution is guaranteed even under a large and complex set of design constraints. Use of computers makes it possible to generate the scantlings using iterative approach with such speed that many important structural configuration decisions can be made by means of thorough parametric analyses. The system objectives therefore are very different in scope today and they should be further modified as technology advances. There are several problems that can be recognized and solved in the systems context. Smooth man-machine operation is an example of this.

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SHIP ENERGY-CONSERVATION ASSIST TEAM (SECAT)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第2期96卷 47-58页

作者： DANGEL, R BRICE, AE The Authors A. Edward Brice was born and educated in Scotland where he graduated from the James Watt Memorial College and Paisley Technical College. His earliest marine engineering experience was obtained at Scotts's Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited from 1952 to 1959 where he was involved in the production and design of steam and diesel machinery plants for both Naval and commercial ships. During a five year stay in Canada Mr. Brice gained diversified experience in industries other than marine such as petrochemical plants and steel mills. He moved to the U.S. in 1964 where he was the design supervisor in charge of marine engineering at NASSCO covering new construction for American President Lines AFS type ships for the U.S. Navy Project Mohole Car Ferries for the State of Washington and 17 LST's for the U.S. Navy. During the contract definition phase of the DD-963 Mr. Brice authored several portions of the technical proposal while employed by Litton industries. He was also responsible for the system and detail design including the technical management of sub-contracts for the steam propulsion plant for the LHA 1 Class ships. Mr. Brice has been active in the Washington area for the last ten years performing marine engineering projects for the U.S. Navy. His principal interest since 1974 has been in shipboard energy conservation. He assisted in the development of the NavySTMSYS program and later in the operational verification aboard FF-1074. Mr. Brice has conducted four SECA T visits aboard ships with 1200 PSI steam plants and has recently completed an at-sea visit aboard on AOR with a 600 PSI steam plant. Richard Dangel was bom in New York City. He received his Bachelor's degree from the Sloan School of Industrial Management of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1955. He has also completed graduate work for a Masters in Engineering Administration at George Washington University. Since graduation he has spent 11 years in private industry with companies in the DOD engineering research

The Ship Energy Conservation Assist Team (SECAT) program was initiated in Fiscal Year (FY) 82 by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to demonstrate and introduce individual Ship Commands to known energy conserving techniques without adding equipment complexity or additional maintenance burden. The principal objective is to provide each ship with an energy consumption, coupled with recommended energy conservation strategies. The technique involves both in-port and underway monitoring and introduction of energy efficient machinery plant alignments, fuel consumption curve generation, and most efficient speed curves. The program has completed visits on six combatants and enjoys the support of both the Commander, Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMNAVSURFLANT) and the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANT). Plans are to perform SECAT on additional DDG 2 and FF 1052/1078 Class ships and initiate SECAT on additional ship types in FY 83.

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WARSHIPS AND COST CONSTRAINTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第2期98卷 41-52页

作者： HOPE, JP STORTZ, VE Jan Paul Hope a native of Northern Virginia received his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia in 1969. Upon graduation he began his career in the Department of the Navy with the Naval Ship Systems Command in the acquisition of patrol craft mine sweepers and submarine rescue ships. In January 1971 he transferred to the ship arrangements branch of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He was selected for the long-term training program at George Washington University in 1974 and completed the program in February 1976 with the degree of master of engineering administration. While at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Mr. Hope was general arrangement task leader on the AO-177 CG-47 CSGN CSGN (VSTOL) CGN-9 (Aegis) and CGN-42 and he also assisted in the landmark Naval Sea Systems Command civilian professional community study. In 1978 he was selected as acting head of the damage control section and subsequently was selected as acting head of the surface ship hydrodynamic section. In February 1980 he was promoted to head of the surface combatant arrangements design section. Mr. Hope was selected for the first class of the NA VSEA commander's development program. While on the program he served in the DDGX combat systems engineering division and the DDGX project office of NA VSEA was the assistant director for ship design in the office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics and was the director of weight engineering and the director of systems engineering for the DDG-51 project in NA VSEA. Upon completion of the program Mr. Hope was assigned as the deputy director of the boiler engineering division to create a new division as a major fleet support initiative by NA VSEA. In June 1985 he joined the staff of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics. Mr. Hope was presented the Department of the Navy meritorious civilian service medal in June 1983 for his service with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the

This paper discusses the need and processes for designing warships to meet cost constraints and for managing warship acquisition programs during the design phase to assure effective adherence to production cost constraints by the design team. The resource control methodology used during the contract design of the Arleigh Burke class destroyer, DDG-51, is examined as a potential model for controlling the cost while maintaining the combat effectiveness of warships. The paper begins with a summary of the basic issue — the relationship among unit cost, unit capability, force level numbers, and force capability — showing recent trends in destroyer costs and force levels. This introduction also includes a discussion of the cost constraint for the DDG-51 in relation to historical trends and ship construction funding allocation. The resource control methodology used to reduce and control costs of the DDG-51 is discussed with a summary of the approach, key concepts and tools, chronology of key events, examples, and results achieved. A number of observations on this methodology are then made which are followed by comments on life cycle costs. The paper concludes with remarks on the future application of the resource control methodology and areas for further work to improve future resource control efforts.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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HISTORY OF COAST-GUARD SURFACE EFFECT SHIP PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 237-250页

作者： LARIMER, G MCCOLLUM, J SCHAUB, B VANLIEW, D WHIPPLE, C Gary Larimer:received his B.S. (1974) and M.S. (1975) degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. He has worked with the Bechtel Professional Corporation the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center and the United States Coast Guard. He is a member of SNAME ASNE ABYC and IMTI. He is the author of “Reaction Fin Applications In Marine Propulsion” which documented the use of asymmetric pre-swirl vanes to increase propulsion efficiency aboard a 41-ft Coast Guard utility boat. It was presented on 5 March 1987 at the Hampton Roads section of SNAME and was nominated for the section paper of the year award. CWO3 Joe Bobby McCollum USCG: iscurrently engineering officer of the Surface Effect Ship Division Seventh Coast Guard District Key West Florida. Prior to this assignment he was assistant engineering officer on the USCGCUte.His other duty tours included engineering assignments on theCape Currenta 95-foot patrol boat on the USCGCUnimak a 311-foot cutter CG Loran Station Upolo Point Hawaii and CG Station Sabine Pass Texas. CWO McCollum was responsible for modifying and repairing the SESs and contributed many unique problem solving ideas which resulted in much improved operation of the Coast Guard Surface Effect Ship Division. Benton H. Schaub:is a senior engineer with Maritime Dynamics Inc. He has a bachelor of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Schaub has fifteen years of experience working as a test engineer project engineer and design engineer on advanced marine vehicle projects and is a recognized authority in the areas of hull structure seal system and machinery design for surface effect ships. He has participated in virtually every USN SES design development and test evaluation program including: XR-5 XR-10 SES-100A SES-100A1 and the SES-200. He is currently responsible for performing detailed design and analysis in support of the seal system for the Germa

During the early 1980s the United States Coast Guard took delivery of three surface effect ships (SES) from Bell Halter, Inc. These 136-ton, 30-knot plus, aluminum hulled cutters were to be used primarily for drug interdiction in the southeastern United States. By early 1985, however, the full load weight of these cutters had grown to 150 long tons, and their top speed had dropped to below 23 knots in calm water. By mid-1985, operation of all three SESs was suspended to prevent possible catastrophic failure of their main engines. At this point, the USCG joined ranks with Textron Marine Systems (then Bell Aerospace), and Detroit Diesel to analyze what had gone wrong, and to propose solutions to the problems encountered. From that beginning, the performance of the Coast Guard's SESs has steadily and dramatically improved until at present all three cutters are able to exceed their original performance specifications. This paper discusses the problems experienced with the SESs, including engine overloading, vibration, ride quality, seal wear, poor lift system performance, and metal cracking, along with the corrective actions taken to solve them. The cooperation between government and private industry, which made this dramatic turn-around in performance possible, is also explored. Lessons learned about SES technology are viewed in relation to the general experience of the Coast Guard with other types of high performance hull forms.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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THE UNITED STATES NAVY'S “DESIGN WORK STUDY” APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBOARD CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Naval Engineers Journal 1976年第6期88卷 62-74页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. GAMBREL, WILLIAM DAVID Artis I. Plato:is Head of the Design Work Study/ Shipboard Manning/Human Factors Engineering Section Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard where he remained until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne New Jersey. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and the drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a Project Engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a Project Engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty and his duties have included command of an Engineer Company various Staff positions and his present assignment as Operations Officer for a Civil Affairs Group. He has completed the U. S. A rmy Corps of Engineers Career Course and the Civil Affairs Career Course and is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course. Additionally he completed graduate studies at American University Washington D.C in 1972 receiving his MSTM degree in Technology of Management and is a member of ASE ASME CAA U. S. Naval Instit

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a system analysis technique called “Design Work Study”, that is used by the U.S. Navy for the development of improved ship control systems. The Design Work Study approach is one which brings about the most efficient and cost effective man‐machine combination for the ship control functions. Adherence to this process insures that the advantages of automation are balanced against incurred operational and maintenance expense. At present, U.S. Navy doctrine requires that certain ship operating stations, such as steering and propulsion control, be manned at specified ship conditions of readiness. Therefore, if personnel are needed to fulfill these combat environment obligations, excessive automation may only result in unnecessary additional acquisition costs and increased personnel skill requirements. The Design Work Study process can be applied to establish the required fine balance between the degree of built‐in automation and the shipboard manpower levels. In order to explain the techniques that are used for this process, the Authors will present a brief summary of the Design Work Study approach for optimizing shipboard control systems, including an explanation of the formal procedural tools that are applicable. In addition, a practical case study of ship control system design for one of the latest classes of Navy destroyers will be presented. This example will illustrate the resultant savings and benefits that can be realized by a judicious application of this technique. © 1976 American Society of Naval Engineers

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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