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Sizing the navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第6期112卷 17-25页

作者： Breslin, DA Smith, DE Toms, GS [?]1David A. Breslin P.E. is the Director of Technical Operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and is the Chairperson of ASNE'S Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science degree in aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI) a master of engineering administration degree in industrial and systems engineering from VPI and a bachelor of engineering degree in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command'S CFC & Halon Elimination Program and played a critical role in establishing the Navy'S strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”.

The domestic production of the most powerful Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire-fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. ne Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of ODSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of ODSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained fleet operations well into the next century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may be faced with similar challenges. This is the second of three papers that will cover all aspects of the Navy's strategic reserve of ODSs. The first paper documented the history of the Navy's effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support fleet operations until-the middle of the next century (1). This paper addresses in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. The third paper will discuss the development of the plan for monitoring the reserve including the control mechanisms, regression methods, and statistical-process-control techniques (2).

关键词： Survey Methodology Fleet management Refrigerants Ozone depleting substances strategic reserves

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Navy's CFC & Halon elimination program

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第1期112卷 91-112页

作者： Toms, GS Breslin, DA Brunner, GP Thill, JC Gregory S. Toms RE:is the CFC & Halon Elimination Program Manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University. From 1984 to 1997 he was employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Annapolis Detachment (formerly David Taylor Research Center) where he worked on the development of advanced centrifugal compressor air conditioning plants for shipboard applications. He received the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1998 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of his exceptional leadership and technical achievements in eliminating ozone-depleting substances from Navy ships. He is licensed as a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Texas. David A. Breslin P.E.:is the Director of Technical Operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and is the Chairperson of the ASNE Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech in 1991 a master of engineering administration in industrial & systems engineering from Virginia Tech in 1991 and a bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1985. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command's CFC & Halon Elimination Program. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”. Gregory P. Brunner:was employed by the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center and Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) from 1983 until 1997. From 1993 to 1997 he served as the R&D program manager for the NAVSEA CFC & Halon Elimination Program Office. Program efforts resulted in the development of new refrigerants for backfit into existing shipboard air-conditioning

The domestic production of the most powerful Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of inexpensive refrigerants, fire-fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy's original strategy of conserving ODSs, converting systems and processes where feasible, relying on strategic reserves where necessary, and developing "ozone-friendly" equip ment for new-design surface ships and submarines is succeeding. The purpose of this paper is to document the Navy's efforts to date relative to combating the threat to uninterrupted Fleet operations posed by the cessation of ODS production. Specifically, this paper addresses the Navy's shipboard conversion programs for air-conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) systems, the development of next-generation AC&R systems, the selection of halon substitutes for new-construction fire-fighting systems, and the Navy's alternative to CFC-113 in the cleaning of critical oxygen systems.

关键词： conversion program Ozone depleting substances trichlorotrifluoroethane GRANTS fire fighting strategic reserves Solvents oxygen systems Submarine Halons

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Ship habitability - Preparing for the 21st century

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第6期109卷 21-27页

作者： Meere, EP Grieco, L Edward P. Meere:works in the Arrangements Division of the NavSea Systems Command (SEA 03H1) and has been the Navy Habitability Program Manager for the past three years. He received a Bachelor of Science in Engineering Science from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1966. He received a Masters of Business Administration from the American University in 1977. His experience to date includes: Mathematics teacher at Prince Georges Community College for 7 years 10 years as Branch Head for Carrier and Amphibious Arrangements Project Engineer for Underway Replenishment Equipment responsible for the concept and development of the One Man Control Station. Louis R. Grieco:is a Supervisory Mechanical Engineer in the Habitability Branch of the Hull and Deck Machinery Department at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Philadelphia where he has been employed since 1971. He received a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering degree from Drexel University in 1979. His experience to date includes trade design and combat systems assignments at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard from 1960 to 1971 In Service Engineering Section and Branch Head for cargo/ weapons elevators conveyors torpedo handling systems habitability equipment and underway replenishment equipment and Life Cycle Manager for habitability systems. He also serves as a member of the Industrial Advisory Board at Temple University Philadelphia PA.

This paper discusses the problems identified in a FY 1995 fleet habitability survey. The survey questioned the fleet on the quality of shipboard living and working conditions and identified shortfalls in berthing, sanitary spaces, and food service systems that influence crew morale, safety, and ultimately mission effectiveness. Existing habitability programs, new initiatives and responses to the survey problems, plus a few quality of life ideas for the 21st century, are outlined.

关键词： Warships

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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OUT-OF-PRODUCTION MICRO-ELECTRONICS - AN ACHILLES HEEL OF DEFENSE SYSTEMS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第5期100卷 69-72页

作者： MACKENZIE, CM WOOTTEN, R HOY, K NEELY, J KOSCO, D SMITH, W C. Malcolm Mackenzie:is the Materials and Parts Availability Control program manager at U.S. Army Laboratory Command Adelphi Md. Mr. Mackenzie has a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Northwestern University an M.S. degree in the same field from the University of Michigan and an M.B.A. from East Texas State University. Richard Wootten:is project officer of the U.S. Army Material Command's Materials and Parts Availability Control Information Data System Project Adelphi Md. Mr. Wootten holds an associate's degree in mechanical engineering from Northern Virginia Community College and a Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering from The University of Alabama. Kevin Hoy:is manager of the Microelectronics Obsolescence Management Program at the Naval Avionics Center Indianapolis. Mr. Hoy holds both bachelor and master of science degrees in mathematics from Purdue University. James Neely:is leader of the Materials Management Team Industrial Materials Division in the Directorate of Manufacturing Air Force Systems Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Neely holds a bachelor's degree in political science from The University of Georgia and a master of science degree in public administration from The University of Missouri. Don Kosco:is an electronics engineer currently involved with introducing new technologies into weapons systems. He is in the Directorate of Reliability Maintainability and Technology Policy HQ Air Force Logistics Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Kosco holds a bachelor of engineering degree from Widener University a master's in systems engineering from The Air Force Institute of Technology and an MBA from the University of Texas at San Antonio. William Smith:is head of the Plans Branch in the Office of Policy and Plans Defense Electronics Supply Center (DESC) Dayton Ohio. He was for many years manager ofDESC's Diminishing Manufacturing Sources (DMS) Program. Mr. Smith holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science from Indiana University.

Both the timely manufacture of defense systems and their subsequent on-line operability depend upon the availability of component parts. The growing problem of microelectronic component nonavailability is casting a shadow over logistics support to these systems. This paper will discuss the causes of the problem and provide some examples of cases confronted by the DoD logistics community. It will also identify some actions which have been taken in the past to manage the issue as well as initiatives now underway. Finally it will look at what lies ahead.

关键词： Microelectronics

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HISTORY OF COAST-GUARD SURFACE EFFECT SHIP PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 237-250页

作者： LARIMER, G MCCOLLUM, J SCHAUB, B VANLIEW, D WHIPPLE, C Gary Larimer:received his B.S. (1974) and M.S. (1975) degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. He has worked with the Bechtel Professional Corporation the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center and the United States Coast Guard. He is a member of SNAME ASNE ABYC and IMTI. He is the author of “Reaction Fin Applications In Marine Propulsion” which documented the use of asymmetric pre-swirl vanes to increase propulsion efficiency aboard a 41-ft Coast Guard utility boat. It was presented on 5 March 1987 at the Hampton Roads section of SNAME and was nominated for the section paper of the year award. CWO3 Joe Bobby McCollum USCG: iscurrently engineering officer of the Surface Effect Ship Division Seventh Coast Guard District Key West Florida. Prior to this assignment he was assistant engineering officer on the USCGCUte.His other duty tours included engineering assignments on theCape Currenta 95-foot patrol boat on the USCGCUnimak a 311-foot cutter CG Loran Station Upolo Point Hawaii and CG Station Sabine Pass Texas. CWO McCollum was responsible for modifying and repairing the SESs and contributed many unique problem solving ideas which resulted in much improved operation of the Coast Guard Surface Effect Ship Division. Benton H. Schaub:is a senior engineer with Maritime Dynamics Inc. He has a bachelor of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Schaub has fifteen years of experience working as a test engineer project engineer and design engineer on advanced marine vehicle projects and is a recognized authority in the areas of hull structure seal system and machinery design for surface effect ships. He has participated in virtually every USN SES design development and test evaluation program including: XR-5 XR-10 SES-100A SES-100A1 and the SES-200. He is currently responsible for performing detailed design and analysis in support of the seal system for the Germa

During the early 1980s the United States Coast Guard took delivery of three surface effect ships (SES) from Bell Halter, Inc. These 136-ton, 30-knot plus, aluminum hulled cutters were to be used primarily for drug interdiction in the southeastern United States. By early 1985, however, the full load weight of these cutters had grown to 150 long tons, and their top speed had dropped to below 23 knots in calm water. By mid-1985, operation of all three SESs was suspended to prevent possible catastrophic failure of their main engines. At this point, the USCG joined ranks with Textron Marine Systems (then Bell Aerospace), and Detroit Diesel to analyze what had gone wrong, and to propose solutions to the problems encountered. From that beginning, the performance of the Coast Guard's SESs has steadily and dramatically improved until at present all three cutters are able to exceed their original performance specifications. This paper discusses the problems experienced with the SESs, including engine overloading, vibration, ride quality, seal wear, poor lift system performance, and metal cracking, along with the corrective actions taken to solve them. The cooperation between government and private industry, which made this dramatic turn-around in performance possible, is also explored. Lessons learned about SES technology are viewed in relation to the general experience of the Coast Guard with other types of high performance hull forms.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN THE AEGIS CRUISER SHIPBUILDING program

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 173-180页

作者： BOWLER, RTE RIDDICK, RP Cdr. R. T. E. Bowler III:is the production officer for the Aegis Cruiser Shipbuilding Division (PMS 400C) in the Naval Sea Systems Command. He has a bachelor's degree from the U.S. Naval Academy and master's degrees in operations research from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and in industrial personnel administration from George Washington University. Previous related positions include nuclear cruise project officer supervisor of shipbuilding Newport News VA and fleet maintenance and modernization analyst CNO's Office of Systems Analysis (OP. 96). R. P. Riddick III:is a principal staff member of Advanced Technology and deputy program director for the Configuration Management Directorate of the Systems Analysis Operations Center. He contributes technical expertise in configuration management and data management to the Aegis shipbuilding program. Mr. Riddick applies more than 15 years of comprehensive technical experience in ship design and construction coupled with an understanding of the SupShip/shipyard environment to efforts in support of the Aegis cruiser director.

The Aegis cruiser program's objective has been to deliver ships to the fleet that are not only “war ready” but also reflect state-of-the-art combat systems technology. Therefore, change has been mandatory. The types of changes have covered the spectrum from major combat system and mission capability improvements to minor INSURV items. Since the sources of changes have been so varied and the quantities so substantial, attention must be placed on change management. A “source-based” change categorization scheme has been developed and implemented to enable the Aegis cruiser program manager to maintain an overview of change status on the ships. Developed as an outgrowth of the existing automated configuration management database, the change categorization scheme provides data to maintain an awareness of changes from many standpoints, including cost on a per ship basis as well as the categories which have been the largest cost drivers. More importantly it enables the SHAPM to determine the originating source, thus providing the knowledge needed to manage the change. Change can significantly improve products, but it must be prudently controlled, budgeted and scheduled.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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WARSHIPS AND COST CONSTRAINTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第2期98卷 41-52页

作者： HOPE, JP STORTZ, VE Jan Paul Hope a native of Northern Virginia received his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia in 1969. Upon graduation he began his career in the Department of the Navy with the Naval Ship Systems Command in the acquisition of patrol craft mine sweepers and submarine rescue ships. In January 1971 he transferred to the ship arrangements branch of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He was selected for the long-term training program at George Washington University in 1974 and completed the program in February 1976 with the degree of master of engineering administration. While at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Mr. Hope was general arrangement task leader on the AO-177 CG-47 CSGN CSGN (VSTOL) CGN-9 (Aegis) and CGN-42 and he also assisted in the landmark Naval Sea Systems Command civilian professional community study. In 1978 he was selected as acting head of the damage control section and subsequently was selected as acting head of the surface ship hydrodynamic section. In February 1980 he was promoted to head of the surface combatant arrangements design section. Mr. Hope was selected for the first class of the NA VSEA commander's development program. While on the program he served in the DDGX combat systems engineering division and the DDGX project office of NA VSEA was the assistant director for ship design in the office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics and was the director of weight engineering and the director of systems engineering for the DDG-51 project in NA VSEA. Upon completion of the program Mr. Hope was assigned as the deputy director of the boiler engineering division to create a new division as a major fleet support initiative by NA VSEA. In June 1985 he joined the staff of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics. Mr. Hope was presented the Department of the Navy meritorious civilian service medal in June 1983 for his service with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the

This paper discusses the need and processes for designing warships to meet cost constraints and for managing warship acquisition programs during the design phase to assure effective adherence to production cost constraints by the design team. The resource control methodology used during the contract design of the Arleigh Burke class destroyer, DDG-51, is examined as a potential model for controlling the cost while maintaining the combat effectiveness of warships. The paper begins with a summary of the basic issue — the relationship among unit cost, unit capability, force level numbers, and force capability — showing recent trends in destroyer costs and force levels. This introduction also includes a discussion of the cost constraint for the DDG-51 in relation to historical trends and ship construction funding allocation. The resource control methodology used to reduce and control costs of the DDG-51 is discussed with a summary of the approach, key concepts and tools, chronology of key events, examples, and results achieved. A number of observations on this methodology are then made which are followed by comments on life cycle costs. The paper concludes with remarks on the future application of the resource control methodology and areas for further work to improve future resource control efforts.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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SHIP ENERGY-CONSERVATION ASSIST TEAM (SECAT)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第2期96卷 47-58页

作者： DANGEL, R BRICE, AE The Authors A. Edward Brice was born and educated in Scotland where he graduated from the James Watt Memorial College and Paisley Technical College. His earliest marine engineering experience was obtained at Scotts's Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited from 1952 to 1959 where he was involved in the production and design of steam and diesel machinery plants for both Naval and commercial ships. During a five year stay in Canada Mr. Brice gained diversified experience in industries other than marine such as petrochemical plants and steel mills. He moved to the U.S. in 1964 where he was the design supervisor in charge of marine engineering at NASSCO covering new construction for American President Lines AFS type ships for the U.S. Navy Project Mohole Car Ferries for the State of Washington and 17 LST's for the U.S. Navy. During the contract definition phase of the DD-963 Mr. Brice authored several portions of the technical proposal while employed by Litton industries. He was also responsible for the system and detail design including the technical management of sub-contracts for the steam propulsion plant for the LHA 1 Class ships. Mr. Brice has been active in the Washington area for the last ten years performing marine engineering projects for the U.S. Navy. His principal interest since 1974 has been in shipboard energy conservation. He assisted in the development of the NavySTMSYS program and later in the operational verification aboard FF-1074. Mr. Brice has conducted four SECA T visits aboard ships with 1200 PSI steam plants and has recently completed an at-sea visit aboard on AOR with a 600 PSI steam plant. Richard Dangel was bom in New York City. He received his Bachelor's degree from the Sloan School of Industrial Management of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1955. He has also completed graduate work for a Masters in Engineering Administration at George Washington University. Since graduation he has spent 11 years in private industry with companies in the DOD engineering research

The Ship Energy Conservation Assist Team (SECAT) program was initiated in Fiscal Year (FY) 82 by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to demonstrate and introduce individual Ship Commands to known energy conserving techniques without adding equipment complexity or additional maintenance burden. The principal objective is to provide each ship with an energy consumption, coupled with recommended energy conservation strategies. The technique involves both in-port and underway monitoring and introduction of energy efficient machinery plant alignments, fuel consumption curve generation, and most efficient speed curves. The program has completed visits on six combatants and enjoys the support of both the Commander, Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMNAVSURFLANT) and the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANT). Plans are to perform SECAT on additional DDG 2 and FF 1052/1078 Class ships and initiate SECAT on additional ship types in FY 83.

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THE UNITED STATES NAVY'S “DESIGN WORK STUDY” APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBOARD CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Naval Engineers Journal 1976年第6期88卷 62-74页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. GAMBREL, WILLIAM DAVID Artis I. Plato:is Head of the Design Work Study/ Shipboard Manning/Human Factors Engineering Section Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard where he remained until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne New Jersey. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and the drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a Project Engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a Project Engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty and his duties have included command of an Engineer Company various Staff positions and his present assignment as Operations Officer for a Civil Affairs Group. He has completed the U. S. A rmy Corps of Engineers Career Course and the Civil Affairs Career Course and is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course. Additionally he completed graduate studies at American University Washington D.C in 1972 receiving his MSTM degree in Technology of Management and is a member of ASE ASME CAA U. S. Naval Instit

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a system analysis technique called “Design Work Study”, that is used by the U.S. Navy for the development of improved ship control systems. The Design Work Study approach is one which brings about the most efficient and cost effective man‐machine combination for the ship control functions. Adherence to this process insures that the advantages of automation are balanced against incurred operational and maintenance expense. At present, U.S. Navy doctrine requires that certain ship operating stations, such as steering and propulsion control, be manned at specified ship conditions of readiness. Therefore, if personnel are needed to fulfill these combat environment obligations, excessive automation may only result in unnecessary additional acquisition costs and increased personnel skill requirements. The Design Work Study process can be applied to establish the required fine balance between the degree of built‐in automation and the shipboard manpower levels. In order to explain the techniques that are used for this process, the Authors will present a brief summary of the Design Work Study approach for optimizing shipboard control systems, including an explanation of the formal procedural tools that are applicable. In addition, a practical case study of ship control system design for one of the latest classes of Navy destroyers will be presented. This example will illustrate the resultant savings and benefits that can be realized by a judicious application of this technique. © 1976 American Society of Naval Engineers

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