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arXiv 2023年

作者： Makarov, Vadim Abrikosov, Alexey Chaiwongkhot, Poompong Fedorov, Aleksey K. Huang, Anqi Kiktenko, Evgeny Petrov, Mikhail Ponosova, Anastasiya Ruzhitskaya, daria Tayduganov, Andrey Trefilov, daniil Zaitsev, Konstantin Russian Quantum Center Skolkovo Moscow121205 Russia Vigo Quantum Communication Center University of Vigo VigoE-36310 Spain NTI Center for Quantum Communications National University of Science and Technology MISiS Moscow119049 Russia Department of Physics Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok10400 Thailand Institute for Quantum Computing University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Bangkok10110 Thailand QRate Skolkovo Moscow143026 Russia Institute for Quantum Information State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing College of Computer Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China Steklov Mathematical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow119991 Russia atlanTTic Research Center University of Vigo VigoE-36310 Spain School of Telecommunication Engineering Department of Signal Theory and Communications University of Vigo VigoE-36310 Spain National Research University Higher School of Economics Moscow101000 Russia

A commercial quantum key distribution (QKd) system needs to be formally certified to enable its wide deployment. The certification should include the system’s robustness against known implementation loopholes and attacks that exploit them. Here we ready a fiber-optic QKd system for this procedure. The system has a prepare-and-measure scheme with decoy-state BB84 protocol, polarisation encoding, qubit source rate of 312.5 MHz, and is manufactured by QRate. We detail its hardware and post-processing. We analyse the hardware for known implementation loopholes, search for possible new loopholes, and discuss countermeasures. We then amend the system design to address the highest-risk loopholes identified. We also work out technical requirements on the certification lab and outline its possible structure. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quantum cryptography

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Tundish open eye formation: Integrated troubleshooting using computational modeling, physical modeling, and plant trials

Tundish open eye formation: Integrated troubleshooting using...

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AISTech 2019 Iron and Steel Technology Conference and Exposition

作者： Konar, Bikram li, donghui leung, Jackie Sengupta, Joydeep Chattopadhyay, Kinnor Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto 184 College Street TorontoONM5S 3E4 Canada Arcelormittal Global R and D Hamilton 1390 Burlington Street East HamiltonONL8N 3J5 Canada

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How to verify the precision of density-functional-theory implementations via reproducible and universal workflows

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Bosoni, Emanuele Beal, louis Bercx, Marnik Blaha, Peter Blügel, Stefan Bröder, Jens Callsen, Martin Cottenier, Stefaan degomme, Augustin dikan, Vladimir Eimre, Kristjan Flage-larsen, Espen Fornari, Marco Garcia, Alberto Genovese, luigi Giantomassi, Matteo Huber, Sebastiaan P. Janssen, Henning Kastlunger, Georg Krack, Matthias Kresse, Georg Kühne, Thomas d. lejaeghere, Kurt Madsen, Georg K.H. Marsman, Martijn Marzari, Nicola Michalicek, Gregor Mirhosseini, Hossein Müller, Tiziano M.A. Petretto, Guido Pickard, Chris J. Poncé, Samuel Rignanese, Gian-Marco Rubel, Oleg Ruh, Thomas Sluydts, Michael Vanpoucke, danny E.P. Vijay, Sudarshan Wolloch, Michael Wortmann, daniel Yakutovich, Aliaksandr V. Yu, Jusong Zadoks, Austin Zhu, Bonan Pizzi, Giovanni Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra08193 Spain Univ. Grenoble-Alpes CEA IRIG-MEM-L Sim Grenoble38000 France LausanneCH-1015 Switzerland Institute for Materials Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Getreidemarkt 9/165-TC ViennaA-1060 Austria Peter Grünberg Institut Institute for Advanced Simulation Forschungszentrum Jülich JARA JülichD-52425 Germany Forschungszentrum Jülich JülichD-52425 Germany Department of Electromechanical Systems and Metal Engineering Ghent University Belgium Ghent University Belgium Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei10617 Taiwan Norwegian EuroHPC Competence Center Sigma2 AS Norway SINTEF Industry Materials Physics Oslo Norway Department of Physics Science of Advanced Materials Program Central Michigan University Mount PleasantMI48859 United States Université catholique de Louvain Chemin des Étoiles 8 Louvain-la-Neuve1348 Belgium LausanneCH-1015 Switzerland Kongens Lyngby2800 Denmark VilligenCH-5232 Switzerland University of Vienna Faculty of Physics Center for Computational Materials Science Kolingasse 14-16 ViennaA-1090 Austria VASP Software GmbH Sensengasse 8 ViennaA-1090 Austria Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf GörlitzD-02826 Germany Center for Sustainable Systems Design University of Paderborn PaderbornD-33098 Germany OCAS NV ArcelorMittal Global R&D Gent Pres. J. F. Kennedylaan 3 ZelzateB-9060 Belgium Dynamics of Condensed Matter Theoretical Chemistry University of Paderborn PaderbornD-33098 Germany HPE HPC EMEA Research Lab BaselCH-4051 Switzerland Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road CambridgeCB3 0FS United Kingdom Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba Sendai980-8577 Japan Department of Materials Science and Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West HamiltonONL8S 4L8 Canada ePot

In the past decades many density-functional theory methods and codes adopting periodic boundary conditions have been developed and are now extensively used in condensed matter physics and materials science research. Only in 2016, however, their precision (i.e., to which extent properties computed with different codes agree among each other) was systematically assessed on elemental crystals: a first crucial step to evaluate the reliability of such computations. We discuss here general recommendations for verification studies aiming at further testing precision and transferability of density-functional-theory computational approaches and codes. We illustrate such recommendations using a greatly expanded protocol covering the whole periodic table from Z=1 to 96 and characterizing 10 prototypical cubic compounds for each element: 4 unaries and 6 oxides, spanning a wide range of coordination numbers and oxidation states. The primary outcome is a reference dataset of 960 equations of state cross-checked between two all-electron codes, then used to verify and improve nine pseudopotential-based approaches. Such effort is facilitated by deploying AiidA common workflows that perform automatic input parameter selection, provide identical input/output interfaces across codes, and ensure full reproducibility. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the current results for total energies can be reused for different goals (e.g., obtaining formation energies). © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： density functional theory

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Predictions for the dynamical States of the didymos System before and after the Planned dART Impact

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Richardson, derek C. Agrusa, Harrison F. Barbee, Brent Bottke, William F. Cheng, Andrew F. Eggl, Siegfried Ferrari, Fabio Hirabayashi, Masatoshi Karatekin, Özgür McMahon, Jay Schwartz, Stephen R. Ballouz, Ronald-louis Bagatin, Adriano Campo dotto, Elisabetta Fahnestock, Eugene G. Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar Gkolias, Ioannis Hamilton, douglas P. Jacobson, Seth A. Jutzi, Martin lyzhoft, Josh Makadia, Rahil Meyer, Alex J. Michel, Patrick Nakano, Ryota Noiset, Guillaume Raducan, Sabina d. Rambaux, Nicolas Rossi, Alessandro Sánchez, Paul Scheeres, daniel J. Soldini, Stefania Stickle, Angela M. Tanga, Paolo Tsiganis, Kleomenis Zhang, Yun Department of Astronomy University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD20771 United States Southwest Research Institute BoulderCO80302 United States Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LaurelMD20723 United States Department of Aerospace Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UrbanaIL61801 United States National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UrbanaIL61801 United States IMCCE Paris Observatory 77 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau Paris75014 France Space Research and Planetary Sciences Physics Institute University of Bern Bern3012 Switzerland Department of Aerospace Engineering/Geosciences Auburn University AuburnAL36849 United States Royal Observatory of Belgium 3 Avenue Circulaire Brussels1180 Belgium Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences University of Colorado Boulder 3775 Discovery Dr BoulderCO80303 United States Planetary Science Institute TucsonAZ85719 United States Lunar & Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States IUFACyT—DFISTS Universidad de Alicante P.O. Box 99 Alicante03080 Spain INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Monte Porzio Catone Rome00078 Italy Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91109 United States Department of Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ThessalonikiGR 54124 Greece Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Michigan State University East LansingMI48824 United States Université Côte d’Azur Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur CNRS Laboratoire Lagrange Nice06304 France Department of Aerospace Engineering Auburn University AuburnAL36849 United States Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research University of Colorado Boulder 3775 Discovery Drive BoulderCO80303 United States Department of Mechanical Materials and Aerospace Engineering University of Liv

NASA’s double Asteroid Redirection Test (dART) spacecraft is planned to impact the natural satellite of (65803) didymos, dimorphos, at around 23:14 UTC on 2022 September 26, causing a reduction in its orbital period that will be measurable with ground-based observations. This test of kinetic impactor technology will provide the first estimate of the momentum transfer enhancement factor β at a realistic scale, wherein the ejecta from the impact provide an additional deflection to the target. Earth-based observations, the lICIACube spacecraft (to be detached from dART prior to impact), and ESA’s follow-up Hera mission, to launch in 2024, will provide additional characterizations of the deflection test. Together, Hera and dART comprise the Asteroid Impact and deflection Assessment cooperation between NASA and ESA. Here, the predicted dynamical states of the binary system upon arrival and after impact are presented. The assumed dynamically relaxed state of the system will be excited by the impact, leading to an increase in eccentricity and a slight tilt of the orbit, together with enhanced libration of dimorphos, with the amplitude dependent on the currently poorly known target shape. Free rotation around the moon’s long axis may also be triggered, and the orbital period will experience variations from seconds to minutes over timescales of days to months. Shape change of either body, due to cratering or mass wasting triggered by crater formation and ejecta, may affect β, but can be constrained through additional measurements. Both BYORP and gravity tides may cause measurable orbital changes on the timescale of Hera’s rendezvous. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Asteroids

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Nonlinear optics of optomagnetics: Quantum and classical treatments

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Majedi, A. Hamed lounis, Brahim Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Institut d’Optique Graduate School CNRS Université de Bordeaux LP2N- Institut d’Optique d’Aquitaine Rue Franois Mitterand Talence CedexF-33400 France Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics WaterlooON Canada

Optomagnetics emerges as a growing field of research cross-linking optics, magnetism and material science. Here, we provide a microscopic quantum mechanical and a macroscopic classical models to describe optomagnetic effects from nonlinear optics point of view. Our self-consistent quantum mechanical formulation considers all orders of perturbing field and results not only in finding generalized Pitaevskii’s relationship, where photoinduced magnetization can be expanded in terms of light power, but also provides compact and analytical expressions for optical gyration vector coefficients. classical treatment is then developed based on the anharmonic drude-lorentz model showing that the photo-induced dC magnetization is proportional to odd harmonics of the light power. The difference in quantum and classical results are revealed and discussed. Having a pomp-probe setup in mind, we describe how a probe light signal can propagate down an optomagnetic medium, i.e. a medium that is magnetized by intense circularly-polarized pump light, via its permittivity tensor and find light propagation characteristics. Inverse Faraday and Cotton-Mouton Effects are discussed as a result of circular and linear birefringences and their Verdet constants have been analytically found. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nonlinear optics

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Cardiac segmentation on late gadolinium enhancement MRI: A benchmark study from multi-sequence cardiac MR segmentation challenge

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Zhuang, Xiahai Xu, Jiahang luo, Xinzhe Chen, Chen Ouyang, Cheng Rueckert, daniel Campello, Victor M. lekadir, Karim Vesal, Sulaiman RaviKumar, Nishant liu, Yashu luo, Gongning Chen, Jingkun li, Hongwei ly, Buntheng Sermesant, Maxime Roth, Holger Zhu, Wentao Wang, Jiexiang ding, Xinghao Wang, Xinyue Yang, Sen li, lei School of Data Science Fudan University Shanghai China School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Biomedical Image Analysis Group Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department Mathematics & Computer Science Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Germany School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China Department of Informatics Technical University of Munich Germany INRIA Université Côte d’Azur Sophia Antipolis France NVIDIA Bethesda United States School of Informatics Xiamen University Xiamen China College of Electrical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China Tencent AI Lab Shenzhen China

Accurate computing, analysis and modeling of the ventricles and myocardium from medical images are important, especially in the diagnosis and treatment management for patients suffering from myocardial infarction (MI). late gadolinium enhancement (lGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides an important protocol to visualize MI. However, automated segmentation of lGE CMR is still challenging, due to the indistinguishable boundaries, heterogeneous intensity distribution and complex enhancement patterns of pathological myocardium from lGE CMR. Furthermore, compared with the other sequences lGE CMR images with gold standard labels are particularly limited, which represents another obstacle for developing novel algorithms for automatic segmentation of lGE CMR. This paper presents the selective results from the Multi-Sequence Cardiac MR (MS-CMR) Segmentation challenge, in conjunction with MICCAI 2019. The challenge offered a data set of paired MS-CMR images, including auxiliary CMR sequences as well as lGE CMR, from 45 patients who underwent cardiomyopathy. It was aimed to develop new algorithms, as well as benchmark existing ones for lGE CMR segmentation and compare them objectively. In addition, the paired MS-CMR images could enable algorithms to combine the complementary information from the other sequences for the segmentation of lGE CMR. Nine representative works were selected for evaluation and comparisons, among which three methods are unsupervised methods and the other six are supervised. The results showed that the average performance of the nine methods was comparable to the inter-observer variations. Particularly, the top-ranking algorithms from both the supervised and unsupervised methods could generate reliable and robust segmentation results. The success of these methods was mainly attributed to the inclusion of the auxiliary sequences from the MS-CMR images, which provide important label information for the training of deep neural networks. The challeng

关键词： Magnetic resonance

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Corrected Thermodynamics and Stability of Magnetic charged AdS Black Holes surrounded by Quintessence

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Gogoi, dhruba Jyoti Sekhmani, Yassine Bora, Shyamalee Rayimbaev, Javlon Bora, Jyatsnasree Myrzakulov, Ratbay Department of Physics Moran College Charaideo Assam Moranhat785670 India Theoretical Physics Division Centre for Atmospheric Studies Dibrugarh University Assam Dibrugarh786004 India Center for Theoretical Physics Khazar University 41 Mehseti Street BakuAZ1096 Azerbaijan Centre for Research Impact & Outcome Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab Rajpura140401 India Department of Physics Tezpur University Assam Tezpur784028 India Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research National Research University TIIAME Kori Niyoziy 39 Tashkent100000 Uzbekistan University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences Gavhar Str. 1 Tashkent100149 Uzbekistan Urgench State University Kh. Alimdjan str. 14 Urgench220100 Uzbekistan Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute Shahrisabz Str. 10 Shahrisabz181301 Uzbekistan Tashkent State Technical University Tashkent100095 Uzbekistan Department of Physics D.H.S.K. College Assam Dibrugarh786001 India L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Astana010008 Kazakhstan Ratbay Myrzakulov Eurasian International Centre for Theoretical Physics Astana010009 Kazakhstan

In this study, we explore the corrected thermodynamics of non-linear magnetic charged anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes surrounded by quintessence, incorporating thermal fluctuations and deriving the corrected thermodynamic potentials. We analyze the effects of corrections due to thermal fluctuations on various thermodynamic potentials, including enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. Our results show significant impacts on smaller black holes, with first-order corrections destabilizing them, while second-order corrections enhance stability with increasing parameter values. The specific heat analysis further elucidates the stability criteria, indicating that the large black holes ensure stability against phase transitions. However, the thermal fluctuations do not affect the physical limitation points as well as the second-order phase transition points of the black hole. Our findings highlight the intricate role of thermal fluctuations in black hole thermodynamics and their influence on stability, providing deeper insights into the behaviour of black holes under corrected thermodynamic conditions. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Free energy

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A Spectral Feature Based CNN long Short-Term Memory Approach for Classification

A Spectral Feature Based CNN Long Short-Term Memory Approach...

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International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing (ICICIP)

作者： Juan F. Ramirez Rochac Nian Zhang Jiang Xiong Dept. of Computer Science & Information Technology University of the District of Columbia Washington D.C. USA College of Computer Science and Engineering Chongqing Three Gorges University Chongqing China

ISBN: (数字)9781728100159

ISBN: (纸本)9781728100166

This paper presents a Gaussian data augmentation-assisted deep learning using a convolutional neural network (PCA18+GdA100+CNN lSTM) on the analysis of the state-of-the-art infrared backscatter imaging spectroscopy (IBIS) images. Both PCA and data augmentation methods were used to preprocess classification input and predict with a comparable degree of accuracy. Initially, PCA was used to reduce the number of features. We used 18 principal components based of the cumulative variance, which totaled 99.92%. GdA was also used to increase the number of samples. CNN-lSTM (long short-term memory) was then used to perform multiclass classification on the IBIS hyperspectral image. Experiments were conducted and results were collected from the K-fold cross-validation with K=20. They were analyzed with a confusion matrix and the average accuracy is 99%.

关键词： Principal component analysis Machine learning Signal to noise ratio Convolution Convolutional neural networks Backscatter

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Multi-laboratory efforts for the standardization of performance assessment of diffuse optics instruments - The BitMap Exercise

Multi-laboratory efforts for the standardization of performa...

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Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy, OTS 2020

作者： lanka, Pranav Yang, lin Orive-Miguel, david Veesa, Joshua deepak Tagliabue, Susanna Sudakou, Aleh Samaei, Saeed Forcione, Mario Kovacsova, Zuzana Behera, Anurag Gladytz, Thomas Grosenick, dirk Hervé, lionel loPresti, Giuseppe Cortese, lorenzo durduran, Turgut Bejm, Karolina Morawiec, Magdalena Kacprzak, Michal Sawosz, Piotr Grega, Anna liebert, Adam Belli, Antonio Tachtsidis, Ilias lange, Frederic Bale, Gemma Baratelli, luca Gioux, Sylvain Alexander, Kalyanov Wolf, Martin Sekar, Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Zanoletti, Marta Pirovano, Ileana lacerenza, Michele Qiu, lina Ferocino, Edoardo Maffeis, Giulia Amendola, Caterina Colombo, lorenzo Buttafava, Mauro Renna, Marco Sieno, laura di Re, Rebecca Farina, Andrea Spinelli, lorenzo Mora, Alberto dalla Contini, davide Taroni, Paola Tosi, Alberto Torricelli, Alessandro dehghani, Hamid Wabnitz, Heidrun Pifferi, Antonio Politecnico di Milano Dipartimento di Fisica Milano Italy Berlin Germany CEA-Leti: Laboratoire d'électronique des technologies de l'information Grenoble France School of Computer Science University of Birmingham Birmingham United Kingdom Castelldefels Spain Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Warsaw Poland National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre University Hospitals Birmingham United Kingdom Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering UCL London United Kingdom University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Neonatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland IPIC Tyndall National Institute Cork Ireland Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie Milano Italy Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano Italy

A multi-laboratory exercise, involving 29 diffuse optical instruments, aimed at performance assessment of diffuse optics instruments on standardized protocols is presented. The overarching methodology and future actio... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781943580743

关键词： Standardization

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The properties of the interstellar medium in dusty, star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 − 4: The shape of the CO spectral line energy distributions

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Taylor, dominic J. Swinbank, A.M. Smail, Ian Puglisi, Annagrazia Birkin, Jack E. dudzevičiūte, Ugne Chen, Chian-Chou Ikarashi, S. Castillo, Marta Frias Weiß, Axel li, Zefeng Chapman, Scott C. Jansen, Jasper Jiménez-Andrade, E.F. Morabito, leah K. Murphy, Eric J. Rybak, Matus van der Werf, P.P. Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy Department of Physics Durham University South Road DurhamDH1 3LE United Kingdom School of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton HighfieldSO17 1BJ United Kingdom Department of Physics and Astronomy Texas A&M University 4242 TAMU College StationTX77843-4242 United States George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy Texas A&M University 4242 TAMU College StationTX77843-4242 United States Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Königstuhl 17 HeidelbergD-69117 Germany No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei10617 Taiwan Department of Physics General Studies College of Engineering Nihon University 1 Nakagawara Tokusada Tamuramachi Koriyama Fukushima963-8642 Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Leiden Observatory Leiden University P.O. Box 9513 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands Max Planck Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science Dalhousie University Halifax HalifaxNSB3H 3J5 Canada National Radio Astronomy Observatory 520 Edgemont Road CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica Universidad Nacional Autónomia de México Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701 Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta Michoacán C.P Morelia58089 Mexico Argelander Institut für Astronomie Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 BonnD-53121 Germany Institute for Computational Cosmology Department of Physics University of Durham South Road DurhamDH1 3LE United Kingdom Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4 Delft2628 CD Netherlands SRON - Netherlands Institute for Space Research Niels Bohrweg 4 Leiden2333 Netherlands

The molecular gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) of star-forming galaxy populations exhibits diverse physical properties. We investigate the 12CO excitation of twelve dusty, luminous star-forming galaxies at ∼ 2–4 by combining observations of the 12CO from up = 1 to up = 8. The spectral line energy distribution (SlEd) has a similar shape to NGC 253, M82, and local UlIRGs, with much stronger excitation than the Milky Way inner disc. By combining with resolved dust continuum sizes from high-resolution 870-µm AlMA observations and dust mass measurements determined from multi-wavelength SEd fitting, we measure the relationship between the 12CO SlEd and probable physical drivers of excitation: star-formation efficiency, the average intensity of the radiation field and the star-formation rate surface density. The primary driver of high-up12CO excitation in star-forming galaxies is star-formation rate surface density. We use the ratio of the CO(3–2) and CO(6–5) line fluxes to infer the CO excitation in each source and find that the average ratios for our sample are elevated compared to observations of low-redshift, less actively star-forming galaxies and agree well with predictions from numerical models that relate the ISM excitation to the star-formation rate surface density. The significant scatter in the line ratios of a factor ≈ 3 within our sample likely reflects intrinsic variations in the ISM properties which may be caused by other effects on the excitation of the molecular gas, such as cosmic ray ionization rates and mechanical heating through turbulence dissipation. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Cosmic rays

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