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37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Adriani, O. Alemanno, F. Aloisio, R. Altomare, C. Ambrosi, G. An, Q. Antonelli, M. Azzarello, P. Bai, L. Bai, Y.L. Bao, T.W. Barbanera, M. Barbato, F.C.T. Bernardini, P. Berti, E. Bertucci, B. Bi, X.J. Bigongiari, G. Bongi, M. Bonvicini, V. Bordas, P. Bosch-Ramon, V. Bottai, S. Brogi, P. Cadoux, F. Campana, D. Cao, W.W. Cao, Z. Casaus, J. Catanzani, E. Cattaneo, P.W. Chang, J. Chang, Y.H. Chen, G.M. Chen, Y. Cianetti, F. Comerma, A. Cortis, D. Cui, X.H. Cui, X.Z. Dai, C. Dai, Z.G. D'Alessandro, R. De Gaetano, S. De Mitri, I. de Palma, F. Di Felice, V. Di Giovanni, A. Di Santo, M. Di Venere, L. Dong, J.N. Dong, Y.W. Donvito, G. Duranti, M. D'Urso, D. Evoli, C. Fang, K. Fariña, L. Favre, Y. Feng, C.Q. Feng, H. Feng, H.B. Feng, Z.K. Finetti, N. Formato, V. Frieden, J.M. Fusco, P. Gao, J.R. Gargano, F. Gascon-Fora, D. Gasparrini, D. Giglietto, N. Giovacchini, F. Gomez, S. Gong, K. Gou, Q.B. Guida, R. Guo, D.Y. Guo, J.H. Guo, Y.Q. He, H.H. Hu, H.B. Hu, J.Y. Hu, P. Hu, Y.M. Huang, G.S. Huang, J. Huang, W.H. Huang, X.T. Huang, Y.B. Huang, Y.F. Ionica, M. Jouvin, L. Kotenko, A. Kyratzis, D. La Marra, D. Li, M.J. Li, Q.Y. Li, R. Li, S.L. Li, T. Li, X. Li, Z. Li, Z.H. Liang, E.W. Liang, M.J. Liao, C.L. Licciulli, F. Lin, S.J. Liu, D. Liu, H.B. Liu, H. Liu, J.B. Liu, S.B. Liu, X. Liu, X.W. Liu, Y.Q. Loparco, F. Loporchio, S. Lu, X. Lyu, J.G. Lyu, L.W. Maestro, P. Mancini, E. Manera, R. Marin, J. Marrocchesi, P.S. Marsella, G. Martinez, G. Martinez, M. Marzullo, D. Mauricio, J. Mocchiutti, E. Morettini, G. Mori, N. Mussolin, L. Nicola Mazziotta, M. Oliva, A. Orlandi, D. Osteria, G. Pacini, L. Panico, B. Pantaleo, F.R. Papa, S. Papini, P. Paredes, J.M. Parenti, A. Pauluzzi, M. Pearce, M. Peng, W.X. Perfetto, F. Perrina, C. Perrotta, G. Pillera, R. Pizzolotto, C. Qiao, R. Qin, J.J. Quadrani, L. Quan, Z. Rappoldi, A. Raselli, G. Ren, X.X. Renno, F. Ribo, M. Key Laboratory of Particle and Astrophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS Xi'an China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning China Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong University Qingdao China Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation Ministry of Education China School of Physical Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210023 China Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China Department of Astronomy Yunan University Kunming China North Night Vision Technology co. ltd. Kunming China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Yunnan Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Nanjing China Department of Astronomy Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Astronomy Peking University Beijing China Institute of Astrophysics Central China Normal University Wuhan China Department of Physics China University of Geosciences Wuhan China The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Universitá dell'Aquila Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Firenze Firenze Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari Bari Italy Dipartimento di Fisica "M.Merlin" Univerisitá e del Politecnico di Bari Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Firenze Firenze Italy Universitá di Firenze Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Firenze Firenze Italy

The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility has been proposed as a space astronomy payload onboard the future China's Space Station. HERD is planned for operation starting around 2027 for about 10 years In addition to the unprecedented sensitivity for dark matter searches and cosmic-ray measurements up to the knee energy, it should perform gamma-ray monitoring and full sky survey from few hundred MeV up to tens of TeV. We present the first study of the HERD gamma-ray performance obtained with full simulations of the whole detector geometry. HERD will be a cubic detector composed with 5 active faces. We present a study conducted inside the HERD analysis software package, which includes a detailed description of the detector materials. In this work we present the HERD effective area, the point spread function and the resulting gamma-ray sensitivity. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

关键词： Cosmic rays

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Metal–Organic Layers Leading to Atomically Thin Bismuthene for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Liquid Fuel

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Angewandte Chemie 2020年第35期132卷 15124-15130页

作者： Cao C. Ma D.-D. Gu J.-F. Xie X. Zeng G. Li X. Han S.-G. Zhu Q.-L. Wu X.-T. Xu Q. State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Chemical Engineering Zhicheng College Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China AIST-Kyoto University Chemical Energy Materials Open Innovation Laboratory (ChEM-OIL) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to valuable fuels is appealing for CO2 fixation and energy storage. However, the development of electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity in a wide potential window is challenging. Herein, atomically thin bismuthene (Bi-ene) is pioneeringly obtained by an in situ electrochemical transformation from ultrathin bismuth-based metal–organic layers. The few-layer Bi-ene, which possesses a great mass of exposed active sites with high intrinsic activity, has a high selectivity (ca. 100 %), large partial current density, and quite good stability in a potential window exceeding 0.35 V toward formate production. It even deliver current densities that exceed 300.0 mA cm−2 without compromising selectivity in a flow-cell reactor. Using in situ ATR-IR spectra and DFT analysis, a reaction mechanism involving HCO3− for formate generation was unveiled, which brings new fundamental understanding of CO2 reduction. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

关键词： bismuthene CO2 reduction electrocatalysis flow cells metal–organic layers

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Electronic Skin from High-Throughput Fabrication of Intrinsically Stretchable Lead Zirconate Titanate Elastomer

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Research 2020年第1期2020卷 1-11页

作者： Yiming Liu Huanxi Zheng Ling Zhao Shiyuan Liu Kuanming Yao Dengfeng Li Chunki Yiu Shenghan Gao Raudel Avila Pakpong Chirarattananon Lingqian Chang Zuankai Wang Xian Huang Zhaoqian Xie Zhengbao Yang Xinge Yu Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China Department of Mechanical Engineering City University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China Department of Biomedical Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300000China Department of Mechanical Engineering McCormick School of EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208USA School of Biology Science and Medical Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment Department of Engineering MechanicsInternational Research Center for Computational MechanicsDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China

Electronic skin made of thin,soft,stretchable devices that can mimic the human skin and reconstruct the tactile sensation and perception offers great opportunities for prosthesis sensing,robotics controlling,and human-machine *** materials and mechanics engineering of thin film devices has proven to be an efficient route to enable and enhance flexibility and stretchability of various electronic skins;however,the density of devices is still low owing to the limitation in existing fabrication ***,we report a high-throughput one-step process to fabricate large tactile sensing arrays with a sensor density of 25 sensors/cm^(2) for electronic skin,where the sensors are based on intrinsically stretchable piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate(PZT)*** PZT elastomer sensor arrays with great uniformity and passive-driven manner enable highresolution tactile sensing,simplify the data acquisition process,and lower the manufacturing *** high-throughput fabrication process provides a general platform for integrating intrinsically stretchable materials into large area,high device density soft electronics for the next-generation electronic skin.

关键词： enable Skin integrating

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Targeted and non-targeted analyses reveal trophic biomagnification of rubber-derived chemicals in an estuarine food web near China's largest rubber production region

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Journal of Hazardous Materials 2025年 495卷

作者： Yuan Liu Jia-Ming Zhou Nian-Nian Wu Shan Liu Xiao-Liang Liao Haijiang Wu Lin Zhu Heng-Xiang Li Lang Lin Rui Hou Zhi-Hua Li Xiang-Rong Xu Zhi-Feng Chen Zongwei Cai Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea Coral Reef Research Center of China School of Marine Sciences Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China Marine College Shandong University Weihai Shandong 264209 China Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health School of Environmental Science and Engineering Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong 999077 China

The emergence of rubber-derived chemicals (RDCs) has garnered significant environmental attention, particularly N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N '-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) linked to acute mortality in salmonids. However, the trophic transfer of RDCs within marine ecosystems is notably sparse. Here, we investigated RDCs in the Nandu River estuary near China's largest rubber production region through an integrated targeted and non-targeted approach. Twelve targeted and 28 non-targeted RDCs were identified in biological samples. For targeted RDCs, total mean concentrations (ng/g, wet weight) showed a descending order of crab (702) > shellfish (531) > snail (491) > shrimp (392) > cuttlefish (342) > fish (190), while those for non-targeted RDCs followed the order of fish (3.91 ×10 3 ) > shellfish (3.08 ×10 3 ) > cuttlefish (2.96 ×10 3 ) > shrimp (2.78 ×10 3 ) > snail (1.61 ×10 3 ) > crab (1.36 ×10 3 ). Thirteen RDCs exhibited biomagnification potential with trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of 1.05–3.24, while nine compounds displayed biodilution trends (TMFs: 0.56–0.93). Organism-water partition coefficients, derived from multi-parameter linear free-energy relationships, more accurately elucidate biomagnification mechanisms of RDCs. Furthermore, 60 % of RDCs exhibited persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity properties. This research underscores the importance of integrating targeted and non-targeted approaches of RDCs in biomonitoring, offering a more comprehensive view of cumulative chemical risks to humans and wildlife.

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Microstructure tailoring of internal curing agents: modified cement particles/superabsorbent polymers composites balancing strength and shrinkage mitigation

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Cement and Concrete Research 2025年 197卷

作者： Yasen Li Cheng Zhang Yangyang Xiang Yanru Chen Tingzhong Li Honghai Cui Guoxing Sun Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering University of Macau Avenida da Universidade Taipa Macau SAR 999078 China State Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials China Building Materials Academy Beijing 100024 China Jilin Traffic Planning and Design Institute Changchun Jilin 130021 China Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute Guangdong Zhuhai 519000 China

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are widely studied as internal curing agents in high-performance concrete, but their adverse effects on pore structure remain a challenge. This study introduces an innovative cement-integrated SAP (CiSAP) by modifying the interface, using KH570-modified cement (KMC) as the functional core. By optimizing KMC content, the microstructure was improved, leading to enhanced performance. Structural characterization confirmed that KMC was successfully embedded into the polymer network. CiSAP30 reduced shrinkage by 61.4 % due to its excellent desorption efficiency. The 28-day strength retention of CiSAP in cement-based materials varied from 93.4 % to 99.6 %, compared to the reference group without CiSAP. MIP and fractal dimension analysis indicated that CiSAP refined the microstructure by reducing large capillary pores and filling macropores. The sustained water release from CiSAP, along with KMC hydration, promoted long-term densification and controlled autogenous shrinkage. This study provides a novel strategy for designing internal curing agents for high-performance cement-based materials.

关键词： Cement particles modification Cement-based materials Fractal dimension Pore characteristics Shrinkage mitigation

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Intelligent Identification of Building Patches and Assessment of Roof Greening Suitability in High-density Urban Areas:A Case Study of Chengdu

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第2期13卷 247-256页

作者： LUO Luhua CHEN Mingjie DONG Lulu SU Wei LI Xin HU Xiaodong ZHANG Xin LI Chen CHENG Weiming SHI Hanning LUO Jiancheng Faculty of Geomatics Lanzhou Jiaotong UniversityLanzhou 730070China National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technological and Application for National Geographic State Monitoring Lanzhou 730070China Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring Lanzhou 730070China College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining&Technology(Bejing)Beijing 100083China School of Earth Science and Engineering Hebei University of EngineeringHebei 056000China Tianjin University Urban Planning and Design Institute Co.Ltd Tianjin 300072China State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China The ImageSky International Co.Ltd SuzhouJiangsu 215000China Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of Architecture Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

With the expansion of a city,the urban green space is occupied and the urban heat island effect is *** the roof surfaces of urban buildings is an effective way to increase the area of urban green space and improve the urban ecological *** provide effective data support for urban green space planning,this paper used high-resolution images to(1)obtain accurate building spots on the map of the study area through deep learning assisted manual correction;and(2)establish an evaluation index system of roof greening including the characteristics of the roof itself,the natural environment and the human society *** weight values of attributes not related to the roof itself were calculated by Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).The suitable green roof locations were evaluated by spatial join,weighted superposition and other spatial analysis *** the areas within the Chengdu city’s third ring road as the study area,the results show that an accurate building pattern obtained by deep learning greatly improves the efficiency of the *** roof surfaces unsuitable for greening can be effectively classified by the method of feature extraction,with an accuracy of 86.58%.The roofs suitable for greening account for 48.08%,among which,the high-suitability roofs,medium-suitability roofs and low-suitability roofs represent 45.32%,38.95%and 15.73%.The high-suitability green buildings are mainly distributed in the first ring district and the western area outside the first ring district in *** paper is useful for solving the current problem of the more saturated high-density urban area and allowing the expansion of the urban ecological environment.

关键词： deep learning roof greening suitability assessment spatial join weighted overlay

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Helium bubble formation in RAFM steel: Role of helium concentration under constant peak displacement damage dose

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Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2025年 237卷

作者： Meng Yu Xiaokang Liu Hongzhen Liu Shuoxue Jin Yi Xiong Liping Guo Weiping Zhang School of Mathematics and Physics Hebei University of Engineering Handan 056038 Hebei China Multi-disciplinary Research Division Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China Analytical and Testing Center School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430073 Hubei China Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China Hebei Computational Optical Imaging and Photoelectric Detection Technology Innovation Center Hebei University of Engineering Handan 056038 Hebei China

Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel has been regarded as a primary candidate structural material for fusion reactors due to its excellent mechanical properties and good resistance to irradiation induced swelling. However, significant discrepancies exist regarding the influence of helium on the formation of irradiation defects in RAFM steel. In this study, He + irradiation experiments at 18 keV, 50 keV and 100 keV were conducted at 450 °C to investigate the effects of varying helium concentrations on defect formation under the same peak displacement damage dose. By adjusting the irradiation fluence, the irradiations with different He + energies were controlled to produce identical peak displacement damage doses but different peak helium concentrations. The results showed that compared to 50 keV He + irradiation, 18 keV He + irradiation, which introduced a higher helium concentration, led to larger helium bubble size, higher bubble density and greater swelling. This indicates that under the same peak displacement damage dose, a higher helium concentration significantly promotes the nucleation and growth of helium bubbles, thereby enhancing the swelling of the material. It is noteworthy that, despite the lowest helium concentration, 100 keV He + irradiation resulted in the largest helium bubble size, highest bubble density and greatest swelling among the three irradiation energies. This may be attributed to the higher primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy associated with the 100 keV He + irradiation, which can promote the nucleation and growth of irradiation induced defects. Thus, the promoting effect of higher PKA energy on defect formation appears to dominate in this case.

关键词： Irradiation

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Electron transfer and microbially-driven synergy boost nitrogen conversion in Fe-BTC/biochar-amended electrified composting

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Environmental technology & Innovation 2025年 39卷

作者： Yang Zhang Dongli Zhang Jingtao Ding Haibin Zhou Huiwu Cai Wenying Zhou Hongsheng Cheng Yuxiang Yao Qikun Feng Qingyi Cheng Pengyue Zhang Yun Zhang Shuangshuang Ma Yujun Shen Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection Academy of Agricultural Planning & Engineering Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing 100125 China Key Laboratory of Technologies and Models for Cyclic Utilization from Agricultural Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing 100125 China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi’an University of Science & Technology Xi’an 710054 China School of Materials North China University of Water Resources and Hydropower Zhengzhou 450045 China State Key Laboratory of Power Systems Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

Electric field-assisted composting technology is a novel and efficient approach to composting; however, it has various challenges, such as the emission of nitrogenous gases and limited electrical conductivity. This compost set up electric field assisted aerobic compost (CK), biochar (BC) + electric field assisted aerobic compost (T2) and FeBTC/BC+ electric field assisted aerobic compost (T1) respectively, and carried out compost experiments for 27 days. Purpose to develop a novel additive Fe-BTC/BC and examine its effects on nitrogenous gas emissions during electric field-assisted composting. Incorporating Fe-BTC/BC reduced NH 3 and N 2 O emissions by 47.05 % and 19.83 %, respectively, compared with that of the control, and led to an increase in peak temperature from 66.4 ℃ to 71.2 ℃ and a shortened composting period from 16 d to 9 d. Microbiological analysis indicated that Fe-BTC/BC enhanced the abundance of nitrifying functional microbial community, such as Bacillus (from 24.09 % to 27.18 %), and reduced that of denitrifying functional microbial community (from 5.08 % to 3.91 %).RDA indicated that NH 3 emission is in connection with nitrifying microbial community ( Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 , Corynebacterium ). In addition, reduction-oxidation (REDOX) activity was enhanced upon the addition of Fe-BTC/BC. These findings indicate that Fe-BTC/BC has a synergistic effect that improves nitrogen conversion efficiency by altering the abundance of microorganisms and accelerating electron transfer. This study provides an important scientific basis for the development of novel materials to reduce the emission of nitrogenous gases during electric field-assisted composting.

关键词： Electric field-assisted composting Fe-BTC/BC NH 3 N 2 O Electron transfer Microbial community

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Lowering cropland use intensity through crop-fallow rotation optimization fosters a resilient water future in the central farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China

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Agricultural Water Management 2025年 316卷

作者： Xin Chen Pingli An Yaoyao Li Guoliang Zhang Yuling Jin Yi Zhou Haile Zhao Luying Li Zhihua Pan Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau Institute of Loess Plateau Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China College of Land Science and Technology China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China Jinan Academy of Social Sciences Jinan 250099 China School of Geographical Sciences Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan 410081 China College of Resources and Environmental Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China

The central farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China (CFPENC), a key food-producing region, faces significant water resource challenges due to intensified agricultural activities. To address this, China initiated a pilot crop-fallow rotation system, yet its practical application remains largely unexplored. In this context, we developed a sensitive and high-resolution evaluation indicator for cropland use intensity ( cLUI ), using Ulanqab as a case study to investigate its spatiotemporal dynamics and ecological impacts over the past decade. Our analysis revealed an overall increase in Ulanqab's cLUI , with 59.09% of townships showing upward trends while 40.91% demonstrated downward shifts. Notably, the proportion of cropland exhibiting decreased cLUI was marginally higher. From 2010–2014, cLUI levels in Houshan and Qianshan were comparable, but Houshan significantly exceeded Qianshan from 2015 to 2019. Irrigated fields had the highest cLUI , followed by center pivot irrigation (CPI) fields and rainfed fields, with the fields implementing the green depressing cropping system (GDCS) showing the lowest. Approximately one-fifth of croplands exhibit moderate cLUI . Rising cLUI levels may exacerbate surface water shrinkage and groundwater depletion. Finally, we proposed a crop-fallow rotation regulation strategy to promote sustainable water management.

关键词： Cropland use intensity Fallow Remote sensing Earth observation evidence Farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China

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Erratum: Integration of proteome and transcriptome refines key molecular processes underlying oil production in Nannochloropsis oceanica

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Biotechnology for Biofuels 2020年第1期13卷

作者： You, Wuxin Wei, Li Gong, Yanhai Hajjami, Mohamed El Single-Cell Center CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong China Department of Plant Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao266237 China College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao266003 China

Background: Under nitrogen deficiency situation, Nannochloropsis spp. accumulate large amounts of lipids in the form of triacylglycerides (TAG). Mechanisms of this process from the perspective of transcriptome and metabolome have been obtained previously, yet proteome analysis is still sparse which hinders the analysis of dynamic adaption to nitrogen deficiency. Here, proteomes for 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 10th day of nitrogen deplete (N-) and replete (N+) conditions were obtained and integrated with previous transcriptome data for N. oceanica. Results: Physiological adaptations to N-not apparent from transcriptome data were unveiled: (a) abundance of proteins related to photosynthesis only slightly decreased in the first 48 h, indicating that photosynthesis is still working efficiently, and protein amounts adjust gradually with reduction in chloroplast size. (b) Most proteins related to the TCA cycle were strongly upregulated after 48 h under N-, suggesting that respiration is enhanced after 48 h and that TCA cycle efflux supports the carbon required for lipid synthesis. (c) Proteins related to lipid accumulation via the Kennedy pathway increased their abundance at 48 h, synchronous with the previously reported diversification of fatty acids after 48 h. Conclusions: This study adds a proteome perspective on the major pathways for TAG accumulation in Nannochloropsis spp. Temporal changes of proteome exhibited distinct adaptation phases that are usually delayed relative to transcriptomic responses. Notably, proteome data revealed that photosynthesis and carbon fixation are still ongoing even after 48 h of N-. Moreover, sometimes completely opposite trends in proteome and transcriptome demonstrate the relevance of underexplored post-transcriptional regulation for N- A daptation. © 2020 The Author(s).

关键词： Proteins

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