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Renewable Energy System and Equipment 2025年第1期1卷 35-49页

作者： Zhiyuan He Jie Yang Guangfu Tang Yuexi Yang Zhenyu Du Sheng Zhang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology (China Electric Power Research Institute Co. Ltd.) Beijing 100192 China Beijing Huairou Laboratory Huairou District Beijing 101400 China China Beijing Key Laboratory of DC Grid Technology and Simulation (China Electric Power Research Institute Co. Ltd.) Beijing 100192 China

Developing offshore wind power, particularly in deep waters, is recognized as a vital approach to tackling the energy crisis and facilitating a low-carbon transition. VSC-HVdc transmission, leveraging its technological prowess, has emerged as the principal means for transmitting large-scale, remotely located offshore wind energy. In recent years, numerous VSC-HVdc grid interconnection projects for offshore wind farms have been commissioned globally, with the technology itself continually advancing and improving. This paper, in light of prevailing technological trends, provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in key technologies within VSC-HVdc transmission tailored to the requirements of offshore wind power evacuation, encompassing system topology, operating modes, control and protection systems, essential equipment, and platform configurations. It further details the profiles of representative offshore wind power VSC-HVdc transmission and grid connection projects currently operational or under construction, and delves into the prospective development trajectories and future research avenues for offshore wind power VSC-HVdc transmission technology.

关键词： VSC-HVdc Offshore wind power System topology Control and protection Core equipment Offshore platform

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Stability Comparison Between grid-forming and grid-following Based Wind Farms Integrated MMC-HVdc

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Journal of Modern power Systems and Clean Energy 2023年第4期11卷 1341-1355页

作者： Rongcai Pan Dong Liu Shan Liu Jie Yang Longze Kou Guangfu Tang China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing 100192Chinaand he is also with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of DC Grid Technology&SimulationBeijing 102209China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of DC Grid Technology&Simulation Beijing 102209China

grid-forming(GFM)control based high-voltage dc(HVdc)systems and renewable energy sources(RESs)provide support for enhancing the stability of power ***,the interaction and coordination of frequency support between the GFM-based modular multilevel converter based HVdc(MMC-HVdc)and grid-following(GFL)based RESs or GFM-based RESs have not been fully investigated,which are examined in this ***,the detailed AC-and dc-side impedances of GFM-based MMC-HVdc are *** impedance characteristics of GFL-and GFM-based wind turbines are next ***,the influences of GFL-and GFM-based wind farms(WFs)on the dc-and AC-side stabilities of WF-integrated MMC-HVdc systems are compared and *** results show that the GFM-based wind turbine performs better than the GFL-based wind ***,to support a receiving-end AC system,the corresponding frequency supporting strategies are proposed based on the GFM control for WF-integrated MMC-HVdc *** GFM-based WF outperforms the GFL-based WF in terms of stability and response *** in PSCAD/EMTdc demonstrate the dc-and AC-side stability issues and seamless grid support from the RESs,i.e.,WFs,to the receiving-end AC system.

关键词： Renewable energy source(RES) modular multilevel converter(MMC) wind farm grid-forming(GFM) highvoltage direct current

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Modeling and simulation Method of Offshore power Delivery System with Hydrogen Production 4

Modeling and Simulation Method of Offshore Power Delivery Sy...

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4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control technologies, CEECT 2022

作者： Gu, Huaiguang Zhang, Jian Kou, Longze Zhou, Jiapei State Key Laboratory of Advanced Transmission Technology China Beijing Key Laboratory of Dc Power Grid Technology and Simulation China State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co. LTD. Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665498999

With the depletion of global fossil energy and the worsening of global environmental problems, the development and utilization of renewable clean energy has become an important direction in the world's energy technological change. Hydrogen energy, as a highly clean renewable energy, has become a research hotspot in the world. In this paper, a typical offshore energy system model is proposed. Firstly, according to the thermodynamic phenomena and electrochemical dynamic characteristics of the alkaline electrolyzer, the electromagnetic transient model of hydrogen production unit is established. Then, a grid-connected control scheme based on the direct current of the electrolyzer is proposed to connect the offshore wind farm with the hydrogen production system. Finally, a complete model is built on PSCAD and the electromagnetic transient simulation analysis is carried out. The results show that the system can provide stable and reasonable dc current to hydrogen production system through 60 mw wind farm, which verifies the correctness and effectiveness of the model. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Hydrogen production

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An engineering applicable dynamic equivalent method for large-scale AC system connected to VSC-HVdc

An engineering applicable dynamic equivalent method for larg...

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2016 IEEE PES Asia Pacific power and Energy Engineering Conference, APPEEC 2016

作者： Lin, Zhu Xueguang, Wu Liu, Dong Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Beijing China Beijing Key Laboratory of DC Grid Technology and Simulation Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781509054183

To test the software and hardware functions of VSC-HVdc control and protection device, an efficient way is to carry out the hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests and setup a detailed AC/dc transient model in real-time digital simulator. However, taking into account capability of the simulator and details of the simulation, the large scale AC network outside the converters should be simplified and equivalent. In this paper, based on a principle that the short circuit levels should be consistent before and after equivalent, a new equivalent method to calculate the equivalent generator parameters for large scale AC power system is proposed. Firstly, rated capacity and access reactance of equivalent generators are calculated according to equivalent bus's short-current. Secondly, a new criterion is provided based on short-current contribution ratio, according to short-current and short-reactance of the equivalent bus. Finally, this criterion is used to choose dominate controller of the equivalent generators, and calculate controller parameters. At the same time, the Ward method is improved. The negative line resistance and generator active output are corrected. Finally, the proposed method is used for Xiamen equivalent grid which derived from a large scale of 'Sanhua' China power grids and validated by comparison of the bus voltages, power flows, short-circuit levels and the dynamic response characteristics of the equivalent network, the validity of the proposed method is proved. © 2016 IEEE.

关键词： Timing circuits

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Research on the Configuration and Capacity Calculation of dc Side Dynamic Braking System 6

Research on the Configuration and Capacity Calculation of DC...

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6th International Conference on HVdc, HVdc 2024

作者： Bai, Yu Yang, Yuexi Zhou, Xiao Du, Zhenyu Hu, Yinghong Li, Yu State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co. Ltd. National Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Beijing Key Laboratory of Dc Grid Technology and Simulation Beijing China Electric Power Research Institute State Grid JiBei Electric Power Co. Ltd. Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387759

The Flexible dc Transmission technology circumvents the limitation of transmission distance caused by the charging power of AC cables. Additionally, it boasts technical advantages such as effectively isolating the interactions between onshore AC power grids and offshore wind farms, providing stable grid-connected voltage for offshore wind farms, and enabling flexible regulation of system operations. These factors make it the preferred technology for transmitting power from remote offshore wind farms. The offshore wind power flexible grid-connected system incorporates a dc-side dynamic braking system, which functions to absorb excess power injected by the wind farm and prevent system overvoltage when the AC main grid malfunctions, leading to the inability of the onshore converter station to deliver rated power. In this paper, the technical route, configuration scheme and capacity demand of dc side dynamic braking systems are studied, and the dc side dynamic braking system configuration scheme applicable to unipolar and bipolar isolated island new energy transmission flexible system is proposed, and the capacity demand of dc side dynamic braking system is analyzed, and the capacity design scheme of dc side dynamic braking system that conforms to the national calibration and meets the demand of system power balancing and fault ride-through and other requirements under the faulty AC system is proposed. The capacity design scheme of energy consuming devices is proposed in compliance with national calibration and can meet the system power balance and fault ride-through requirements in case of AC system failure and other working conditions. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： capacity requirements dc side dynamic braking systems flexible dc grid layout design offshore wind power

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A Staged Strategy for MMC Offshore Converter Station Under Asymmetric AC Fault 7

A Staged Strategy for MMC Offshore Converter Station Under A...

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7th IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, EI2 2023

作者： Li, Fangyuan Kou, Longze Zhou, Jiapei Hao, Jie State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Beijing China Beijing Key Laboratory of Dc Grid Technology & Simulation State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute CO.LTD. Beijing China State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Electric Power Science Research Institute Shanxi China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350345094

At present, offshore wind power has become an important development direction for wind power generation. Offshore wind farms often use high-voltage direct current transmission technology with modular multi-level voltage source converters (MMC-HVdc) to transmit electricity to the grid. However, the fault response characteristics of offshore wind farms through the MMC-HVdc transmission system are different from those through AC transmission way. Therefore, it is significant that studying the fault ride through (FRT) technology of offshore wind farms through the MMC-HVdc grid connection system for practical engineering. An electromagnetic transient simulation model for an offshore wind farm composed of a direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-PMSG) connected to the grid is established through MMC-HVdc transmission technology. The mechanism and suppression strategy of overvoltage generation in the transmission network are provided during the fault clearance and recovery phase of the offshore wind farm HVdc transmission system under AC asymmetric faults. A two-stage improved control strategy for MMC-HVdc offshore converter station in response to asymmetric faults has been proposed, which is beneficial for the joint system to quickly recover from the post fault system voltage and suppress the overvoltage risk during the fault clearing phase. Finally, the proposed strategy is validated based on a domestic ± 500kV project in China, demonstrating its effectiveness. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Offshore wind farms

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A Generic Real-Time simulation Modeling Method of Modular dc Chopper for VSC-Based Offshore Wind Farm Connection System 7

A Generic Real-Time Simulation Modeling Method of Modular DC...

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7th International Conference on power and Energy Engineering, ICPEE 2023

作者： Kou, Longze Gao, Yuqin Gu, Huaiguang Gao, Yang Li, Jin Li, Fangyuan State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co. Ltd State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Beijing China State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co. Ltd Beijing Key Laboratory of DC Grid Technology & Simulation Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350381146

The dc chopper is a crucial equipment in VSC-based offshore wind farm connection system to dissipate the surplus power during fault scenarios and enhance the system fault ride through capability. The modular dc chopper technology has been used in real engineering project due to its good transient performance. It has numerous SMs stacked in arm bridge with different topologies and thus poses challenges to the electromagnetic modeling, simulation analysis and control system testing of the equipment. This paper proposes a generic electromagnetic modeling method of modular dc chopper, which is especially suitable for the real time simulation. It has both high simulation speed and accuracy and can be used to simulate modular dc chopper with different SM topology. The modeling method is validated and then implemented in real time simulation platform HYPERSIM. Hardware in loop testing of VBC of dc chopper is carried out and the study cases demonstrates that the real time model of modular dc chopper works properly under transient operation conditions. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Offshore wind farms

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Enhanced power Synchronization Based Vector Control with Fault Ride Through for VSC-HVdc 8

Enhanced Power Synchronization Based Vector Control with Fau...

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8th International Conference on power and Renewable Energy, ICPRE 2023

作者： Pan, Rongcai Li, Chunpeng Yang, Yuexi Zhou, Xiao Research Institute Co. Ltd State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology State Grid Smart Grid Beijing China Research Institute Co. Ltd Beijing Key Laboratory of DC Grid Technology & Simulation State Grid Smart Grid Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350328813

The power synchronization based vector control is proposed with the power synchronization controller (PSC) replacing the conventional phase locked loop (PLL) recently. It is reported that the power synchronization unit can have comparable performance of the conventional PLL based vector control. However, the steady state analysis of the PSC control dq frame orientation and the corresponding steady equilibrium points are not discussed. Worse more, fault ride through of the PSC based vector control is not addressed in the related literatures. First, the measurements error on the performance on PSC based vector control is analyzed and the enhanced PSC based vector control is proposed to further reduce the control complexity. Based on the enhanced PSC based vector control, the equilibrium points and the dq frame orientation of PSC based vector control and its comparison with PLL based one are analyzed in the normal operation. After that, the fault ride through strategy is proposed with consideration of equilibrium point. Finally, simulations using PSC based vector control for voltage source converter based high voltage dc transmission station (VSC-HVdc) are carried out to verify the analysis. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Fault ride through Phase-locked loop power synchronization controller Vector control VSC-HVdc

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Technical and Economic Analysis of Multiple Types of Wind power Convergence and Transmission Methods in Typical Scenarios of Land and Sea 6

Technical and Economic Analysis of Multiple Types of Wind Po...

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6th International Conference on HVdc, HVdc 2024

作者： Chi, Chengbin Wu, Yanan Zhou, Jing Zhu, Lin Liu, Qi Yan, Jun State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co. Ltd State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Beijing China State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co. Ltd Beijing Key Laboratory of Dc Grid Technology and Simulation Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387759

With the global demand for renewable energy sources on the rise, wind power has emerged as a pivotal form of renewable energy, witnessing rapid expansion in its development and utilization worldwide. This article addresses large-scale wind power transmission scenarios both offshore and onshore. Based on the analysis of technical principles and engineering cost estimation data, it has designed 12 corresponding technical schemes for six advanced wind power collection and transmission methods from both technical and economic dimensions. A scenario with a transmission capacity of 1000MW was selected to conduct a comparative analysis of various types of power transmission technology schemes. The article provides a detailed exposition of the transmission capacity, reactive power compensation requirements, technical maturity, adaptability to scenarios, and economic viability for each scheme, and analyzes the technical and economic characteristics of each scheme. The research results indicate that the diode rectifier transmission scheme has the best economic performance, the VSC transmission scheme is the most technically mature, and the flexible low-frequency transmission scheme has certain economic advantages at medium and short distances. The diode parallel MMC and cascaded MMC schemes are economically second only to the diode rectifier scheme and also have the feature of not requiring wind farm networking. The aim of this paper is to provide guidance for the selection of scaled wind power transmission methods, to promote energy transformation, and to accelerate the construction of a new type of power system. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： adaptability to scenarios economic comparison multiple types of wind power collection and transmission methods selection of wind power collection and transmission methods technical characteristics

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A simulation and Test Method for Fault Current Suppression Branch in dc grid

A Simulation and Test Method for Fault Current Suppression B...

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7th International Conference on Electronics Technology, ICET 2024

作者： Li, Fangyuan Gu, Huaiguang Zhou, Jiapei Gao, Yang State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute CO. LTD. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Beijing China Beijing Key Laboratory of Dc Grid Technology & Simulation Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350363951

This paper is aimed at the research and verification requirements of fault current suppression devices applied in dc grids as actual physical test equipment. A joint test method based on digital and physical hybrid simulation is proposed, and a digital physical interface scheme is provided. It has engineering practical digital physical interface stability and accuracy, and plays a technical support role in the development of fault current suppression devices in dc grids. A fault current suppression branch is proposed for the combination of a current limiter and a high-voltage dc circuit breaker. The testing topology, main circuit interface, communication interface, and communication protocol requirements for the digital physical hybrid simulation of the fault suppression branch are proposed, and a platform for the connection of the current limiting device is developed. The experiment results show that after adding a current limiter to the current limiting branch, the maximum fault current decreases, the breaking current of the circuit breaker is reduced, and the requirements for the technical parameters of the circuit breaker are lowered. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Digital devices

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