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International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV)

作者： Jyoti Yadav Vilas Kharat Ashok Deshpande Department of Computer Science University of Pune INDIA Berkeley Initiative Soft Computing (BISC)-Special Interest Group (SIG) _ Environment Management System (EMS) California Berkeley USA College of Engineering Pune (COEP) INDIA

Communicating information on the environmental status of water, air and other parameters to the policy makers and the public at large is by indices. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formulated a uniform Air Quality Index (AQI), for the use of state and local agencies but there has been no general acceptance of the method. Many countries have devised their own methods for describing air quality. The sequel is an attempt to compare the following two methods for air quality classification using the available air quality parametric data in Chennai city of India. These methods include: 1. US-EPA's Conventional AQI (CAQI) and Fuzzy logic based method proposed by Zadeh-Deshpande(ZD) using the concept of degree of match, without computing AQI and straightway describing air quality in various linguistic terms with some degree of certainty attached to each term. The case study relates to application of these methods to air quality data of Chennai City, India. The study reveals that the air quality description using the ZD formalism is comparable with the CAQI. The conventional method fails to capture the uncertainty which is resident in the pollutant data. Furthermore, the advantage of the second method is that, it attaches a linguistic degree of certainty to each linguistic class. In spite of variability in the perception of the experts' there are no visible changes in the final results using Zadeh-Deshpande formalism.

关键词： Pragmatics Fuzzy logic Cities and towns Indexes Air pollution Uncertainty Standards

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Fuzzy logic application in gynecology: A case study

Fuzzy logic application in gynecology: A case study

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International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV)

作者： Anjali Sardesai Pradip Sambarey Vilas Kharat Ashok Deshpande Department of Computer Science University of Pune Pune India Department of Gynecology Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College Ambejogai India Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC)-Special Interest Group (SIG)- Environment Management Systems (EMS) University of California Berkeley California USA

In medical diagnosis, the descriptions of disease entities use linguistic expressions that are inherently imprecise/vague/ fuzzy/ambiguous which form the scaffold of the medical knowledge of a physician. In our view, overall approach in gynecological disease diagnosis could be divided in three distinct stages. Stage 1 refers to initial screening process in order to arrive at a single disease diagnosis for the patients, and based only on the subjective information provided by patients to the physician. In stage 2, the patient who has not received a single diagnostic label in stage 1, is further investigated for single disease diagnosis using the parameter past history. If stage 2 fails to arrive at a single disease diagnosis for a patient then physical examination and various tests like imaging tests, blood tests, etc. are conducted and the test results are processed in stage 3. The paper presents the research findings with a case study focused only on stage 2 using type 1 fuzzy inference system. We have identified 29 out of 226 patients satisfying past history criteria to achieve single disease diagnosis wherein in stage 1, 50 patients were correctly diagnosed.

关键词： Diseases Medical diagnostic imaging Fuzzy logic History Fuzzy sets

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Toward a restriction-centered theory of truth and meaning (RCT)

Toward a restriction-centered theory of truth and meaning (R...

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IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI)

作者： Lotfi A. Zadeh Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Director of Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC) University of California Berkeley USA

What is truth? The question does not admit a simple, precise answer. A dictionary-style definition is: The truth value of a proposition, p, is the degree to which the meaning of p is in agreement with factual information, F. A precise definition of truth will be formulated at a later point in this paper. The theory outlined in the following, call it RCT for short, is a departure from traditional theories of truth and meaning. In RCT, truth values are allowed to be described in natural language. Examples. Quite true, more or less true, almost true, largely true, possibly true, probably true, usually true, etc. Such truth values are referred to as linguistic truth values. Linguistic truth values are not allowed in traditional logical systems, but are routinely used by humans in everyday reasoning and everyday discourse. The centerpiece of RCT is a deceptively simple concept - the concept of a restriction. Informally, a restriction, R(X), on a variable, X, is an answer to a question of the form: What is the value of the variable, X? Possible answers: X=10, X is between 3 and 20, X is much larger than 2, X is large, probably X is large, usually X is large, etc. In RCT, restrictions are preponderantly described in natural language. An example of a fairly complex description is: It is very unlikely that there will be a significant increase in the price of oil in the near future. The canonical form of a restriction, R(X), is X isr R, where X is the restricted variable, R is the restricting relation, and r is an indexical variable which defines the way in which R restricts X. X may be an n-ary variable and R may be an n-ary relation. The canonical form may be interpreted as a generalized assignment statement in which what is assigned to X is not a value of X, but a restriction on the values which X can take. A restriction, R(X), is a carrier of information about X. A restriction is precisiated if X, R and r are mathematically well defined. A key idea which underlies RCT is

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Outline of a restriction-centered theory of reasoning and computation in an environment of uncertainty and imprecision

Outline of a restriction-centered theory of reasoning and co...

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IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI)

作者： Lotfi A. Zadeh Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC) University of California Berkeley USA

The theory which is outlined in this lecture, call it RRC for short, is a departure from traditional approaches to reasoning and computation. A principal advance is an enhanced capability for reasoning and computation in an environment of uncertainty and imprecision. The point of departure in RRC is a basic premise-in the real world such environment is the norm rather than exception.

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Decision making on energy options using type-2 fuzzy relation: A case study

Decision making on energy options using type-2 fuzzy relatio...

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Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society - NAFIPS

作者： Vidyottama Jain Ashok Deshpande Department of Computer Science University of California Berkeley Berkeley USA Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC)-Special Interest Group (SIG) Environment Management Systems (EMS) USA

Major decisions are made without advance knowledge of their consequences including decision on energy options. In spite of the best efforts initiated in the development of renewable energy resources, it is too early to visualize that the ever increasing gap between supply and demand of energy, for peaceful purposes, should be bridged in the near future. A mix of low carbon sources, including nuclear energy and renewable energy, while limiting greenhouse gases is considered a viable solution with less/no computations. In this paper, a brief write up on Prospect Theory proposed by Professor Kahneman in decision research is presented. Due to shortage of knowledge or information about the future scenes, risks are rather fuzzy. computing with words, proposed by Prof. Lotfi A. Zadeh, the father of fuzzy logic could be a useful armamentarium in this quest. Further, an illustrative example describing decision-making for the energy prospects (options) under risk is presented by using type-2 fuzzy relations - a subset of computing with Words. At last, the country should construct more plants installations based on the final ranking, is discussed using “reference point” concept of prospect theory.

关键词： Decision making Power generation Energy resources Sociology Statistics Uncertainty Renewable energy resources

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Constrained type-2 fuzzy sets

Constrained type-2 fuzzy sets

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IEEE Symposium on Advances in Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems (T2FUZZ)

作者： Jonathan M. Garibaldi Sergio Guadarrama Intelligent Analysis and Modelling (IMA) Research Group School of Computer Science University of Nottingham Nottingham UK Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC) EECS Department University of California Berkeley USA

Type-2 fuzzy sets extend the expressive capabilities of type-1 fuzzy sets in that, in addition to represent imprecise concepts, they are able to represent the imprecision in the membership function of fuzzy sets. Their use is particularly appropriate when modelling linguistic concepts such as words that mean slightly different things to different people. However, type-2 fuzzy sets do not place any constraints upon the continuity and other properties of their embedded sets. We argue that, for some concepts, additional properties constraining both the allowable footprint of uncertainty and the embedded sets of type-2 sets are desirable. We present a novel formulation of a constrained type-2 fuzzy set that achieves this, and then detail some of the properties of this novel form of type-2 fuzzy sets.

关键词： Fuzzy sets Semantics Context Uncertainty Shape Humans Cognition

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Development of an autonomous tactical reconnaissance platform

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Journal of Aerospace computing, Information and Communication 2007年第6期4卷 865-881页

作者： DeTurris, Dianne J. Ervin, Jon C. Alptekin, Sema E. California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 Apogee Research Group Los Osos CA 93402 University of California at Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1774 Aerospace Engineering Department Bldg. 13 AIAA Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of California Berkeley Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University Bldg. 26 San Luis Obispo

In this paper, an application of Fuzzy Logic in the control of an autonomous parafoil surveillance platform is described. A unique methodology (Combs' method) was employed to reduce the common problem of 'exponential rule expansion' encountered in Fuzzy Control Systems. The use of this method also simplified the tuning process of the fuzzy system by requiring the optimization of only the membership functions and not the rule base. Modularity and simplicity of design were further enhanced by adopting a layered fuzzy logic architecture. The fuzzy system was optimized over a wide range of simulated flight conditions, providing a simple yet robust means of controlling the vehicle. Hardware limitations in terms of memory, computational speed and cost were critical factors driving the need for a simple yet robust control algorithm. This autonomous parafoil, developed under a grant from the Office of Naval Research, was designed to follow a predetermined flight pattern from altitudes of 350 meters or more down to the ground. Flight tests of a rocket-launched prototype device and simulation in the Matlab/Simulink software environment have verified that this fuzzy logic control method performs to the required specifications. Copyright © 2007 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Autonomous agents

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Toward a generalized theory of uncertainty (GTU) - an outline

Toward a generalized theory of uncertainty (GTU) - an outlin...

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IEEE International Conference on Granular computing (GRC)

作者： L.A. Zadeh Berkeley initiative in Soft Computing Computer Science Division and the Electronics Research Laboratory Department of EECS University of California Berkeley CA USA

It is a deep-seated tradition in science to view uncertainty as a province of probability theory. The generalized theory of uncertainty (GTU), which is outlined in this paper, breaks with this tradition and views uncertainty in a broader perspective. Uncertainty is an attribute of information. A fundamental premise of GTU is that information, whatever its form, may be represented as what is called a generalized constraint. The concept of a generalized constraint is the centerpiece of GTU.

关键词： Uncertainty Natural languages Indexing Fuzzy sets Qualifications Prototypes computer science Laboratories USA Councils Telephony

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The concept of a generalized constraint - a bridge from natural languages to mathematics

The concept of a generalized constraint - a bridge from natu...

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Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society - NAFIPS

作者： L.A. Zadeh Computer Science Division and the Electronics Research Laboratory Department of EECSinitiative in Soft Computing (BISC) University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

The concept of a generalized constraint was introduced close to two decades ago. For a number of years, it lay dormant and unused. But then, in the mid-nineties, it found an important application as a basis for the methodology of computing with words (CW). More recently, an idea which began to crystallize is that the concept of a generalized constraint may serve an important function as a bridge from natural languages to mathematics. In the role, it may find many applications, ranging from formalization of legal reasoning to enhancement of Web intelligence and natural language understanding. The basis for the expectation is that as we move further into the age of machine intelligence and mechanized reasoning, the problem of natural language understanding looms larger and larger in importance and visibility. Traditional approaches to natural language understanding are based on classical, Aristotelian, bivalent logic. So far, use of traditional approaches has met with limited successes. The principal problem is that, basically, natural languages are systems for describing perceptions, and as such are intrinsically imprecise in ways that put them beyond the reach of bivalent logic and probability theory.

关键词： Bridges Natural languages Mathematics Fuzzy logic Crystallization Law Legal factors Probabilistic logic computer science Laboratories

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The concept of a generalized constraint - a bridge from natural languages to mathematics

The concept of a generalized constraint - a bridge from natu...

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IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing

作者： L.A. Zadeh Professor in the Graduate School and Director Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC) Computer Science Division and the Electronics Research Laboratory University of California Berkeley CA USA

The concept of a generalized constraint was introduced close to two decades ago. For a number of years, it lay dormant and unused. But then, in the mid-nineties, it found an important application as a basis for the methodology of computing with words (CW). The basis for the expectation is that as we move further into the age of machine intelligence and mechanized reasoning, the problem of natural language understanding looms larger and larger in importance and visibility. To deal with this problem what is needed is fuzzy logic - a logic in which everything is, or is allowed to be, a matter of degree. In this paper, the author discussed the concept of generalized constraint. With the concept of a generalized constraint as its centerpiece, PNL opens the door to a wide-ranging enlargement of the role of natural language in scientific theories, particularly there theories on what is human perceptions, judgment and small emotions play important roles.

关键词： Bridges Natural languages Mathematics Fuzzy logic Machine intelligence computer science Laboratories Crystallization Law Legal factors

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