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Variational Graph Neural Network Based on Normalizing Flows

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL AND INFORMATION PROCESSING OVER NETWORKS 2025年 11卷 177-186页

作者： Su, Hailong Li, Zhipeng Yuan, Chang-An Filaretov, Vladimir F. Huang, Deshuang Tongji Univ Inst Machine Learning & Syst Biol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China Ningbo Inst Digital Twin Eastern Inst Technol Ningbo 315201 Zhejiang Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Sch life Sci Hefei 230026 Anhui Peoples R China Guangxi Acad Sci Inst Big Data & Intelligent Comp Res Ctr Nanning 530007 Peoples R China Russian Acad Sci Inst Automat & Control Proc Far Eastern Branch Vladivostok 690041 Russia Tongji Univ Shanghai East Hosp Inst Regenerat Med Med Innovat CtrSch Life Sci & Technol Shanghai 200123 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Shanghai East Hosp Sch Life Sci & Technol State Key Lab Cardiol Shanghai 200123 Peoples R China

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have recently achieved significant success in processing non-Euclidean datasets, such as social and protein-protein interaction networks. However, these datasets often contain inherent uncertainties, such as missing edges between nodes that are closely related. Variational Graph Auto-Encoders (VGAE) and other Bayesian methods have been proposed to address the problem. Unfortunately, they can't handle graph data effectively. VGAE, for instance, the posterior is assumed to be Gaussian, which can not match the true posterior well. To overcome these limitations, a normalizing flows(NFs) based on variational GNN is proposed in this paper. Unlike VGAE, our approach no longer assumes that the posterior distribution is a standard Gaussian distribution, but instead utilizes NFs to learn more complex and flexible distributions. NFs transforms simple distributions into complex ones through a series of invertible transformations. The transformed distribution is more flexible and can match the true distribution better. Specifically, in order to obtain the reversible transformer, inspired by RealNVP, affine transformations on graphs are used to map a simple distribution to a complex one. The transformed distribution can infer more complex distributions like skewed. We conduct experiments in the link prediction task and our method performs excellently compared with other methods and even achieves state-of-the-art results on some datasets.

关键词： Graph neural networks Uncertainty Gaussian distribution Mathematical models Information processing Bayes methods Transforms Symbols Urban areas Standards Graph neural network normalizing flows variational inference link prediction

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BIM: Improving Graph Neural Networks with Balanced Influence Maximization

BIM: Improving Graph Neural Networks with Balanced Influence...

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International Conference on data Engineering

作者： Wentao Zhang Xinyi Gao Ling Yang Meng Cao Ping Huang Jiulong Shan Hongzhi Yin Bin Cui Center for Machine Learning Research Peking University Institute of Advanced Algorithms Research Shanghai National Engineering Labratory for Big Data Analytics and Applications The University of Queensland Australia Key Lab of High Confidence Software Technologies Peking University Apple Inc. Institute of Computational Social Science Peking University Qingdao

ISBN: (数字)9798350317152

ISBN: (纸本)9798350317169

The imbalanced data classification problem has aroused lots of concerns from both academia and industry since data imbalance is a widespread phenomenon in many real-world scenarios. Although this problem has been well researched from the view of imbalanced class samples, we further argue that graph neural networks (GNNs) expose a unique source of imbalance from the influenced nodes of different classes of labeled nodes, i.e., labeled nodes are imbalanced in terms of the number of nodes they influenced during the influence propagation in GNNs. To tackle this previously unexplored influence-imbalance issue, we connect social influence maximization with the imbalanced node classification problem and propose balanced influence maximization (BIM). Specifically, BIM greedily assigns the pseudo label to the node which can maximize the number of influenced nodes in GNN training while making the influence of each class more balance. Experimental results on five public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in relieving the influence-imbalance issue. For example, when training a GCN with an imbalance ratio of 0.1, BIM significantly outperforms the most competitive baseline by 0.6% -9.8% in five public datasets in terms of the F1 score.

关键词： Training Industries data engineering Graph neural networks

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SDN and application layer DDoS attacks detection in IoT devices by attention-based Bi-LSTM-CNN

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TRANSACTIONS ON EMERGING TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES 2023年第11期34卷

作者： Priyadarshini, Ishaani Mohanty, Pinaki Alkhayyat, Ahmed Sharma, Rohit Kumar, Sachin Univ Calif Berkeley Sch Informat Berkeley CA USA Purdue Univ Dept Comp Sci W Lafayette IN USA Islamic Univ Coll Tech Engn Najaf Iraq SRM Inst Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Delhi NCR Campus Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India South Ural State Univ Big Data & Machine Learning Lab Chelyabinsk Russia

The Internet of Things (IoT) is connecting more devices every day. Security is critical to ensure that the devices operate in a trusted environment. The lack of proper IoT security encourages cybercriminals to target many smart devices across the network and gain sensitive information. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are common in the IoT infrastructure and involve hijacking IoT devices to consume resources and interrupt services. This may specifically vandalize the application running the service that the end users are trying to access (application layer DDoS attacks) or flood the network bandwidth leading to network failure (software defined network DDoS attacks). This article proposes a hybrid attention-based bidirectional long short term memory (LSTM) with convolutional neural networks (CNN) to identify DDoS attacks in the application layer and SDN. We deploy several other machine learning models like logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, K-nearest neighbors, extreme gradient boosting, artificial neural networks, CNN, LSTM, CNN-LSTM to evaluate the performance of our proposed model. The evaluation metrics considered for the study are accuracy, precision, recall, and F-1 score. The experimental analysis on multiple datasets exhibits that the proposed model performs the classification efficiently with an accuracy of 99.74% and 99.98%.

关键词： Internet of things

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Automated Segmentation of Brain Tumor MRI Images Using Deep learning

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 64758-64768页

作者： Rajendran, Surendran Rajagopal, Suresh Kumar Thanarajan, Tamilvizhi Shankar, K. Kumar, Sachin Alsubaie, Najah M. Ishak, Mohamad Khairi Mostafa, Samih M. Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci Saveetha Sch Engn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 602105 India Chennai Inst Technol Ctr Syst Design Chennai 600069 India Panimalar Engn Coll Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 600123 India South Ural State Univ Big Data & Machine Learning Lab Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Univ Coll Comp & Informat Sci Dept Comp Sci Riyadh 454080 Saudi Arabia Univ Sains Malaysia Sch Elect & Elect Engn Engn Campus George Town 14300 Malaysia South Valley Univ Fac Comp & Informat Comp Sci Dept Qena 83523 Egypt New Assiut Technol Univ NATU Fac Ind & Energy Technol Assiut 71515 Egypt

Segmenting brain tumors automatically using MR data is crucial for disease investigation and monitoring. Due to the aggressive nature and diversity of gliomas, well-organized and exact segmentation methods are used to classify tumors intra-tumorally. The proposed technique uses a Gray Level Co-occurrence matrix extraction of features approach to strip out unwanted details from the images. In comparison with the current state of the art, the accuracy of brain tumor segmentation was significantly improved using Convolutional Neural Networks, which are frequently used in the field of biomedical image segmentation. By merging the results of two separate segmentation networks, the proposed method demonstrates a major but simple combinatorial strategy that, as a direct consequence, yields much more precise and complete estimates. A U-Net and a Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network. These networks are used to break up images into their component parts. Following that, the prediction was constructed using two distinct models that were combined in a number of ways. In comparison to existing state-of-the-art designs, the proposed method achieves the mean accuracy (%) of 99.40, 98.46, 98.29, precision (%) of 99.41, 98.51, 98.35, F-Score (%) of 99.4, 98.29, 98.46 and sensitivity (%) of 99.39, 98.41, 98.25 for the whole tumor, enhanced tumor, tumor core on the validation set, respectively.

关键词： Brain tumor medical imaging segmentation three dimensional CNN U-Net

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Frequency Bias Causes Overestimation of Climate Change Impacts on Global Flood Occurrence

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GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2024年第16期51卷 e2024GL108855-e2024GL108855页

作者： Zhao, Fang Lange, Stefan Goswami, Bedartha Frieler, Katja East China Normal Univ Sch Geog Sci Minist Educ Key Lab Geog Informat Sci Shanghai Peoples R China Minist Nat Resources Key Lab Spatial temporal Big Data Anal & Applicat Shanghai Peoples R China Leibniz Assoc Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res PIK Potsdam Germany Int Inst Appl Syst Anal IIASA Biodivers & Nat Resources Program Water Secur Res Grp Laxenburg Austria Univ Tubingen Machine Learning Climate Sci Tubingen Germany

The frequency change of 100-year flood events is often determined by fitting extreme value distributions to annual maximum discharge from a historical base period. This study demonstrates that this approach may significantly bias the computed flood frequency change. An idealized experiment shows frequency bias exceeding 100% for a 50-year base period. Further analyses using Monte Carlo simulations, mathematical derivations, and hydrological model outputs reveal that bias magnitude inversely relates to base period length and is weakly influenced by the generalized extreme value distribution's shape parameter. The bias, persisting across different estimation methods, implies floods may exceed local defenses designed based on short historical records more often than expected, even without climate change. We introduce a frequency bias adjustment method, which significantly reduces the projected rise in global flood occurrence. This suggests a substantial part of the earlier projected increase in flood occurrence and impacts is not attributable to climate change. We report a previously overlooked bias in a common method for projecting the frequency of extreme floods, like 100-year events. This method typically uses a short period of historical data for two primary purposes: first, to define local thresholds for extreme floods, such as 100-year events, and second, to serve as a base for projecting future changes in flood occurrences. Our study, utilizing random data, demonstrates that this method can lead to inaccurate projections, increasing the number of expected extreme floods in future years and decreasing them in historical baseline years, even when no change is indicated by the data. Additionally, we find that the longer the historical period used, the smaller the bias. By simulating the characteristics of real hydrological model projections with artificial data, we are able to estimate a bias similar to that observed in these projections, and thus propose a simple

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Inconsistency Distillation For Consistency: Enhancing Multi-View Clustering via Mutual Contrastive Teacher-Student Leaning 22

Inconsistency Distillation For Consistency: Enhancing Multi-...

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22nd IEEE International Conference on data Mining (ICDM)

作者： Liu, Dunqiang Peng, Shu-Juan Liu, Xin Zhu, Lei Cui, Zhen Li, Taihao Huaqiao Univ Dept Comp Sci Xiamen Peoples R China Huaqiao Univ Fujian Key Lab Big Data Intelligence & Secur Xiamen Peoples R China Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou Peoples R China Huaqiao Univ Xiamen Key Lab Comp Vis & Pattern Recognit Xiamen Peoples R China Fujian Prov Univ Key Lab Comp Vis & Machine Learning Huaqiao Univ Xiamen Peoples R China Shandong Normal Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Jinan Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Nanjing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665450997

Multi-view clustering has attracted more attention recently since many real-world data are comprised of different representations or views. Recent multi-view clustering works mainly exploit the instance consistency to obtain the shared representations across different views, and apply a single-view clustering method to perform data partitions. However, these existing methods often ignore the inconsistency of instance associations within the views, which may enlarge the intra-class diversity among the views and therefore degrade the clustering performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes an efficient mutual contrastive teacher-student leaning (MC-TSL) model to enhance the multi-view clustering, which is the first attempt to study the inconsistency distillation for consistency learning. First, the proposed MC-TSL approach exploits a viewspecific encoder with two heads, an instance encoding head and a semantic distillation head, respectively, for capturing the consistent and discriminative feature representations. To be specific, the former head exploits a cross-view contrastive learning method to obtain a redundancy-free consistent representation at the instance level, while the latter head designs a mutual teacher-student learning module to capture the intraview information at semantic level. By training these two heads in an end-to-end manner, the discriminative multi-view embeddings are efficiently obtained and refined by minimizing the weighted sum of the reconstruction loss, contrastive loss and contrast distillation loss. Extensive experiments verify the superiorities of the proposed MC-TSL framework and show its competitive clustering performances.

关键词： Multi-view clustering inconsistency distillation cross-view contrastive learning mutual teacher-student learning

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Multi-Relational Graph Representation learning with Bayesian Gaussian Process Network 36

Multi-Relational Graph Representation Learning with Bayesian...

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36th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence / 34th Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence / 12th Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence

作者： Chen, Guanzheng Fang, Jinyuan Meng, Zaiqiao Zhang, Qiang Liang, Shangsong Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Guangzhou Peoples R China Guangdong Key Lab Big Data Anal & Proc Guangzhou Peoples R China Univ Glasgow Sch Comp Sci Glasgow Lanark Scotland Zhejiang Univ Hangzhou Innovat Ctr Hangzhou Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou Peoples R China Mohamed bin Zayed Univ Artificial Intelligence Dept Machine Learning Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates

ISBN: (纸本)9781577358763

learning effective representations of entities and relations for knowledge graphs (KGs) is critical to the success of many multi-relational learning tasks. Existing methods based on graph neural networks learn a deterministic embedding function, which lacks sufficient flexibility to explore better choices when dealing with the imperfect and noisy KGs such as the scarce labeled nodes and noisy graph structure. To this end, we propose a novel multi-relational graph Gaussian Process network (GGPN), which aims to improve the flexibility of deterministic methods by simultaneously learning a family of embedding functions, i.e., a stochastic embedding function. Specifically, a Bayesian Gaussian Process (GP) is proposed to model the distribution of this stochastic function and the resulting representations are obtained by aggregating stochastic function values, i.e., messages, from neighboring entities. The two problems incurred when leveraging GP in GGPN are the proper choice of kernel function and the cubic computational complexity. To address the first problem, we further propose a novel kernel function that can explicitly take the diverse relations between each pair of entities into account and be adaptively learned in a data-driven way. We address the second problem by reformulating GP as a Bayesian linear model, resulting in a linear computational complexity. With these two solutions, our GGPN can be efficiently trained in an end-to-end manner. We evaluate our GGPN in link prediction and entity classification tasks, and the experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method.

关键词： Embeddings

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A Tailored Particle Swarm and Egyptian Vulture Optimization-Based Synthetic Minority-Oversampling Technique for Class Imbalance Problem

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INFORMATION 2022年第8期13卷 386页

作者： Rout, Subhashree Mallick, Pradeep Kumar Reddy, Annapareddy V. N. Kumar, Sachin Deemed Univ Kalinga Inst Ind Technol KIIT Sch Comp Engn Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha India Lakireddy Bali Reddy Coll Engn Dept Informat Technol Mylavaram 521230 Andhra Pradesh India South Ural State Univ Big Data & Machine Learning Lab Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia

Class imbalance is one of the significant challenges in classification problems. The uneven distribution of data samples in different classes may occur due to human error, improper/unguided collection of data samples, etc. The uneven distribution of class samples among classes may affect the classification accuracy of the developed model. The main motivation behind this study is the design and development of methodologies for handling class imbalance problems. In this study, a new variant of the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) has been proposed with the hybridization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Egyptian vulture (EV). The proposed method has been termed SMOTE-PSOEV in this study. The proposed method generates an optimized set of synthetic samples from traditional SMOTE and augments the five datasets for verification and validation. The SMOTE-PSOEV is then compared with existing SMOTE variants, i.e., Tomek Link, Borderline SMOTE1, Borderline SMOTE2, Distance SMOTE, and ADASYN. After data augmentation to the minority classes, the performance of SMOTE-PSOEV has been evaluated using support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), and k-nearest-neighbor (k-NN) classifiers. The results illustrate that the proposed models achieved higher accuracy than existing SMOTE variants.

关键词： class imbalance problem data augmentation SMOTE particle swarm optimization Egyptian vulture

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Modified metaheuristics with stacked sparse denoising autoencoder model for cervical cancer classification

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COMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2022年 103卷

作者： Vaiyapuri, Thavavel Alaskar, Haya Syed, Liyakathunisa Aljohani, Eman Alkhayyat, Ahmed Shankar, K. Kumar, Sachin Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Comp Engn & Sci Dept Comp Sci Al Kharj Saudi Arabia Taibah Univ Coll Comp Sci & Engn Dept Comp Sci Madinah Saudi Arabia Islamic Univ Coll Tech Engn Najaf Iraq South Ural State Univ Big Data & Machine Learning Lab Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia

Cervical cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women globally, with high mortality rate. For early diagnosis, automated and accurate cervical cancer classification ap-proaches can be developed through effective classification of Pap smear cell images. The current study introduces a novel Modified Firefly Optimization Algorithm with Deep learning-enabled cervical cancer classification (MFFOA-DL3) model for the classification of Pap Smear Images (PSI). The proposed MFFOA-DL3 model examines the PSI for the existence of cervical cancer cells. To accomplish this, the proposed MFFOA-DL3 model primarily applies Bilateral Filtering (BF) -based noise removal approach to get rid of the noise. Then, Kapur's entropy-based image seg-mentation technique is applied to determine the affected regions. Moreover, EfficientNet tech-nique is also applied to generate the feature vectors. Finally, MFFOA with Stacked Sparse Denoising Autoencoder (SSDA) model is exploited to classify the PSI. In current study, MFFOA is utilized to appropriately modify the parameters related to SSDA model. The proposed MFFOA-DL3 model was experimentally validated using benchmark dataset. The results attained from extensive comparative analysis highlighted the better performance of MFFOA-DL3 model over other recent approaches.

关键词： Pap smear images Computer aided diagnosis Medical imaging Cervical cancer Deep neural network Image-guided intervention Computer vision Decision making

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Approximation algorithms for the selling with preference

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JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION 2020年第2期40卷 366-378页

作者： Li, Pan Hua, Qiang Hu, Zhijun Ting, Hing-Fung Zhang, Yong Hebei Univ Key Lab Machine Learning & Computat Intelligence Baoding Peoples R China Guizhou Univ State Key Lab Publ Big Data Sch Math & Stat Guiyang Peoples R China Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol Shenzhen Peoples R China

We consider the market mechanism to sell two types of products, A and B, to a set of buyers I={1,2,...n}. . The amounts of products are m(A) and m(B) respectively. Each buyer i has his information including the budget, the preference and the utility function. On collecting the information from all buyers, the market maker determines the price of each product and allocates some amount of product to each buyer. The objective of the market maker is designing a mechanism to maximize the total utility of the buyers in satisfying the semi market equilibrium. In this paper, we show that this problem is NP-hard and give an iterative algorithm with the approximation ratio 1.5. Moreover, we introduce a PTAS for the problem, which is an (1+epsilon)-approximation algorithm with the running time O(2(1/epsilon) +n log n) for any positive epsilon.

关键词： Selling with preference Approximation algorithms Approximation ratio

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