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A monoclonal antibody against Lates calcarifer vitellogenin and a competitive ELISA to evaluate vitellogenin induction after exposure to xenoestrogen

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Journal of environmental sciences 2019年第1期31卷 325-333页

作者： Witchuda Prasatkaew Phochit Nanthanawat Nanthika Khongchareonporn Sutin Kingtong Environmental Science program Faculty of Science Burapha University Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science Burapha University The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Chulalongkorn University Department of Biology Faculty of Science Burapha University

A monoclonal antibody specific to sea bass(Lates calcarifer) vitellogenin(VTG) was developed,for use as a tool for monitoring endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs). VTG was induced in sea bass by intramuscular injection of 17β-estradiol(E_2: 2 mg/kg) every three days. Blood was collected three days after the last injection. Plasma VTG was then purified by chromatography in hydroxyapatite and a sephacryl-S300 column. Characterizations of purified VTG were done by phospholipoglycoprotein staining on a native-PAGE with confirmation by mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). Antibody was raised in mice by injection of purified VTG. After monoclonal antibody production, the hybridoma clone No. 41(MAb-sea bass VTG 41)was selected and developed for quantification of VTG by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The ELISA method was sensitive with a detection limit of VTG 40 ng/mL. MAb-sea bass VTG 41 was specific to VTG from E_2-treated sea bass and others EDCs(Nonylphenol, Benzo[a]pyrene and CdCl_2). Moreover, cross-reactivity was also found in E_2-treated coral grouper(Epinephelus corallicola). The ELISA method obtained from this work can be further applied for the assessment of EDCs in Thailand and Southeast Asia's aquatic environment.

关键词： Monoclonal antibody Vitellogenin Biomarker Endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) ELISA

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Carbon dioxide, global boiling, and climate carnage, from generation to assimilation, photocatalytic conversion to renewable fuels, and mechanism

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science of the Total Environment 2025年 965卷 178629页

作者： Khan, Muhammad Sun, Xiaohui Zada, Amir Azizi, Shohreh Shah, Muhammad Ishaq Ali Khan, Javed Ali Ragab, Ahmed H. Taher, Mostafa A. Abbas, Qumber Han, Changseok College of Civil and Transportation Engineering Shenzhen University 3688 Nanhai Avenue Guangdong Province Shenzhen518060 China Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan23200 Pakistan UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology College of Graduate Studies University of South Africa Muckleneuk Ridge PO Box 392 Pretoria0002 South Africa Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha61413 Saudi Arabia Biology Department Faculty of Science and Arts King Khalid University Mohail Assir 61321 Saudi Arabia Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering Silesian University of Technology Gliwice44-100 Poland Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering of INHA University 100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon22212 Korea Republic of Department of Environmental Engineering INHA University 100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon22212 Korea Republic of

The increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has substantial impacts on the global temperature. For energy sustainability and minimization of the effects of global warming, an approach to understand CO2 capturing and a carbon neutral culture is extremely essential in the present circumstances. The CO2 emission from vehicles and industries can be minimized using energy cost-effective techniques and can be converted more selectively into reusable fuels via thermochemical, electrochemical, photochemical, photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, biological and inorganic carbonate-based approaches. In this review article, we have discussed the effects of increased global temperature on human beings, economy and climate change. Further, we have discussed the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 (PC-CO2) into gaseous and liquid fuels under solar light driven photocatalysis. The adsorption and activation of CO2, its conversion into various intermediates, their stability and selectivity of the final products have been elaborated comprehensively. The conversion mechanisms of CO2 into CO, CH4, alcohol, aldehyde and carboxylic acid have been discussed in detail. The role of defects and exposed facets of photocatalysts, effect of metal and non-metal dopants, and the additive role of co-catalyst on the mechanisms and selectivity of the conversion products have been discussed comprehensively. Finally, future perspective is discussed to highlight the research gap in the PC-CO2. We hope that this article will help to understand the mechanisms of PC-CO2 and will direct researchers to add their role in the reduction of CO2 to control global warming and make life easier on earth in the coming years. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Kyoto Protocol

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Efficient conversion of low-concentration nitrate sources into ammonia on a Ru-dispersed Cu nanowire electrocatalyst

Efficient conversion of low-concentration nitrate sources in...

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2023 AIChE Annual Meeting

作者： Chen, Feng-Yang Wu, Zhen-Yu Gupta, Srishti Rivera, Daniel J. Lambeets, Sten V. Pecaut, Stephanie Kim, Jung Yoon Timothy Zhu, Peng Finfrock, Y. Zou Meira, Debora Motta King, Graham Gao, Guanhui Xu, Wenqian Cullen, David A. Zhou, Hua Han, Yimo Perea, Daniel E. Muhich, Christopher L. Wang, Haotian Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University HoustonTX United States School for Engineering of Matter Transport & Energy Chemical Engineering Program Arizona State University TempeAZ United States Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RichlandWA United States Structural Biology Center X-ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL United States Canadian Light Source SaskatoonSK Canada Electron Microscope Center Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University HoustonTX United States Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL United States Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN United States Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University HoustonTX United States Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RichlandWA United States School for Engineering of Matter Transport & Energy Materials Science & Engineering Program Arizona State University TempeAZ United States Department of Chemistry Rice University HoustonTX United States

Electrochemically converting nitrate ions, a widely distributed nitrogen source in industrial wastewater and polluted groundwater, into ammonia represents a sustainable route for both wastewater treatment and ammonia generation. However, it is currently hindered by low catalytic activities, especially under low nitrate concentrations. Here we report a high-performance Ru-dispersed Cu nanowire catalyst that delivers an industrial-relevant nitrate reduction current of 1 A cm-2 while maintaining a high NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 93%. More importantly, this high nitrate-reduction catalytic activity enables over a 99% nitrate conversion into ammonia, from an industrial wastewater level of 2, 000 ppm to a drinkable water level 4Cl and liquid NH3 solution products, which suggests a practical approach to convert wastewater nitrate into valuable ammonia products. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the highly dispersed Ru atoms provide active nitrate reduction sites and the surrounding Cu sites can suppress the main side reaction, the hydrogen evolution reaction. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2022.

关键词： Ammonia

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High Potential New Industrial Species Enterobacter xiangfangenesis BUU37 for the Production of Succinic Acid by Fermentation Using Cassava Starch Hydrolysate

Research Square

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Research Square 2022年

作者： Chamsart, Saethawat Ditkunchaimongkol, Nattapoung Rattanapradit, Krongchan Sukna, Jatuporn Malairuang, Kwanruthai Krajang, Morakot Department of Biology Faculty of Science Burapha University Chon Buri20131 Thailand Biological Science Program Faculty of Science Burapha University Chon Buri20131 Thailand Biochemical Engineering Pilot Plant Faculty of Science Burapha University Chon Buri20131 Thailand Environmental Science Program Faculty of Science Burapha University Chon Buri20131 Thailand Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science Burapha University Chon Buri20131 Thailand

New organic acid-producing bacteria were isolated from buffalo rumens. The 29 of 46 isolates could produce succinic acid (SA), but only the 6 isolates had the potential. In shake flasks culture under CO2 condition, isolate no. 37 produced SA at a concentration of 2.28 g/L, and with a better inoculum, it produced SA at 6.74 g/L with a yield coefficient, Yp/s, productivity, rp, and efficiency, Ef of 0.45 g/g, 0.28 g/L/h and 66.39%, respectively within 24 h. The 16S rRNA gene of isolate 37 was sequenced identified. It is Enterobacter xiangfangensis, later named E. xiangfangensis BUU37 which is a high potential new industrial species. Its suitable N-, C-, and carbonate sources were yeast extract, glucose hydrolysate from cassava starch hydrolysis (CSH), and MgCO3. With the medium PM II-1x of nutrients rich, CSH glucose was used efficiently at 21.46 g/L and conversed to SA at 10.80 g/L with Yp/s of 0.50 g/g, rp of 0.45 g/L/h, and Ef of 76.33%, respectively. The larger-scale productions of SA in the 5-L fermenter, with certain optimum conditions, i.e., pH 6.8, at 39 °C, 0.5 vvm CO2 sparging, agitation, and high-nutrient compositions, gave very good results. The use of PM II-2x medium of 2× nutrients and 2× C-sources of 50 g/L CSH glucose plus 25 g/L molasses and with the impeller speeds at 200-400 rpm, SA was produced at 35.52 g/L with Yp/s of 0.65 g/g, rp of 1.48 g/L/h, and Ef of 99.96%, respectively. Furthermore, with the use of PM II-4x medium with 4× the nutrients and 4× the SCH glucose at 100 g/L plus 40 g/L of molasses (a total sugar conc of 120 g/L) and with the impeller speed at 400-500 rpm, SA was produced at 53.60 g/L with Yp/s of 0.54 g/g, rp of 2.23 g/L/h, and Ef of 82.88%, respectively. The use of PM II-4.8x medium of 4.8× nutrients did not show a significant difference. For the high throughput production, the PM II-4x cultivation was modified as the repeated multiple sequential batches of 3 cycles. The results showed no significant differences of those value

关键词： Fermentation

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Identification of potential source regions and long-range transport routes/channels of marine PM2.5 at remote sites in East Asia

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science of the Total Environment 2024年 915卷

作者： Yen, Po-Hsuan Yuan, Chung-Shin Soong, Ker-Yea Jeng, Ming-Shiou Cheng, Wen-Hsi Institute of Environmental Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan Aerosol Science Research Center National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan Institute of Marine Biology National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica Nangang Taipei Taiwan Green Island Marine Research Station Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica Green Island Taitung Taiwan Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology College of Maritime National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung City Taiwan

Long-range transport (LRT) of air masses in East Asia and their impacts on marine PM2.5 were explored. Situated in the leeward region of East Asia, Taiwan Island marked by its elevated Central Mountain Range (CMR) separates air masses into two distinct air currents. This study aims to investigate the transport of PM2.5 from the north to the leeward region. Six transport routes (A-F) were identified and further classified them into three main channels (i.e. East, West, and South Channels) based on their transport routes and potential sources. Green Island (Site GR) and Hengchun Peninsula (Site HC) exhibited similarities in their transport routes, with Central China, North China, and Korean Peninsula being the major source regions of PM2.5, particularly during the Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Dongsha Island (Site DS) was influenced by both Central China and coastal regions of East China, indicating Asian continental outflow (ACO) as the major source of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of PM2.5 resolved that soil dust, sea salts, biomass burning, ship emissions, and secondary aerosols were the major sources. Northerly Channels (i.e. East and West Channels) were primarily influenced by ship emissions and secondary aerosols, while South Channel was dominated by oceanic spray and soil dust. The results of W-PSCF and W-CWT analysis indicated that three remote sites experienced significant contributions from Central China in the highest PM2.5 concentration range (75–100%). In contrast, PM2.5 in the 0–25% and 25–50% ranges primarily originated from the open seas, with ship emissions being the prominent source. It suggested that northern regions with heavy industrialization and urbanization have impacts on high PM2.5 concentrations, while open seas are the main sources of low PM2.5 concentrations. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Factorization

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Polyvinyl chloride microplastics and drought co-exposure alter rice growth by affecting metabolomics and proteomics

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science of the Total Environment 2024年 955卷 177002页

作者： Khan, Kiran Yasmin Ali, Barkat Ghani, Hafiz Usman Cui, Xiaoqiang Luo, Xiaohan Ali, Zeshan Ahmed, Waqar Tan, Jinglu Lysenko, Vladimir Guo, Ya Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi214122 China Food Science Research Institute National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad44000 Pakistan Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang050000 China School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Waste Utilization Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China Ecotoxicology Research Program Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection National Agriculture Research Center Islamabad44000 Pakistan Department of Biomedical Biological & Chemical Engineering University of Missouri ColumbiaMO65211 United States Southern Federal University Academy of Biology and Biotechnology Rostov-on-Don344041 Russia International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Optical Sensing and Applications at Jiangnan University Wuxi214122 China

Microplastics, interacting with drought stress, have become threat to crops by altering soil environment. Currently, the effect of combined microplastic and drought stress on crop growth remain poorly understood. In this work, the mechanism of multi-stress responses was investigated under the exposure of polvinylchloride microplastic (PV) and drought (D) individually and in combination (DPV) on rice varieties Hanyou73 and Q280 through proteomics and metabolomic analysis. All treatments negatively affect chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, rice grain composition, metabolome and proteomic profiling of both rice varieties. Full rice grain yield was decreased under all treatments except PV treatment in which it was increased in both rice varieties. DPV treatment shows the lowest grain yield and more adverse effects on metabolome by affecting glycerophospholipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Soluble sugar contents were decreased in H73 but in Q280 increased by 159 % under DPV and 123 % in PV treatment, compared to their control group. The results from metabolomics illustrate that glycerophospholipid metabolism is commonly altered in both rice types under all treatments. PV and drought alone and in combination induce extensive alterations in proteomics of rice leaves especially impacting proteins related to binding, translation and photosynthetic process. The results reveal that PV and DPV treatments highly distort the abundance of metabolites and proteins in both rice types, demonstrating that microplastic toxicity effects on rice plants become more severe when combined with drought stress. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Drought Metabolite Polyvinyl chloride microplastic Protein Rice

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Effect of the number of Cyperus rotundus and medium height on the performance of batch-constructed wetland in treating aquaculture effluent

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Chemosphere 2024年 353卷 141595页

作者： Imron, Muhammad Fauzul Hestianingsi, Wa Ode Ayu Putranto, Trisnadi Widyaleksono Catur Citrasari, Nita Abdullah, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Hasan, Hassimi Abu Kurniawan, Setyo Budi Study Program of Environmental Engineering Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Campus C UNAIR Jalan Mulyorejo Surabaya60115 Indonesia Department of Water Management Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology Stevinweg 1 CN Delft 2628 Netherlands Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology Centre Algatech Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Opatovický mlýn Novohradská 237 Třeboň379 81 Czech Republic

Increasing aquaculture cultivation produces large quantities of wastewater. If not handled properly, it can have negative impacts on the environment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are one of the phytoremediation methods that can be applied to treat aquaculture effluent. This research was aimed at determining the performance of Cyperus rotundus in removing COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate from the batch CW system. Treatment was carried out for 30 days with variations in the number of plants (10, 15, and 20) and variations in media height (10, 12, and 14 cm). The result showed that aquaculture effluent contains high levels of organic compounds and nutrients, and C. rotundus can grow and thrive in 100% of aquaculture effluent. Besides that, the use of C. rotundus in CWs with the effect of numbers of plants and media height showed performance of COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate with 70, 79, 90, 96, 64, 82, 92, and 48% of removal efficacy, respectively. There was no negative impact observed on C. rotundus growth after exposure to aquaculture effluent, as indicated by the increase in wet weight, dry weight, and growth rate when compared to the control. Thus, adding aquaculture effluent to CWs planted with C. rotundus supports the growth and development of plants while also performing phytoremediation. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Wetlands

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Algal biomass based bio-refineries: Concurrent pre-treatment strategies and perspectives for sustainable feedstock

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Biomass and Bioenergy 2024年 187卷

作者： Shashikumar, Uday Ranjan, Kumar Rakesh Sharma, Ankit Naina Subramanian, Balaji Tsai, Pei-Chien Lin, Yuan-Chung Lay, Chyi-How Wang, Chin-Tsan Biswas, Shelly Ponnusamy, Vinoth Kumar Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City 807 Taiwan Department of Chemistry Amity Institute of Applied Sciences Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida201303 India Department of Mechanical Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu Chennai603203 India Institute of Environmental Engineering National Sun Yat-Sen University Taiwan Master Program of Green Energy Science and Technology Feng Chia University Taiwan Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering National I-Lan University I Lan Taiwan Department of Space Engineering and Rocketry Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Jharkhand Ranchi835215 India 807 Kaohsiung City Taiwan 807 Kaohsiung City Taiwan Department of Computational Biology Institute of Bioinformatics Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Tamil Nadu Chennai602105 India Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung City81157 Taiwan Department of Food Science National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Pingtung91201 Taiwan

The quest for viable and scalable biofuel sources has been at the forefront of scientific innovation for the past three decades. Due to its rich chemical constituents, microalgal biomass has emerged as a pivotal sustainable and scalable feedstock for biorefineries. This comprehensive review critically analyzes the different types of microalgae feedstock, concurrent extraction technologies, bio-pre-treatment procedures, and the key chemical and physical parameters influencing lipid formation and algal biofuel production. We propose a novel approach of photo-initiated culturing of algal biomass using photobioreactors (PBRs) to address the limitations of concurrent space and time-related constraints. The innovative photo bio-refinery strategy presented herein aims to enhance sustainability factors while minimizing emissions, catering to the needs of futuristic non-electric vehicles. A comparative quality analysis of microalgae-derived biofuel against conventional fossil fuels and other biofuels is conducted, considering chemical, environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Furthermore, we elucidate the efficacy of bio-pre-treatment strategies such as dehydration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification in optimizing biofuel production. The proposed photo biorefineries exhibit the potential to yield a diverse range of value-added products, including biodiesel, biogases, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, bio-alcohols, dyes, proteins, carotenoids, and drug vitals. This review provides a comprehensive framework for the development of sustainable and efficient microalgae-based biorefineries, paving the way for a greener and more economically viable future in the biofuel industry. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Feedstocks

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Observing Super-Coarse Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles Containing Chloride in a Tropical Savanna Climate at an Agro-Forest Site in Thailand

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Bridhikitti, Arika Kumsawat, Chananphat Phitakpinyo, Nutthanaphat Sontisaka, Sirawich Naksaro, Ratipong Sawangproh, Weerachon Nakayama, Tomoki Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management Program School of Interdisciplinary Studies Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus 199 Moo 9 Lumsum Sub-District Saiyok District Kanchanaburi71150 Thailand Mahidol-York Interdisciplinary Living Research Excellence Center Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus 199 Moo 9 Lumsum Sub-District Saiyok District Kanchanaburi71150 Thailand Conservation Biology Program School of Interdisciplinary Studies Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus 199 Moo 9 Lumsum Sub-District Saiyok District Kanchanaburi71150 Thailand Faculty of Environmental Science Nagasaki University 1-14 Bunkyo-Machi Nagasaki City8528521 Japan

This study aimed to investigate the sources and characteristics of super-coarse carbonaceous aerosol particles containing chloride in a tropical savanna climate. Aerosol samples were collected from an agro-forest site in Thailand during the dry season and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By analyzing the morphology and elemental compositions of individual aerosol particles and applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, their potential sources have been elucidated. The findings revealed two possible sources of the aerosol particles: mixed biomass burning smoke particles with inorganic salts (probably from saline soil, and sea salt), and halophilic fungal spores. Functional group analysis using FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of compounds associated with biomass burning smoke particles and clay minerals, influenced by prevailing NE and SE winds, respectively. Recommendations for further research include continued monitoring, correlation analysis with meteorological parameters, and utilization of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques for detailed visualization and confirmation of aerosol sources. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Scanning electron microscopy

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Comparison of ZnO Doped Different Phases TiO2 Nanoparticles in Terms of Toxicity Using Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Sezer, Selda Yücel, Ayşegül Turan, Duygu Özhan Emre, Fatma Bilge Sarikaya, Musa Malatya Turgut Ozal University Akcadag Vocational School Laboratory and Veterinary Health Program Akcadag Malatya Turkey Iskenderun Technical University Iskenderun Vocational School Environmental Protection and Control Program Hatay Iskenderun Turkey Inonu University Faculty of Engineering Department of Mining Engineering Malatya Turkey Inonu University Faculty of Arts and Science Department of Biology Malatya Turkey Inonu University Faculty of Education Department of Science Teaching Malatya Turkey

Titanium dioxide is used in many commercial and industrial areas such as paint, paper, cosmetics, textiles, and surface coating. The reasons for its use in such a wide area are its anti-corrosion and high stability. Although TiO2 is considered to be a low toxicity material, research has been further expanded following the recognition of the possible carcinogenic effects of TiO2 in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The aim of this study is to compare the toxicity of TiO2 used in many fields in different phases. In the study anatase TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method and dual phase TiO2 (anatase and rutile phase) structures obtained by thermal conditioning were used and compared with commercially available TiO2. ZnO which has similar uses like TiO2 was also used and compared with 1% doped TiO2 in different phases in terms of toxicity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio, D. rerio), a freshwater fish, which is widely used in toxicity assessments was preferred in this study due to its small size, fast reproduction rate, low cost, physiological and molecular similarity with humans, and genetic predisposition. Experimental investigations showed that the highest death occurred in the low concentrations of (10 ppm) ZnO doped rutile phase. 39% of the embryos died in the ZnO nanoparticle solutions prepared at low concentrations. The highest mortality at medium (100 ppm) and high (1000 ppm) concentrations were observed in the ZnO-doped rutile phase after 96 hours. Similarly, the highest malformation was detected in the ZnO-doped rutile phase during the same period. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Titanium dioxide

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