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Necessary prerequisites for evidence-based practice:results of investigating nurses'informatics competency and information literacy skills

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Frontiers of Nursing 2024年第1期11卷 67-76页

作者： Jamileh Farokhzadian Somayeh Jouparinejad Mahdieh Montazeri Elham Bakhshipour Amirreza Sabzi Fatemeh Falahati-Marvast Nursing Research Center Kerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Coronary Care Unit Shafa HospitalKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Department of Health Information Sciences Faculty of Management and Medical Information SciencesKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Medical Informatics Research Center Institute for Futures Studies in HealthKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Interdisciplinary Program University of DelawareNewarkDEUSA Student Research Committee Shiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran Department of Health Technology Assessment School of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between nursing informatics(NI)competency and information literacy skills for evidencebased practice(EBP)among intensive care *** cross-sectional study was conducted on 184 nurses working in intensive care units(ICUs).The study data were collected through demographic information,Nursing Informatics Competency Assessment Tool(NICAT),and information literacy skills for EBP *** intensive care nurses received competent and low-moderate levels for the total scores of NI competency and information literacy skills,*** received a moderate score for the use of different information resources but a low score for information searching skills,different search features,and knowledge about search operators,and only 31.5%of the nurses selected the most appropriate *** competency and related subscales had a significant direct bidirectional correlation with information literacy skills for EBP and its subscales(P<0.05).Nurses require a high level of NI competency and information literacy for EBP to obtain up-to-date information and provide better care and *** planners and policymakers should develop interventions to enhance NI competency and information literacy skills among nurses and motivate them to use EBP in clinical settings.

关键词： evidence-based practice nursing informatics nursing informatics competency information literacy critical care nursing

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The Impact of Fidget Spinners on Fine Motor Skills in Individuals with and without ADHD: An Exploratory Analysis

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2022年第3期12卷 82-101页

作者： Reza Koiler Austin Schimmel Elham Bakhshipour Patricia A. Shewokis Nancy Getchell Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program University of Delaware Newark DE USA Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware Newark DE USA Nutrition Sciences Department College of Nursing and Health Professions School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems School of Education Drexel University Philadelphia USA

Fidget spinners have been marketed as repetitive motion devices that improve attention and motor performance, and as such, they have become quite appealing to individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). To date, no studies have explored changes in brain activity that may occur due to fidgeting in ADHD. Our aim was to use functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the performance of a standardized fine motor skills test after using a fidget spinner. Eight right-handed adults with ADHD and eight age and gender matched adults without ADHD (4F/4M, 4 control/4 fidget) performed the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) while their brain oxygenation was monitored using fNIRS. Relative neural efficiency (RNE) and involvement (RNI) were calculated and analyzed for all subtasks of PPT including the less cognitively demanding fine motor subtasks and more complex assembly tasks. The fidget spinner improved both task performance and RNE in the ADHD group but not the non-ADHD group for the less cognitively demanding subtasks. Our results indicate Fidget spinners may improve both relative neural efficiency and fine motor performance in adults with ADHD for less cognitively demanding tasks.

关键词： Fidget Spinners fNIRS ADHD Executive Function Motor Skill

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Effects of contact/collision sport history on gait in early-to mid-adulthood

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2023年第3期12卷 398-405页

作者： Katherine J.Hunzinger Jaclyn B.Caccese Rebekah Mannix William P.MeehanⅢ Jocelyn F.Hafer C.Buz Swanik Thomas A.Buckley Department of Biostatistics Epidemiologyand InformaticsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Penn Injury Science Center University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOH 43210USA Division of Emergency Medicine Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA 02115USA Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention WalthamMA 02453USA Division of Sports Medicine Department of OrthopedicsBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA 02453USA Department of Pediatrics and Orthopedics Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02453USA Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of DelawareNewarkDE 02453USA Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science University of DelawareNewarkDE 02453USA

Background:To determine the effect of contact/collision sport participation on measures of single-task(ST)and dual-task(DT)gait among early-to middle-aged ***:The study recruited 113 adults(34.88±11.80 years,(mean±SD);53.0%female)representing 4 *** included(a)former non-contact/collision athletes and non-athletes who are not physically active(n=28);(b)former non-contact/collision athletes who are physically active(n=29);(c)former contact/collision sport athletes who participated in high-risk sports and are physically active(n=29);and(d)former rugby players with prolonged repetitive head impact exposure history who are physically active(n=27).Gait parameters were collected using inertial measurement units during ST and DT *** cost was calculated for all gait parameters(double support,gait speed,and stride length).Groups were compared first using one-way analysis of *** a multiple regression was performed for participants in the highrisk sport athletes and repetitive head impact exposure athletes groups only to predict gait outcomes from contact/collision sport career ***:There were no significant differences between groups on any ST,DT,or DT cost outcomes(p>0.05).Contact/collision sport duration did not predict any ST,DT,or DT cost gait ***:Years and history of contact/collision sport participation does not appear to negatively affect or predict neurobehavioral function in early-to mid-adulthood among physically active individuals.

关键词： Exercise Neurodegenerative disease Postural control Rugby Subconcussive impacts

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Reproducible biomarkers: Leveraging nonlinear descriptors in the face of non-ergodicity

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Mangalam, Madhur Sadri, Arash Hayano, Junichiro Watanabe, Eiichi Kiyono, Ken Kelty-Stephen, Damian G. Division of Biomechanics and Research Development Department of Biomechanics Center for Research in Human Movement Variability University of Nebraska at Omaha OmahaNE68182 United States Lyceum Scientific Charity Tehran Iran Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program Students’ Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences TehranP94V+8MF Iran Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya City University Aichi Nagoya467-8601 Japan Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital Aichi Nagoya454-0012 Japan Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Osaka560-8531 Japan Department of Psychology State University of New York at New Paltz New PaltzNY12561 United States

Any reliable biomarker has to be specific, generalizable, and reproducible across individuals and contexts. The exact values of such a biomarker must represent similar health states in different individuals and at different times within the same individual to result in the minimum possible false-positive and false-negative rates. The application of standard cut-off points and risk scores across populations hinges upon the assumption of such generalizability. Such generalizability, in turn, hinges upon this condition that the phenomenon investigated by current statistical methods is ergodic, i.e., its statistical measures converge over individuals and time within the finite limit of observations. However, emerging evidence indicates that biological processes abound with non-ergodicity, threatening this generalizability. Here, we present a solution for how to make generalizable inferences by deriving ergodic descriptions of non-ergodic phenomena. For this aim, we proposed capturing the origin of ergodicity-breaking in many biological processes: cascade dynamics. To assess our hypotheses, we embraced the challenge of identifying reliable biomarkers for heart disease and stroke, which, despite being the leading cause of death worldwide and decades of research, lacks reliable biomarkers and risk stratification tools. We showed that raw R-R interval data and its common descriptors based on mean and variance are non-ergodic and non-specific. On the other hand, the cascade-dynamical descriptors, the Hurst exponent encoding linear temporal correlations, and multifractal nonlinearity encoding nonlinear interactions across scales described the non-ergodic heart rate variability ergodically and were specific. This study inaugurates applying the critical concept of ergodicity in discovering and applying digital biomarkers of health and disease. © 2023, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Risk perception

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Factors associated with pain resolution in those with knee pain: the MOST study

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Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2021年第12期29卷 1666-1672页

作者： Felson, D. Rabasa, G. Jafarzadeh, S.R. Nevitt, M. Lewis, C.E. Segal, N. White, D.K. Section of Rheumatology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA United States University of Manchester and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester United Kingdom University of California at San Francisco San Francisco CA United States University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL United States University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS United States Department of Physical Therapy College of Health Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE United States Biomechanics and Movement Science Interdisciplinary Program University of Delaware Newark DE United States

Objectives: To determine how many persons with knee pain have subsequent pain resolution and what factors are associated with resolution, focusing especially on types of physical activity. Methods: Using data from MOST, an NIH funded longitudinal cohort study of persons with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis, we studied participants who at baseline reported knee pain on most days at both a telephone interview and clinic visit. We defined pain resolution if at 30 and 60 month exams, they reported no knee pain on most days and compared these participants to those who reported persistent pain later. In logistic regression analyses, we examined the association of baseline risk factors including demographic factors, BMI, depressive symptoms, isokinetic quadriceps strength and both overall physical activity (using the PASE survey) and specific activities including walking, gardening, and different intensities of recreational activities with pain resolution. Results: Of 1,304 participants with knee pain on most days at baseline, 265 (20.3%) reported no knee pain at 30 and 60 months. Lower BMI and stronger quadriceps were associated with higher odds of pain resolution while overall physical activity was not. Of activities, walking decreased the odds of pain resolution (adjOR = 0.86 (95% CI 0.76, 0.98)), but gardening (adjOR = 1.59 (1.16, 2.18)) and moderate intensity recreational activities ((adjOR = 1.24 (1.05, 1.46)) increased it. Conclusion: Pain resolution is common in those with knee pain. Factors increasing the odds of pain resolution include lower BMI, greater quadriceps strength and gardening and moderately intensive recreational activities. © 2021

关键词： Knee pain Obesity Physical activity Quadriceps strength

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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Using V̇o2max as a marker of training status in athletes - can we do better?

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Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2022年第1期133卷 148-164页

作者： Pedro L Valenzuela Manuel Mateo-March Xabier Muriel Mikel Zabala Alejandro Lucia David Barranco-Gil Grégoire P Millet Franck Brocherie Johannes Burtscher Martin Burtscher Benjamin J Ryan Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan Stephane Perrey Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza Fernando González-Mohíno José María González-Ravé Jordan Santos-Concejero Benedito S Denadai Camila C Greco Arturo Casado Carl Foster Raffaele Mazzolari Giulia Nicole Baldrighi Elisa Pastorio Davide Malatesta Aurélien Patoz Fabio Borrani Stephen J Ives Justin A DeBlauw Ricardo Dantas de Lucas Fernando Klitzke Borszcz Eduardo Marcel Fernandes Nascimento Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo Tiago Turnes Richard T Jaspers Stephan van der Zwaard Romuald Lepers Julien Louis Anderson Meireles Hiago L. R. de Souza Géssyca T de Oliveira Marcelo P dos Santos Rhaí A Arriel Moacir Marocolo B Hunter S Meyler D Muniz-Pumares Renato M Ferreira Abigail S Sogard Stephen J Carter Timothy D Mickleborough Guilherme Pereira Saborosa Raphael Dinalli de Oliveira Freitas Paula Souza Alves dos Santos João Pedro de Souza Ferreira Francisco de Assis Manoel Sandro Fernandes da Silva Christoph Triska Bettina Karsten Dajo Sanders Elliot S Lipksi David J Spindler Matthijs K. C. Hesselink Rodrigo Zacca Márcio Fagundes Goethel David Bruce Pyne Brayden M Wood Peyton E Allen Jaden L Gabelhausen Alexandra M Keller Mast T Lige Alicia S Oumsang Greg L Smart Hunter L Paris Arthur H Dewolf Guillaume Toffoli Borja Martinez-Gonzalez Samuele M Marcora Daniela Terson de Paleville Ricardo J Fernandes Susana M Soares J. Arturo Abraldes Guilherme Matta Arthur Henrique Bossi D G McCarthy W Bostad J Gibala Mary Vagula Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg) Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12) Madrid Spain Faculty of Sport Sciences Universidad Europea de Madrid Madrid Spain Sport Science Department. Universidad Miguel Hernández Elche Spain Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain Department of Physical Education & Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370) French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris France Department of Sport Science University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick Massachusetts Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan EuroMov Digital Health in Motion University of Montpellier Montpellier France Sport Training Lab University of Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza Universidad Nebrija Madrid Spain Department of Physical Education and Sport University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain Human Performance Laboratory São Paulo State University Rio Claro Brazil Center for Sport Studies Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain University of Wisconsin-La Crosse La Crosse Wisconsin Department of Physical Education and Sport University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences − Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit University of Pavia Pavia Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health University of Milan Milan Italy Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL) University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Health and Human Physiological Sciences Skidmore College Saratoga Springs New

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Developmental Trajectories of Emotional Availability Differ Between Dyads With Children With and Without Motor Delay

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Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies 2025年第3期30卷

作者： Rebecca Molinini Corri Stuyvenburg Natalie A Koziol Regina T Harbourne Michele A Lobo Sandra L Willett James A Bovaird Emily Marcinowski Sarah K Price Mary Shall Virginia W Chu Stacey C Dusing Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA. Division of Physical Therapy Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Medical School University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA. Nebraska Center for Research on Children Youth Families & Schools University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA. Physical Therapy Department FAPTA Rangos School of Health Sciences Duquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA. Physical Therapy Department and Biomechanics and Movement Science Program University of Delaware Newark Delaware USA. Department of Kinesiology Physical Therapy Program Colorado Mesa University Grand Junction Colorado USA. Department of Educational Psychology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA. School of Kinesiology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA. Episcopal Diocese of Virginia Richmond Virginia USA. Department of Physical Therapy Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA. Department of Occupational Therapy College of Health Professions Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA. Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy FAPTA University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA.

This study investigated associations of gross motor delay and dyadic emotional availability (EA). Data were drawn from 99 children (Mean age = 8.79 [SD = 3.2] months, 47% Female, and 67% White) with and without motor delay and their caregivers. EA was quantified from five parent-child interactions collected over 12 months. Dyads with children with significant motor delay had significantly less growth in Total EA, Child EA, Sensitivity, Responsiveness, and Involvement compared to dyads with children with typical motor development. Children with mild motor delay differed from children with typical motor development in Involvement. Severity of motor delay was associated with risk to EA in that dyads of children with more significant motor delay had more difficulties with EA over time. Trial Registration: This trial is registered at *** (identifier: NCT02593825).

关键词： developmental trajectories emotional availability motor delay motor development parent–child interaction

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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Physiology and fast marathons

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Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2020年第4期128卷 1069-1085页

作者： Jordan Santos-Concejero Fernando González-Mohíno José María González-Ravé Stephane Perrey Arthur H. Dewolf Brandon A. Yates Anton Ušaj Tadej Debevec José Manuel González-Rayas Ana Lilia Rayas-Gómez José Manuel González-Yáñez Romuald Lepers Paul Stapley Julien Louis Felix Proessl P T Nikolaidis B Knechtle D Muniz-Pumares B Hunter L Bottoms Bastien Bontemps Pedro L. Valenzuela Daniel Boullosa Juan Del Coso Richard C. Blagrove Philip R. Hayes Gregoire P. Millet Davide Malatesta Yuri de Almeida Costa Campos Miller Pereira Guimarães Jeferson Macedo Vianna Sandro Fernandes da Silva Paulo Henrique Silva Marques de Azevedo Hunter L. Paris Margaret A. Leist Mast T. Lige William Malysa Alicia S. Oumsang Erin C. Sinai Rasmus K. Hansen Niels H. Secher Stefanos Volianitis Laura Hottenrott Kuno Hottenrott Thomas Gronwald Jonathon W. Senefeld Ricardo J. Fernandes João Paulo Vilas-Boas Alain Riveros-Rivera Dieter Böning Daniel H. Craighead Shalaya Kipp Rodger Kram Christoph Zinner Billy Sperlich Hans-Christer Holmberg Borja Muniz-Pardos Shaun Sutehall Konstantinos Angeloudis Fergus M. Guppy Andrew Bosch Yannis Pitsiladis David C. Andrade Rodrigo Del Rio Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo Thiago Ribeiro Lopes Bruno Moreira Silva Stephen J. Ives Peter G. Weyand Cayque Brietzke Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga Tony Meireles dos Santos Flávio Oliveira Pires Gwenael Layec Wouter Hoogkamer Christopher S. Balestrini Curtis S. Goss Mikaela C. Gabler Albaro Escalera Shane A. Bielko Robert F. Chapman Department of Physical Education and Sport University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain University of Castilla-La Mancha Sport Training Lab Toledo Spain Facultad de Lenguas y Educación Universidad Nebrija Madrid Spain EuroMov Digital Health in Motion University of Montpellier IMT Mines Ales Montpellier France Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy Department of Kinesiology Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana Faculty of Sport University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia Department of Automation Biocybernetics and Robotics Jozef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Monterrey México Hospital San José de Querétaro Querétaro México INSERM UMR1093-CAPS UFR des Sciences du Sport Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon France Neural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine Faculty of Science Medicine and Health Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong New South Wales Australia Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom Neuromuscular Research Laboratory University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania School of Health and Caring Sciences University of West Attica Athens Greece Institute of Primary Care University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield United Kingdom Unité de recherche Impact de l’Activité Physique sur la Santé (UR IAPS Number 201723207F) University of Toulon Toulon France Department of Systems Biology University of Alcalá Madrid Spain Department of Sport and Health Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD)

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Brain Activation in the Prefrontal Cortex during Motor and Cognitive Tasks in Adults

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2016年第12期6卷 463-474页

作者： Ling-Yin Liang Patricia A. Shewokis Nancy Getchell Department of Physical Therapy University of Evansville Evansville IN USA Department of Nutrition Sciences College of Nursing and Health Professions School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems Drexel University Philadelphia PA USA Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology Biomechanics and Movement Science Program University of Delaware Newark DE USA

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive function, involved in Executive Functions (EFs) such as planning, working memory, and inhibition. Activation in the PFC also occurs during some motor activities. One commonly used tool to assess EF is the Tower of Hanoi, demonstrating sensitivity to PFC dysfunction. However, limited neuroimaging evidence is available to support the contribution of the PFC in the Tower of Hanoi task. In the current study, we use functional near infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy to examine hemodynamic responses associated with neural activity in the PFC in adults as they participate in the Tower of Hanoi task. We compared changes in cerebral oxygenation during resting, a motor task (tapping), and the Tower of Hanoi in 16 neurotypical adults, with measures of relative changes in concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (Δoxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δdeoxy-Hb) taken throughout tasks, as well as total hemoglobin (ΔHbT) and oxygenation (Δoxy). Performance on the Tower of Hanoi was measured by the number of moves used to complete each level and the highest level of successful performance (3, 4, or 5 disks). We found a significant higher value of Δoxy-Hb and Δoxy in dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) during the Tower of Hanoi as compared to tapping and resting. Significant changes in Δdeoxy-Hb and ΔHbT during the Tower of Hanoi were found in the right DLPFC only. These results support the notion that the Tower of Hanoi task requires higher levels of PFC activity than a similar motor task with low executive function demands.

关键词： Prefrontal Cortex Functional Near Infrared (fNIR) Cognitive Task Tower of Hanoi

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Developmental and Condition-Related Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Rest

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2016年第12期6卷 485-497页

作者： Ling-Yin Liang Jia-Jin Jason Chen Patricia A. Shewokis Nancy Getchell Department of Physical Therapy University of Evansville Evansville IN USA Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Taiwan Department of Nutrition Sciences College of Nursing & Health Professions & School of Biomedical Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia PA USA Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology Biomechanics and Movement Science Program University of Delaware Newark DE USA

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive process related to executive function, but is also active during resting states. Quantifying prefrontal cortex activity during resting states provides a baseline for interpreting task-induced brain activity. Researchers commonly use resting conditions where participants are prompted to stare at a screen (eyes open) or close their eyes (eyes closed). Are these two conditions equivalent representations of a baseline resting state? Further, does prefrontal cortex activity during these conditions change as a function of development? The aim of this study was to examine differences in prefrontal cortex activity between eyes open and eyes closed conditions during resting states in children and adults to provide a rationale of proper selection of baseline condition in future research. Thirty-six participants in 3 age groups were recruited in this study including twenty-four adults, five 12 - 15 years old children, and seven 8 - 11 years old children. Relative changes in concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin (Δoxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δdeoxy-Hb) were obtained by using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in eyes closed (EC) and eyes open (EO) conditions, 3 minutes each. Contrasts were tested to compare the differences of Δoxy-Hb and Δdeoxy-Hb between eyes open and eyes closed conditions. The EC condition had significantly higher Δoxy-Hb than EO when all groups were combined (t (17.268) = 3.021, p = .008, Cohen’s d = –0.72). When comparing Δoxy-Hb between eyes conditions within each group, the younger group had significantly higher Δoxy-Hb in EC than EO (t (9.459) = 2.734, p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = –1.46). Based on these results, the EO condition may be a better baseline condition, particularly in studies with younger children, since it has less activity in the PFC that could interfere with interpretations of task-induced activity.

关键词： Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Developmental Changes Resting Conditions Eyes Open (EO) Eyes Closed (EC)

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