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Humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by inactivated and RBD-subunit vaccines

细胞研究（英文版） 2021年第7期31卷 732-741页

作者： Yunlong Cao Ayijiang Yisimayi Yali Bai Weijin Huang Xiaofeng Li Zhiying Zhang Tianjiao Yuan Ran An Jing Wang Tianhe Xiao Shuo Du Wenping Ma Liyang Song Yongzheng Li Xiang Li Weiliang Song Jiajing Wu Shuo Liu Xuemei Li Yonghong Zhang Bin Su Xianghua Guo Yangyang Wei Chuanping Gao Nana Zhang Yifei Zhang Yang Dou Xiaoyu Xu Rui Shi Bai Lu Ronghua Jin Yingmin Ma Chengfeng Qin Youchun Wang Yingmei Feng Junyu Xiao Xiaoliang Sunney Xie Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) Peking UniversityBeijingChina School of Life Sciences Peking UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines Institute for Biological Product ControlNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAcademy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) Peking UniversityBeijingChina School of Life Sciences Peking UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Peking-Tsinghua Center for life Sciences Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Youan Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) Peking UniversityBeijingChina Peking-Tsinghua Center for life Sciences Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina School of Pharmaceutical Sciences IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina Vazyme Biotech Co. LtdNanjingJiangsuChina CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina

SARS-CoV-2 variants could induce immune escape by mutations on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain(NTD).Here we report the humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants,such as 501Y.V2 (B.1.351),of the plasma and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) elicited by CoronaVac (inactivated vaccine),ZF2001 (RBD-subunit vaccine) and natural *** 86 potent NAbs identified by high-throughput single-cell VDJ sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinees and convalescents,near half anti-RBD NAbs showed major neutralization reductions against the K417N/E484K/N501Y mutation combination,with E484K being the dominant ***3-53/VH3-66 recurrent antibodies respond differently to RBD variants,and K417N compromises the majority of neutralizing activity through reduced polar contacts with complementarity determining *** contrast,the 242-244 deletion (242-244A) would abolish most neutralization activity of anti-NTD NAbs by interrupting the conformation of NTD antigenic supersite,indicating a much less diversity of anti-NTD NAbs than anti-RBD *** of convalescents and CoronaVac vaccinees displayed comparable neutralization reductions against pseudo-and authentic 501Y.V2 variants,mainly caused by E484K/N501Y and 242-244△,with the effects being ***,RBD-subunit vaccinees exhibit markedly higher tolerance to 501Y.V2 than convalescents,since the elicited anti-RBD NAbs display a high diversity and are unaffected by NTD ***,an extended gap between the third and second doses of ZF2001 leads to better neutralizing activity and tolerance to 501Y.V2 than the standard three-dose ***,these results suggest that the deployment of RBD-vaccines,through a third-dose boost,may be ideal for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants when necessary,especially for those carrying mutations that disrupt the NTD supersite.

关键词： Cryoelectron microscopy Immunology X-ray crystallography

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Clinical text generation through leveraging medical concept and relations

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Lee, Wangjin Park, Hyeryun Yoon, Jooyoung Kim, Kyeongmo Choi, Jinwook Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering Graduate School Seoul National University Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine Seoul National University

With a neural sequence generation model, this study aims to develop a method of writing the patient clinical texts given a brief medical history. As a proof-of-a-concept, we have demonstrated that it can be workable to use medical concept embedding in clinical text generation. Our model was based on the Sequence-to-Sequence architecture and trained with a large set of de-identified clinical text data. The quantitative result shows that our concept embedding method decreased the perplexity of the baseline architecture. Also, we discuss the analyzed results from a human evaluation performed by medical doctors. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Embeddings

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Serum proteomic approach to identifying differentially expressed proteins in effusive feline infectious peritonitis

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Scientific Reports 2025年第1期15卷 1-12页

作者： Wassamon Moyadee Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn Sittiruk Roytrakul Janthima Jaresitthikunchai Narumon Phaonakrop Kiattawee Choowongkomon Sekkarin Ploypetch Natthasit Tansakul Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology National Science and Technology Development Agency Pathum Thani Thailand Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Science Mahidol University Nakhon Pathom Thailand Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics Graduate School Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal, viral-induced immune-mediated disease that remains a challenge for diagnosis and treatment in cats. Proteomic profiling, which analyzes the protein content of biological samples, offers the potential to identify novel biomarkers that could improve the diagnosis and management of FIP. This study aims to assess the serum proteome and identify proteins that differentiate healthy cats from cats diagnosed with effusive FIP using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A total of 30 cats diagnosed with effusive FIP and 27 clinically normal cats were enrolled. Twenty-three proteins were significantly (p< 0.01, ≥ fivefold change in abundance) differentially expressed between cats with effusive FIP and controls. Among these, the P2X purinoceptor, DNA topoisomerase, Notch receptor 2, and cadherin-17 were identified as key proteins of interest in cats with effusive FIP. Our findings suggest that these differentially expressed proteins could serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for FIP. However, further studies are needed to validate these findings and explore their potential applications.

关键词： Biomarkers Cats Coronavirus Feline infectious peritonitis Proteomics Serum

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Effect modification by cardiovascular and metabolic disease onset on long-term PM2.5 exposure and mortality: a nationwide cohort study

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Scientific Reports 2025年第1期15卷 1-14页

作者： Hyemin Jang Jinah Park Jeongmin Moon Insung Song Ayoung Kim Cinoo Kang Jieun Oh Dohoon Kwon Ho Kim Eun Soo Lee Dongmug Kang Seoyeong Ahn Whanhee Lee Jieun Min Ejin Kim Michelle L. Bell Department of Public Health Sciences Graduate School of Public health Seoul National University Seoul South Korea Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital Yangsan South Korea Department of Preventive and Occupational & Environmental Medicine School of Medicine Pusan National University Yangsan South Korea School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering College of Information and Biomedical Engineering Pusan National University Yangsan South Korea Research and Management Center for Health Risk of Particulate Matter Seoul South Korea Department of Environmental Medicine College of Medicine Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea Institute of Health and Environment Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University Seoul South Korea School of the Environment Yale University New Haven CT USA Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Department of Public Health Sciences Graduate School of Korea University Seoul South Korea

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases–specifically myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal disease, and liver disease–are major public health concerns worldwide. However, studies examining how these diseases modify the relationship between long-term PM2.5exposure and mortality remain scarce. Using a Cox regression model with a population-representative cohort from South Korea, we estimated the modifying effects of six major cardiovascular and metabolic diseases on PM2.5-mortality association in two cohorts: (1) individuals without underlying diseases (NoUD) and (2) those with only hypertension and/or diabetes (HTN/DM). The interaction between PM2.5and each disease onset was used to estimate effect modification, with results presented as relative hazard ratios (RHRs) per 10 µg/m3increase in PM2.5. Among 183,834 subjects, non-accidental deaths occurred in 18.0% of the NoUD (N= 134,584) and 25.7% of the HTN/DM (N= 49,250). In the NoUD cohort, renal disease (RHR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.27–1.97), myocardial infarction (1.41; 1.15–1.73), and liver disease (1.40; 1.25–1.57) significantly modified the effect of PM2.5on mortality. In the HTN/DM cohort, renal disease (1.74; 1.43–2.12), myocardial infarction (1.62; 1.29–2.05), and cerebrovascular disease (1.32; 1.17–1.51) showed higher RHRs. Our findings highlight the importance of consistent and preemptive care for renal disease and myocardial infarction and provide evidence for target-specific interventions to reduce the risk of PM2.5on mortality.

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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome ofSilurus soldatoviin Korean river

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Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2019年第2期4卷 3886-3887页

作者： Md. Jobaidul Alam Mahmoud Aboalyamin Soliman Khalil Kyung Su Kim Sapto Andriyono Chang Geun Choi Hyun-Woo Kim Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea KOICA-PKNU International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science Graduate School of Global Fisheries Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea Gyeongsangnam-do Freshwater Fish Research Center Miryang Republic of Korea Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of KoreaFisheries and Marine Faculty Universitas Airlangga Surabaya Indonesia Department of Ecological Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of KoreaKOICA-PKNU International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science Graduate School of Global Fisheries Pukyong National University Busan Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Biology Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea

The complete mitochondrial genome ofSilurus soldatovifirstly collected from a native Korean river was determined by the bioinformatics assembly of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads. The circular mitogenome was 16,525 bp in length which harbored canonical 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs, which was identical to those of family Siluridae. Twenty-eight genes were located on H strand, whereas the remaining nine genes were on L strand. Except for COX1 gene (GTG), other 12 protein-coding genes were predicted typical start codons (ATG). Among the currently known mitogenome sequences, S. soldatovishowed highest identity (99.38%) to the Chinese haplotype ofS. soldatovi(NC022723) followed by the Chinese haplotype ofSilurus asotus(JX087351). Interestingly, intraspecies variations ofS. asotusare higher than those of interspecies and further study should be made to elucidate the evolutional relationship between twoSilurusspecies.

关键词： Next-generation sequencing Silurus soldatovi mitochondrial genome alien species

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Recent advances in molecularly imprinted polymers toward biomedical healthcare devices

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Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2025年

作者： Youngjun Seo Yonghwan Kim Jaeheung Kim Hyo Gi Jung Jae Won Jang Hyunji Kim Kyo Seon Hwang Dongtak Lee Sang Won Lee Jeong Hoon Lee Dae Sung Yoon School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea Department of Bioengineering & Nano-bioengineering Research Center for Bio Materials and Process Development Incheon National University Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea Division of Bioengineering Incheon National University Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los Angeles CA 90064 USA KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea Department of Integrative Energy Engineering College of Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea Astrion Inc Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea

Following the increase in the global aging population, the importance of monitoring various disease-related biomarkers at an early stage has increased to ensure the health of the elderly. In an aging society, point-of-care (POC) systems are needed to care for elderly people who have physical and mental disorders. In light of the increasing prominence of POC systems, there is a growing effort to address the limitations associated with conventional receptors in wearable devices by substituting them with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). MIPs are well-known synthetic receptors engineered with specific binding cavities based on the "lock and key" principle. They could be synthesized in various configurations depending on specific types of monomers and templates. Compared to conventional receptors such as antibodies and aptamers, MIPs exhibit outstanding advantages, including good stability, cost-effectiveness, ease of synthesis, reusability, and broad applicability. These advantages have led to their extensive application in biomedical healthcare devices. This review summarizes a comparative analysis of sensors utilized for the detection of disease-specific biomarkers through diverse MIP applications and methodologies. Furthermore, we evaluated recent advancements in the miniaturization of MIPs and their integration with wearable biomedical devices for comprehensive healthcare monitoring applications. Finally, we delineated the existing limitations that need to be surmounted for the effective implementation of MIP-based biomedical devices and outlined future objectives for the enhancement of wearable and wireless biomedical healthcare monitoring devices.

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Author Correction: Predicting the efficiency of prime editing guide RNAs in human cells

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Nature biotechnology 2024年第3期42卷 529页

作者： Hui Kwon Kim Goosang Yu Jinman Park Seonwoo Min Sungtae Lee Sungroh Yoon Hyongbum Henry Kim Department of Pharmacology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea. Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME) Advanced Science Institute Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea. Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea. Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea. Graduate School of Data Science Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea. Department of Pharmacology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. hkim1@yuhs.ac. Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. hkim1@yuhs.ac. Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea. hkim1@yuhs.ac. Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME) Advanced Science Institute Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea. hkim1@yuhs.ac. Severance Biomedical Science Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. hkim1@yuhs.ac. Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea. hkim1@yuhs.ac.

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A disordered linker in the Polycomb protein Polyhomeotic tunes phase separation and oligomerization

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Molecular Cell 2025年

作者： Tim M. Gemeinhardt Roshan M. Regy Tien M. Phan Nanu Pal Jyoti Sharma Olga Senkovich Andrea J. Mendiola Heather J. Ledterman Amy Henrickson Daniel Lopes Utkarsh Kapoor Ashish Bihani Djamouna Sihou Young C. Kim David Jeruzalmi Borries Demeler Chongwoo A. Kim Jeetain Mittal Nicole J. Francis Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM) Montreal QC Canada Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal QC Canada Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Montreal Montreal QC Canada Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Midwestern University Glendale AZ USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry City College of New York New York NY USA Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA Center for Materials Physics and Technology Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC USA Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA Ph.D. Program in Biology The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA Ph.D. Program in Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Montana Missoula MT USA Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX USA Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Biomolecular condensates are increasingly recognized as key regulators of chromatin organization, yet how their formation and properties arise from protein sequences remains incompletely understood. Cross-species comparisons can reveal both conserved functions and significant evolutionary differences. Here, we integrate in vitro reconstitution, molecular dynamics simulations, and cell-based assays to examine how Drosophila and human variants of Polyhomeotic (Ph)—a subunit of the PRC1 chromatin regulatory complex—drive condensate formation through their sterile alpha motif (SAM) oligomerization domains. We identify divergent interactions between SAM and the disordered linker connecting it to the rest of Ph. These interactions enhance oligomerization and modulate both the formation and properties of reconstituted condensates. Oligomerization influences condensate dynamics but minimally impacts condensate formation. Linker-SAM interactions also affect condensate formation in Drosophila and human cells and growth in Drosophila imaginal discs. Our findings show how evolutionary changes in disordered linkers can fine-tune condensate properties, providing insights into sequence-function relationships.

关键词： sterile alpha motif oligomerization molecular dynamics simulations phase separation gene regulation Polycomb intrinsically disordered regions biomolecular condensates analytical ultracentrifugation biochemistry CRISPR Drosophila

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Towards optimal design of patient isolation units in emergency rooms to prevent airborne virus transmission: From computational fluid dynamics to data-driven modeling

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Computers in Biology and Medicine 2024年 173卷 108309-108309页

作者： Lee, Jong Hyeon Shim, Jae Woo Lim, Min Hyuk Baek, Changhoon Jeon, Byoungjun Cho, Minwoo Park, Sungwoo Choi, Dong Hyun Kim, Byeong Soo Yoon, Dan Kim, Young Gyun Cho, Seung Yeon Lee, Kyung-Min Yeo, Myoung-Souk Zo, Hangman Shin, Sang Do Kim, Sungwan Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering Graduate School Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul Korea Republic of 50 UNIST-gil Eonyang-eup Ulju-gun Ulsan Korea Republic of 50 UNIST-gil Eonyang-eup Ulju-gun Ulsan Korea Republic of Department of Transdisciplinary Medicine Seoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute Seoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Medical Research Center Seoul National University 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Office of Hospital Information Seoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Biomedical Engineering Seoul National University College of Medicine 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of International Vaccine Institute 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering Seoul National University College of Engineering 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Laboratory of Emergency Medical Services Biomedical Research Institute Seoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Emergency Medicine Seoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Emergency Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Institute of Bioengineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Artificial Intelligence Institute Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul Korea Republic of

Background: Patient isolation units (PIUs) can be an effective method for effective infection control. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is commonly used for PIU design;however, optimizing this design requires extensive computational resources. Our study aims to provide data-driven models to determine the PIU settings, thereby promoting a more rapid design process. Method: Using CFD simulations, we evaluated various PIU parameters and room conditions to assess the impact of PIU installation on ventilation and isolation. We investigated particle dispersion from coughing subjects and airflow patterns. Machine-learning models were trained using CFD simulation data to estimate the performance and identify significant parameters. Results: Physical isolation alone was insufficient to prevent the dispersion of smaller particles. However, a properly installed fan filter unit (FFU) generally enhanced the effectiveness of physical isolation. Ventilation and isolation performance under various conditions were predicted with a mean absolute percentage error of within 13%. The position of the FFU was found to be the most important factor affecting the PIU performance. Conclusion: Data-driven modeling based on CFD simulations can expedite the PIU design process by offering predictive capabilities and clarifying important performance factors. Reducing the time required to design a PIU is critical when a rapid response is required. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： COVID-19

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Multivalent‐Interaction‐Driven Assembly of Discrete, Flexible, and Asymmetric Supramolecular Protein Nano‐Prisms

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Angewandte Chemie 2020年第51期132卷 23444-23451页

作者： Suyeong Han Dr. Yu‐na Kim Gyunghee Jo Dr. Young Eun Kim Prof. Dr. Ho Min Kim Dr. Jeong‐Mo Choi Prof. Dr. Yongwon Jung Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea These authors contributed equally to this work. Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34126 Korea Natural Science Research Institute KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea Department of Chemistry Busan National University Busan 46241 Korea

Multivalent interactions between protein‐oligomer‐fused binding pairs allowed highly monodisperse assembly of two protein oligomers, where spacing between oligomers can be widely varied. Two different oligomers or three oligomers can also be discretely assembled into protein layer structures via this *** approaches to design monodisperse protein assemblies require rigid, tight, and symmetric interactions between oligomeric protein units. Herein, we introduce a new multivalent‐interaction‐driven assembly strategy that allows flexible, spaced, and asymmetric assembly between protein oligomers. We discovered that two polygonal protein oligomers (ranging from triangle to hexagon) dominantly form a discrete and stable two‐layered protein prism nanostructure via multivalent interactions between fused binding pairs. We demonstrated that protein nano‐prisms with long flexible peptide linkers (over 80 amino acids) between protein oligomer layers could be discretely formed. Oligomers with different structures could also be monodispersely assembled into two‐layered but asymmetric protein nano‐prisms. Furthermore, producing higher‐order architectures with multiple oligomer layers, for example, 3‐layered nano‐prisms or nanotubes, was also *** a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the *** note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

关键词： multivalent interaction protein assembly protein design protein engineering protein–protein interactions

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