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Surface modification of alginate sponge using tannic acid and dodecanethiol for diesel oil spill separation from water

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2025年

作者： Ronald Wijaya Kuan-Chen Cheng Shella Permatasari Santoso Shin-Ping Lin Jindrayani Nyoo Putro Jenni Lie Chang-Wei Hsieh Hsien-Yi Hsu Alchris Woo Go Artik Elisa Angkawijaya Chemical Engineering Department National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 10607 Taiwan Institute of Biotechnology National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4 Taipei 10617 Taiwan Department of Optometry Asia University 500 Lioufeng Rd. Wufeng Taichung 41354 Taiwan Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd. Taichung 40402 Taiwan Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University No.1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan Dept of Food Science Fu Jen Catholic University 24205 New Taipei City Taiwan Chemical Engineering Department Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University Surabaya 60114 East Java Indonesia Chemical Engineering Master Program Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University Kalijudan 37 Surabaya 60114 Indonesia Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University Jl. Kalijudan 37 Surabaya 60114 East Java Indonesia School of Food Safety Taipei Medical University 250 Wu-Hsing Street Taipei 11031 Taiwan TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine Taipei Medical University 250 Wu-Hsing Street Taipei 11031 Taiwan Research Center of Biomedical Device Taipei Medical University 250 Wu-Hsing Street Taipei 11031 Taiwan Department of Food Science and Biotechnology National Chung Hsing University South Dist Taichung City 40227 Taiwan Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital North Dist Taichung City 404333 Taiwan School of Energy and Environment Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong 518057 Hong Kong China Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518057 Hong Kong China Department of Chemical Engineering University of Ulsan 93 Daehak-ro Nam-gu Ulsan 44610 Republic of Korea Center for Sustainable Resource Science RIKEN Yokohama 230-0045 Japan

An environmentally friendly absorbent sponge was successfully developed for diesel spill remediation via alginate polymer crosslinking followed by surface modification using tannic acid and dodecanethiol (TA/Do). The optimal sponge was obtained with a 3 h crosslinking duration, achieving a balance between absorption performance and structural durability, while longer crosslinking times led to increased density and reduced efficiency. Surface modification imparted hydrophobicity to the alginate sponge, confirmed by a water contact angle of 120.2°, and the successful incorporation of TA/Do was confirmed from FTIR and XPS analysis. The modified sponge (AA-3-TA/Do) exhibited a diesel absorption capacity of 17.54 g/g—a 36 % increase over the unmodified form—and retained ~90 % of this capacity after 34 absorption–desorption cycles. Kinetic modeling showed that diesel was rapidly absorbed during early contact, with faster uptake than water. A cytotoxicity assay confirmed its non-toxic nature, indicating environmental compatibility. This study demonstrates that a simple, scalable modification using accessible materials can significantly enhance oil sorbent performance without requiring complex techniques or hazardous reagents.

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Peripheral pulse harmonic analysis and its clinical application: A systematic review

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Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2024年第2期14卷 223-236页

作者： Hsiao, Kun-Yuan Kang, Jiunn-Horng Wu, Yeong-Shing Chang, Hen-Hong Yang, Cheng-Ta Institute of Allied Health Sciences National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan Department of Chinese Medicine Cishan Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Kaohsiung Taiwan Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei Taiwan Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine College of Chinese Medicine and Chinese Medicine Research Center China Medical University Taichung Taiwan Department of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan Department of Psychology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan Graduate Institute of Mind Brain and Consciousness Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Graduate Institute of Health and Biotechnology Law Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan

Introduction: Pulse harmonic analysis is a quantitative and objective methodology within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to evaluate pulse characteristics. However, interpreting pulse wave data is challenging due to its inherent complexity. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review and comparison of existing human pulse wave harmonic analysis methods to elucidate their patterns and characteristics. Methods: A systematic review of clinical research reports published from 1990 to 2021 was conducted, focusing on variations in harmonic characteristics across different medical conditions and physiological states. Keyword searches included terms related to analysis methods (e.g., “Pulse Spectrum,” "harmonic analysis," “harmonic index”) and measured indicators (e.g., “vascular response,” "PPG," “Photoplethysmography,” "aortic," “arterial,” "blood pressure"). Supplementary research using PubMed's Mesh terms specifically targeted “Pulse wave analysis” within the methods and statistical analysis domain. Articles were filtered based on predefined criteria, including human participants and research related to pulse pressure or vascular volume changes. Conference papers, animal studies, and irrelevant research were excluded, with literature evaluation scales selected based on the retrieved research reports. Results: Initially, 6487 research reports were identified, and after screening, 50 reports were included in the review. The analysis revealed that low-frequency harmonics increase following vigorous activity or sympathetic excitation but decrease during rest or parasympathetic excitation. Cardiovascular patients exhibited elevated first harmonics associated with the liver meridian, while diabetes patients displayed weakened third harmonics related to the spleen meridian. Liver dysfunction was linked to changes in the first harmonic, and cancer patients showed signs of liver and kidney yin deficiency in the first and second harmonics. These findings underscore

关键词： Diagnostic tools Harmonic characteristics Pulse diagnosis Pulse harmonic analysis Traditional Chinese medicine

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Facilitating light utilization and electron transfer of TiO2 nanotube arrays for catalyzing photoelectrochemical water reduction via acid etching and copper doping

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Materials Today Chemistry 2023年 34卷

作者： Hsu, Chuan-Chih Kubendhiran, Subbiramaniyan Lai, Jhih-Hong Saukani, Muhammad Yougbaré, Sibidou Chen, Hung-Ming Hsiao, Yu-Cheng Wu, Yung-Fu Lin, Lu-Yin Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Surgery School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taiwan Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Surgery Taipei Medical University Hospital Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas Islam Kalimantan MAB Jl. Adhyaksa No. 2 Banjarmasin70124 Indonesia /Nanoro 03 B.P 7192 03 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Gingen Technology Co. LTD Rm. 7 10F. No.189 Sec. 2 Keelung Rd. Xinyi Dist. Taipei11054 Taiwan Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei11696 Taiwan International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign Stanford University CA94305-5428 United States Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City24301 Taiwan

Photoelectrochemical catalytic capability mainly relies on light absorption and charge transfer efficiency. TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) having suitable band edges and one-dimensional hollow structure is regarded as one of efficient photoelectrocatalysts toward water reduction. In this study, two strategies are firstly applied to modify TNA as the photocatalyst of water reduction. Ti foils are etched by acid to produce multiple light reflections planes for improving light absorption, and Cu is doped in TNA to enhance charge transfer efficiency. The optimal Cu-doped TNA electrode on the acid-etched Ti foil presents a much smaller overpotential of 91 mV at 10 mA/cm2 compared with that of the undoped TNA (524 mV). A smaller Tafel slope of 134 mV/dec is obtained for the optimal Cu-doped TNA electrode than that of the undoped TNA (167 mV/dec). After measuring the photoelectrochemical performance for 1000 cycles, overpotential and charge-transfer resistance of modified TNA are largely reduced owing to activation. Current retention of 96.7% is achieved after continuously illuminating for 10 h. Highly improved photoelectrochemical catalytic ability of TNA modified by acid etching and Cu doping provides new pages for material modifications on substrate and active material. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Light absorption

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O-GlcNAc modification of leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 integrates leucine and glucose availability to regulate mTORC1 and the metabolic fate of leucine (vol 13, 2904, 2022)

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第1期13卷 1-19页

作者： Kim, Kibum Yoo, Hee Chan Kim, Byung Gyu Kim, Sulhee Sung, Yulseung Yoon, Ina Yu, Ya Chun Park, Seung Joon Kim, Jong Hyun Myung, Kyungjae Hwang, Kwang Yeon Kim, Sunghoon Han, Jung Min Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon 21983 South Korea POSTECH Biotech Center Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center Yonsei University Incheon 21983 South Korea College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital Yonsei University Seoul 06273 South Korea Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science Ulsan 44919 South Korea Department of Biomedical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 South Korea Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine Catholic University of Daegu Daegu 42472 South Korea

All living organisms have the ability to sense nutrient levels to coordinate cellular metabolism. Despite the importance of nutrient-sensing pathways that detect the levels of amino acids and glucose, how the availability of these two types of nutrients is integrated is unclear. Here, we show that glucose availability regulates the central nutrient effector mTORC1 through intracellular leucine sensor leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (LARS1). Glucose starvation results inO-GlcNAcylation of LARS1 on residue S1042. This modification inhibits the interaction of LARS1 with RagD GTPase and reduces the affinity of LARS1 for leucine by promoting phosphorylation of its leucine-binding site by the autophagy-activating kinase ULK1, decreasing mTORC1 activity. The lack of LARS1O-GlcNAcylation constitutively activates mTORC1, supporting its ability to sense leucine, and deregulates protein synthesis and leucine catabolism under glucose starvation. This work demonstrates that LARS1 integrates leucine and glucose availability to regulate mTORC1 and the metabolic fate of leucine.

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Polar transform network for prostate ultrasound segmentation with uncertainty estimation

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Medical Image Analysis 2022年 78卷 102418页

作者： Xu, Xuanang Sanford, Thomas Turkbey, Baris Xu, Sheng Wood, Bradford J. Yan, Pingkun Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TroyNY12180 United States Department of Urology The State University of New York Upstate Medical University SyracuseNY13210 United States Molecular Imaging Program National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20892 United States Center for Interventional Oncology Radiology & Imaging Sciences at National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20892 United States

Automatic and accurate prostate ultrasound segmentation is a long-standing and challenging problem due to the severe noise and ambiguous/missing prostate boundaries. In this work, we propose a novel polar transform network (PTN) to handle this problem from a fundamentally new perspective, where the prostate is represented and segmented in the polar coordinate space rather than the original image grid space. This new representation gives a prostate volume, especially the most challenging apex and base sub-areas, much denser samples than the background and thus facilitate the learning of discriminative features for accurate prostate segmentation. Moreover, in the polar representation, the prostate surface can be efficiently parameterized using a 2D surface radius map with respect to a centroid coordinate, which allows the proposed PTN to obtain superior accuracy compared with its counterparts using convolutional neural networks while having significantly fewer (18%∼41%) trainable parameters. We also equip our PTN with a novel strategy of centroid perturbed test-time augmentation (CPTTA), which is designed to further improve the segmentation accuracy and quantitatively assess the model uncertainty at the same time. The uncertainty estimation function provides valuable feedback to clinicians when manual modifications or approvals are required for the segmentation, substantially improving the clinical significance of our work. We conduct a three-fold cross validation on a clinical dataset consisting of 315 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results show that our proposed PTN with CPTTA outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with statistical significance on most of the metrics while exhibiting a much smaller model size. Source code of the proposed PTN is released at https://***/DIAL-RPI/PTN. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Image segmentation

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Mutational signatures and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma and Lambda variants

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Oróstica, Karen Y. Contreras, Sebastian Mohr, Sebastian B. Dehning, Jonas Bauer, Simon Medina-Ortiz, David Iftekhar, Emil N. Mujica, Karen Covarrubias, Paulo C. Ulloa, Soledad Castillo, Andrés E. Verdugo, Ricardo A. Fernández, Jorge Olivera-Nappa, Álvaro Priesemann, Viola Santiago Chile Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Am Faßberg 17 Göttingen37077 Germany Department of Chemical Engineering Biotechnology and Materials Universidad de Chile Beauchef 851 Santiago8370448 Chile Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering Universidad de Chile Beauchef 851 Santiago8370456 Chile Human Genetics Program Institute of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 Göttingen37077 Germany

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern endangers the long-term control of COVID-19, especially in countries with limited genomic surveillance. In this work, we explored genomic drivers of contagion in Chile. We sequenced 3443 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between January and July 2021, where the Gamma (P.1), Lambda (C.37), Alpha (B.1.1.7), B.1.1.348, and B.1.1 lineages were predominant. Using a Bayesian model tailored for limited genomic surveillance, we found that Lambda and Gamma variants’ reproduction numbers were about 5% and 16% larger than Alpha’s, respectively. We observed an overabundance of mutations in the Spike gene, strongly correlated with the variant’s transmissibility. Furthermore, the variants’ mutational signatures featured a breakpoint concurrent with the beginning of vaccination (mostly CoronaVac, an inactivated virus vaccine), indicating an additional putative selective pressure. Thus, our work provides a reliable method for quantifying novel variants’ transmissibility under subsampling (as newly-reported Delta, B.1.617.2) and highlights the importance of continuous genomic surveillance. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： SARS

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Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Degradation of Polyurethane Foams with Tunable Degradation Rates

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Vakil, Anand Utpal Petryk, Natalie Marie Du, Changling Howes, Bryanna Stinfort, Darnelle Serinelli, Serenella Gitto, Lorenzo Ramezani, Maryam Beaman, Henry T. Monroe, Mary Beth Browning Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Syracuse Biomaterials Institute BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Material and Living Systems Syracuse University SyracuseNY13244 United States Department of Chemistry Lemoyne College SyracuseNY United States Biotechnology Program Syracuse University SyracuseNY13244 United States SUNY Upstate Medical University 8718 750 East Adams Street SyracuseNY13210 United States

Polyurethane foams present a highly tunable biomaterial platform with potential for use in a range of regenerative medicine applications. Achieving a balance between scaffold degradation rates and tissue ingrowth is vital for successful wound healing in tissue engineering, and significant in vivo testing is required to understand these processes. Selection of promising polymer formulations for testing in appropriate models is essential, and vigorous in vitro testing can minimize the number of animals that are required to gather reliable data. However, it is difficult to accurately select in vitro degradation conditions that can effectively mimic in vivo results. To that end, we performed a comprehensive in vitro assessment of the degradation of porous shape memory polyurethane foams with tunable degradation rates using varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to identify the medium that closely mimics measured in vivo degradation rates. Material degradation was studied over 12 weeks in vitro in 1, 2, or 3% hydrogen peroxide and in vivo in subcutaneous pockets in Sprague Dawley rats. We found that the in vitro degradation conditions that best predicted in vivo degradation rates varied based on the number of mechanisms by which the polymer degraded and the polymer hydrophilicity. Namely, more hydrophilic materials that degrade by both hydrolysis and oxidation require lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (1%) to mimic in vivo rates, while more hydrophobic scaffolds that degrade by oxidation alone require higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (3%) to model in vivo degradation. This information can be used to rationally select in vitro degradation conditions that accurately identify in vivo degradation rates prior to characterization in an animal model. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Oxidation

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Multimodal imaging of the mouse eye using visible light photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy and near-infrared-II optical coherence tomography

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Haindl, Richard Bellemo, Valentina Rajendran, Praveenbalaji Tan, Bingyao Liu, Mengyang Zhou, Qifa Leitgeb, Rainer A. Drexler, Wolfgang Schmetterer, Leopold Pramanik, Manojit School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore Singapore Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L Vienna Austria Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore Program Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States University of Southern California Department of Biomedical Engineering Los AngelesCA90033 United States Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program Duke-NUS Medical School National University of Singapore Singapore Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel Switzerland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University AmesIA50011 United States

Non-invasive imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing and studying eye diseases. However, existing photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) techniques in mice have limitations due to handling restrictions, suboptimal optical properties, limited availability of light sources and permissible light fluence at the retina. This study introduces an innovative approach that utilizes Rose Bengal, a contrast agent, to enhance PAOM contrast. This enables visualization of deeper structures like the choroidal microvasculature and sclera in the mouse eye using visible light. The integration of near-infrared-II optical coherence tomography (NIR-II OCT) provides additional tissue contrast and insights into potential NIR-II PAOM capabilities. To optimize imaging, we developed a cost-effective 3D printable mouse eye phantom and a fully 3D printable tip/tilt mouse platform. This solution elevates PAOM to a user-friendly technology, which can be used to address pressing research questions concerning several ocular diseases such as myopia, glaucoma and/or age-related macular degeneration in the future. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Optical tomography

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Caco-2 Cell-Derived Biomimetic Electrochemical Biosensor for Cholera Toxin Detection

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Kim, Yonghwan Lee, Dongtak Seo, Youngjun Jung, Hyo Gi Jang, Jae Won Park, Dongsung Kim, Insu Lee, Gyudo Hwang, Kyo Seon Kim, Seung-Hyun Lee, Sang Won Lee, Jeong Hoon Yoon, Dae Sung School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul02841 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul02841 Korea Republic of Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul02447 Korea Republic of Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Korea University Sejong30019 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology Korea University Sejong30019 Korea Republic of School of Engineering Brown University ProvidenceRI02912 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California IrvineCA92697 United States Department of Electrical Engineering Kwangwoon University Seoul01897 Korea Republic of Astrion Inc Seoul02841 Korea Republic of

Cholera is a highly contagious and lethal waterborne disease induced by an infection with Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) secreting cholera toxin (CTx). Cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) from the CTx specifically binds with monosialo-tetra-hexosyl-ganglioside (GM1) found on the exterior cell membrane of an enterocyte. Owing to the pathological process of CTx, a biomimetic electrochemical biosensor (CCB) was developed by applying GM1-expressing Caco-2 cell membrane (CCM) on the electrode surface of the biosensor for CTx detection. Briefly, the electrode surface was functionalized with CCM using the vesicle fusion method. The specific binding between GM1 and CTxB on the electrode surface was verified using confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The CTxB detection performances of the CCB, including sensitivity, selectivity, and long-term stability, were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the results, the CCB had an excellent limit of detection of ~11.46 nM and a detection range spanning 100 ng/mL - 1 mg/mL. Further, the CCB had high selectivity for the CTxB compared to different interfering molecules, which are abundant constituents of intestinal fluid and fecal matter in the human body. The long-term stability of the CCBs was also verified for 3 weeks using EIS. Overall, the CCB was found to have an excellent potential for application to point-of-care and cost-effective testing for CTxB detection in developing countries. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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Overall mortality risk analysis for rectal cancer using deep learning-based fuzzy systems

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Computers in Biology and Medicine 2023年 157卷 106706-106706页

作者： Yang, Cheng-Hong Chen, Wen-Ching Chen, Jin-Bor Huang, Hsiu-Chen Chuang, Li-Yeh Department of Information Management Tainan University of Technology Tainan Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan School of Dentistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine Kaohsiung Taiwan Department of Community Health Chia-Yi Christian Hospital Chia-Yi City Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering & Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering I-Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with an increasing incidence rate in developing countries. Integration of genetic information with cancer therapy guidance has shown promise in cancer treatment, indicating its potential as an essential tool in translation oncology. However, the high-throughput analysis and variability of genomic data poses a major challenge to conventional analytic approaches. In this study, we propose an advanced analytic approach, named "Fuzzy-based RNNCoxPH," incorporated fuzzy logic, recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and Cox proportional hazards regression (CoxPH) for detecting missense variants associated with high-risk of all-cause mortality in rectum adenocarcinoma. The test data set was downloaded from "Rectum adenocarcinoma, TCGA-READ" the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) portal. In this study, four model-based risk score models were derived using RNN, CoxPH, RNNCoxPHAddition, and RNNCoxPHMultiplication. The RNNCoxPHAddition and RNNCoxPHMultiplication models were obtained as the sum and product of the RNN risk degree matrix and the CoxPH risk degree matrix, respectively. Moreover, the fuzzy logic system was used to calculate the survival risk values of missense variants and classified their membership grade to improve the identification of high-risk gene variation locations associated with cancer mortality. The four models were integrated to develop an advanced risk estimation model. There were 20 028 variants associated with survival status, amongst 17 638 variants were associated with survival and 2390 variants associated with mortality. The proposed Fuzzy-based RNNCoxPH model obtained a balanced accuracy of 93.7%, which was significantly higher than that of the other four test methods. In particular, the CoxPH model is commonly used in medical researches and the XGBoost model is famous for its high accuracy in machine learning. The results suggest that the Fuzzy-based RNNCoxPH model exhibits a higher efficacy

关键词： Fuzzy logic

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