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SSRN 2022年

作者： Lin, Hung-Yun Luo, Ka-Long Mao, Ju-Yi Lin, Chin-Jung Wang, Chen-Yow Panny, Lauren Chen, Shiow-Yi Lin, Shih-Chao Huang, Chih-Ching Harroun, Scott G. Wang, Robert Y.L. Wu, Chang-Jer Center of Excellence for the Oceans National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan Department of Food Science National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University BlacksburgVA24061 United States Bachelor's Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan School of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung80708 Taiwan Department of Engineering Physics Polytechnique Montréal MontréalQCH3T 1J4 Canada Division of Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan33302 Taiwan Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology Asia University Taichung41354 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung80708 Taiwan

Pandemic outbreaks of H1N1 infections are frequently reported around the world. Despite the availability of influenza remedies, the high tendency for influenza virus to mutate can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Additionally, the adverse effects of current anti-flu drugs that can occur for some patients, such as potential psychiatric problems caused by oseltamivir, have led some countries to implement restrictions on the use of these drugs. In response to the urgent demand to explore and design novel antivirals, we have developed potent anti-flu materials derived from alginate (Alg) of seaweeds. Preparation involves a mixture of sodium alginate with ammonia sulfite (AS) in a one-step pyrolytic reaction, which forms carbonized nanogels (CNGs). We have characterized the chemical and physical properties of these Alg@AS CNGs, validated the anti-flu activity in vitro and in vivo, and explored the underlying mechanisms that Alg@AS CNGs could exert. Our results indicate that the Alg@AS CNGs have abundant sulfite/sulfate surface moieties, and that they have high biocompatibility and remarkable viral suppression properties against H1N1. The viral suppression of Alg@AS CNGs was shown to be superior to other sulfated polysaccharides, such as fucoidan, carrageenan, and chondroitin sulfate. The administration of Alg@AS CNGs to H1N1-infected cells and mice resulted in higher cellular viabilities and mouse survival rates, respectively. Improved pathological indices were observed in lung sections, which showed substantially reduced gene expression of inflammatory mediators in tissues upon Alg@AS CNG treatment. We further showed that the Alg@AS CNGs could inhibit H1N1 infection by binding to viral particles and lowering the oxidative stress in cells. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanogels

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CoAl2O4 nanoparticles modified carbon nanofibers as high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalyst: An efficient electrochemical aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors and non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors

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Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2023年 931卷

作者： Chinnapaiyan, Sathishkumar Das, Himadri Tanaya Chen, Shen-Ming Govindasamy, Mani Alshgari, Razan A. Fan, Chi-Hsuan Huang, Chi-Hsien Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei10608 Taiwan Centre for Advanced Materials and Applications Utkal University Vani vihar Odisha Bhubaneswar751004 India Department of Materials Engineering Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan Chemistry Department College of Science King Saud University Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Korea University of Technology and Education Chungcheongnam-do Cheonan-si31253 Korea Republic of Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan33378 Taiwan Research Center for Intelligent Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan

The thriving energy demand of the gradually increasing population and modernized life style requires development in energy storage devices for usage in commercial electronic devices. In this particular work, we have explored electrochemical performances of bimetallic oxide CoAl2O4 and tuned its performance by decorating it on the carbon nanofibers. The CoAl2O4/CNFs are synthesized by deep eutectic solvents based hydrothermal method. The synthesized CoAl2O4 nanoparticle was found electrochemically active and the incorporation of CNFs end up boosting, its electrochemical performances as battery-type electrode. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by various techniques. The electrochemically active CoAl2O4/CNFs exhibited 2.2-fold higher charge storage capacity than CoAl2O4. The CoAl2O4/CNFs exhibited specific capacity as high as 132 C/g at a constant applied current density of 1 A/g in 1 M KOH. The asymmetric device fabricated with CoAl2O4/CNFs electrodes exhibited excellent energy density of 20 Wh/kg at power density of 3000 W/kg. The CoAl2O4/CNFs electrode long-term stability has been minutely observed;the high Coulombic efficiency of 90% and high rate of capacity retention 95 %. In this work, an enzyme-free electrochemical sensor based on CoAl2O4/CNFs composite was developed for the detection of luteolin (LUT). Further modification of CoAl2O4/CNFs composite can improve the high surface area and catalytic capability of the composites. Under the optimal detection conditions, the prepared sensor has good linearity in the detection of LUT within range 30 nM − 73.5 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0124 μM (12.4 nM). The stability and selectivity of the sensor is high, and can be used to detect LUT in various real samples. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Electrochemical sensors

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Comparative effectiveness of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the management of knee osteoarthritis:A meta-analysis

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2023年第1期14卷 23-41页

作者： Sathish Muthu Sandesh C Patil Naveen Jeyaraman Madhan Jeyaraman Prakash Gangadaran Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran Eun Jung Oh Manish Khanna Ho Yun Chung Byeong-Cheol Ahn Department of Orthopaedics Government Medical College and HospitalDindigul 624001Tamil NaduIndia Department of Biotechnology School of Engineering and TechnologySharda UniversityGreater Noida 201310Uttar PradeshIndia Jeyaraman Research AssociateOrthopaedic Research GroupCoimbatore 641045Tamil NaduIndia Indian Stem Cell Study Group Association Lucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia Department of Orthopaedic Rheumatology Dr.RML National Law UniversityLucknow 226012Uttar PradeshIndia ACS Medical College&Hospital Dr MGR Educational and Research InstituteChennai 600056Tamil NaduIndia BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents Department of Biomedical SciencesSchool of MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaegu 41944South Korea Department of Nuclear Medicine School of MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaegu 41944South Korea Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery CMRIKyungpook National UniversityKyungpook National University HospitalDaegu 41944South Korea Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery School of MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaegu 41944South Korea Department of Nuclear Medicine Kyungpook National University HospitalDaegu 41944South Korea

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis(OA)is the most common joint disorder,is associated with an increasing socioeconomic impact owing to the ageing *** To analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells(BM-MSCs)and adipose tissue-derived MSCs(AD-MSCs)in knee OA management from published randomized controlled trials(RCTs).METHODS Independent and duplicate electronic database searches were performed,including PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library,until August 2021 for RCTs that analyzed the efficacy and safety of AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs in the management of knee *** visual analog scale(VAS)score for pain,Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC),Lysholm score,Tegner score,magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue score,knee osteoarthritis outcome score(KOOS),and adverse events were *** was performed on the R-platform using OpenMeta(Analyst)***-one studies,involving 936 patients,were *** one study compared the two MSC sources without patient randomization;hence,the results of all included studies from both sources were pooled,and a comparative critical analysis was *** At six months,both AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs showed significant VAS improvement(P=0.015,P=0.012);this was inconsistent at 1 year for BM-MSCs(P<0.001,P=0.539),and AD-MSCs outperformed BM-MSCs compared to controls in measures such as WOMAC(P<0.001,P=0.541),Lysholm scores(P=0.006;P=0.933),and KOOS(P=0.002;P=0.012).BM-MSC-related procedures caused significant adverse events(P=0.003)compared to AD-MSCs(P=0.673).CONCLUSION Adipose tissue is superior to bone marrow because of its safety and consistent efficacy in improving pain and functional *** trials are urgently warranted to validate our findings and reach a consensus on the ideal source of MSCs for managing knee OA.

关键词： Mesenchymal stromal cell Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cell Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cell Cartilage regeneration Knee osteoarthritis Meta-analysis Efficacy Safety

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Pioneering Astaxanthin-Tumor Cell Membrane Nanoparticles for Innovative Targeted Drug Delivery on Melanoma

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International journal of nanomedicine 2024年 19卷 2395-2407页

作者： Jui-Jen Chang Yi-Chen Wang Shu-Hui Yang Ju-Yu Wu Ming-Wei Chang Hui-Min David Wang Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung 40447 Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine China Medical University Taichung 40447 Taiwan. Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Kaohsiung City 802 Taiwan. Institute of Medical Science and Technology National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan. Bachelor Program of Biotechnology National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan. Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan. Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre University of Ulster Belfast BT15 1AB Northern Ireland UK. Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology China Medical University Taichung 404 Taiwan. Center of Applied Nanomedicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan.

Background:Recently, the use of the tumor or its secretions as drug carriers has gradually become popular, with the advantages of high biocompatibility and enhanced drug delivery to specific cells. Melanoma is the most malignant tumor of all skin cancers; it is the most metastatic and, therefore, the most difficult to treat. The main purpose of this study is to develop nanovesicles with tumor cell membrane secretion properties to encapsulate target substances to enhance the therapeutic effect of cancer. Methods:Astaxanthin was selected as an anticancer drug due to our previous research finding that astaxanthin has extremely high antioxidant, anti-ultraviolet damage, and anti-tumor properties. The manufacturing method of the astaxanthin nanovesicle carrier is to mix melanoma cells and astaxanthin in an appropriate ratio and then remove the genetic material and inflammatory factors of cancer cells by extrusion. Results:In terms of results, after the co-culture of astaxanthin nanovesicles and melanoma cancer cells, it was confirmed that the ability of astaxanthin nanovesicles to inhibit the growth and metastasis of melanoma cancer cells was significantly better than the same amount of astaxanthin alone, and it had no effect on normal Human cells are also effective. There was no apparent harm on normal cells, indicating the ability of the vesicles to be selectively transported. Conclusion:Our findings illustrated the potential of astaxanthin nanovesicles as an anticancer drug.

关键词： astaxanthin melanoma nanoparticle

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Polyvinyl chloride microplastics and drought co-exposure alter rice growth by affecting metabolomics and proteomics

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Science of the Total Environment 2024年 955卷 177002页

作者： Khan, Kiran Yasmin Ali, Barkat Ghani, Hafiz Usman Cui, Xiaoqiang Luo, Xiaohan Ali, Zeshan Ahmed, Waqar Tan, Jinglu Lysenko, Vladimir Guo, Ya Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi214122 China Food Science Research Institute National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad44000 Pakistan Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang050000 China School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Waste Utilization Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China Ecotoxicology Research Program Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection National Agriculture Research Center Islamabad44000 Pakistan Department of Biomedical Biological & Chemical Engineering University of Missouri ColumbiaMO65211 United States Southern Federal University Academy of Biology and Biotechnology Rostov-on-Don344041 Russia International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Optical Sensing and Applications at Jiangnan University Wuxi214122 China

Microplastics, interacting with drought stress, have become threat to crops by altering soil environment. Currently, the effect of combined microplastic and drought stress on crop growth remain poorly understood. In this work, the mechanism of multi-stress responses was investigated under the exposure of polvinylchloride microplastic (PV) and drought (D) individually and in combination (DPV) on rice varieties Hanyou73 and Q280 through proteomics and metabolomic analysis. All treatments negatively affect chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, rice grain composition, metabolome and proteomic profiling of both rice varieties. Full rice grain yield was decreased under all treatments except PV treatment in which it was increased in both rice varieties. DPV treatment shows the lowest grain yield and more adverse effects on metabolome by affecting glycerophospholipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Soluble sugar contents were decreased in H73 but in Q280 increased by 159 % under DPV and 123 % in PV treatment, compared to their control group. The results from metabolomics illustrate that glycerophospholipid metabolism is commonly altered in both rice types under all treatments. PV and drought alone and in combination induce extensive alterations in proteomics of rice leaves especially impacting proteins related to binding, translation and photosynthetic process. The results reveal that PV and DPV treatments highly distort the abundance of metabolites and proteins in both rice types, demonstrating that microplastic toxicity effects on rice plants become more severe when combined with drought stress. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Drought Metabolite Polyvinyl chloride microplastic Protein Rice

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Research highlights

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Lab on a Chip 2013年第4期13卷 599-601页

作者： Francesco Piraino João Ribas Mehmet R. Dokmeci Ali Khademhosseini Bioengineering Department Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy Center for Biomedical Engineering Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Biocant-Center of Innovation and Biotechnology 3060-197 Cantanhede Portugal PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology 3004-517 Coimbra Portugal Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA World Premier International – Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR) Tohoku University Sendai 980-8577 Japan

A graphical abstract is available for this content

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Boron carbide decorated tungsten disulfide nanosheet composite for determination of chloramphenicol in food and pharmaceutical samples

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Microchemical Journal 2024年 203卷

作者： Senthilkumar, Dhayanithi Kuo, Chih-Yu Aldossari, Samar A. Govindasamy, Mani Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan Department of Chemistry P. O. Box 2455 College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia Centre for Applied Research Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Tamil Nadu Chennai 602105 India International Ph.D. Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan Research Center for Intelligence Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan

Making the nanocomposites of metal oxides or metal sulfides with carbon source materials has a huge impact on the electrochemical determination of toxic chemicals. To determine the adverse side effects of the antibiotics, electrochemical sensors have been used as they can peek into the sensitivity of the drug sample. This work has done the sensitive amperometric evaluation of a chloramphenicol antibiotic by modifying the electrode of tungsten disulfide decorated boron carbide. Here, tungsten disulfide (WS₂) nanosheets and boron carbide (B₄C) materials were synthesized by conventional methods which give a good amount of yield. The composite was prepared by the green and cost-effective sonochemical approach with good morphology. The conductivity of the nanocomposite and the response to chloramphenicol were determined by cyclic voltammetry. The sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), and the linear range were observed by the highly sensitive amperometric technique. From the amperometric analysis, the prepared nanocomposite shows nominal LOD as a 17.4 nM, a broad linear range (0.025–1134.6 µM), and good sensitivity of 1.52 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻². Practicability of the modified sensor was studied in food and pharmaceutical samples with adequate recovery performances. Moreover, the modified electrode shows good stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and anti-interfering properties against the array of food and biological interferences. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Amperometric technique Antibiotic detection Boron carbide Food quality test Health analysis Tungsten disulfide

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A self-powered multifunctional dressing for active infection prevention and accelerated wound healing

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Science Advances 2023年第4期9卷 eadc8758页

作者： Barman, Snigdha Roy Chan, Shuen-Wen Kao, Fu-Cheng Ho, Hsuan-Yu Khan, Imran Pal, Arnab Huang, Chih-Ching Lin, Zong-Hong Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Spine Section Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan33305 Taiwan College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan33302 Taiwan Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan Center of Excellence for the Oceans National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan School of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung80708 Taiwan Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Biomedical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan

Interruption of the wound healing process due to pathogenic infection remains a major health care challenge. The existing methods for wound management require power sources that hinder their utilization outside of clinical settings. Here, a next generation of wearable self-powered wound dressing is developed, which can be activated by diverse stimuli from the patient’s body and provide on-demand treatment for both normal and infected wounds. The highly tunable dressing is composed of thermocatalytic bismuth telluride nanoplates (Bi2Te3 NPs) functionalized onto carbon fiber fabric electrodes and triggered by the surrounding temperature difference to controllably generate hydrogen peroxide to effectively inhibit bacterial growth at the wound site. The integrated electrodes are connected to a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to provide electrical stimulation for accelerated wound closure by enhancing cellular proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. The reported self-powered dressing holds great potential in facilitating personalized and user-friendly wound care with improved healing outcomes. Copyright © 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved.

关键词： Patient treatment

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Author Correction: Single-cell guided prenatal derivation of primary fetal epithelial organoids from human amniotic and tracheal fluids

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Nature medicine 2025年第2期31卷 699页

作者： Mattia Francesco Maria Gerli Giuseppe Calà Max Arran Beesley Beatrice Sina Lucinda Tullie Kylin Yunyan Sun Francesco Panariello Federica Michielin Joseph R Davidson Francesca Maria Russo Brendan C Jones Dani Do Hyang Lee Savvas Savvidis Theodoros Xenakis Ian C Simcock Anna A Straatman-Iwanowska Robert A Hirst Anna L David Christopher O'Callaghan Alessandro Olivo Simon Eaton Stavros P Loukogeorgakis Davide Cacchiarelli Jan Deprest Vivian S W Li Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe Paolo De Coppi Department of Surgical Biotechnology Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London London UK. m.gerli@ucl.ac.uk. Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London London UK. m.gerli@ucl.ac.uk. Department of Surgical Biotechnology Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London London UK. Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London London UK. Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy. Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory The Francis Crick Institute London UK. Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine Pozzuoli Italy. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health University College London London UK. Department of Development and Regeneration Woman and Child and UZ Leuven Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium. Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London London UK. Department of Radiology Great Ormond Street Hospital London UK. Department of Respiratory Sciences University of Leicester Leicester UK. Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK. Department of Translational Medicine University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy. Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program Scuola Superiore Meridionale Naples Italy. Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London London UK. p.decoppi@ucl.ac.uk. Department of Development and Regeneration Woman and Child and UZ Leuven Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium. p.decoppi@ucl.ac.uk. Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK. p.decoppi@ucl.ac.uk. Medical and Surgical Department of the Fetus Newborn and Infant Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS Rome Italy. p.decoppi@ucl.ac.uk. NIHR G

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Computation of Microbial Ecosystems in Time and Space (COMETS): An open source collaborative platform for modeling ecosystems metabolism

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Dukovski, Ilija Bajić, Djordje Chacón, Jeremy M. Quintin, Michael Vila, Jean C.C. Sulheim, Snorre Pacheco, Alan R. Bernstein, David B. Riehl, William J. Korolev, Kirill S. Sanchez, Alvaro Harcombe, William R. Segrè, Daniel Bioinformatics Program Boston University BostonMA United States Biological Design Center Boston University BostonMA United States Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New HavenCT United States Microbial Sciences Institute Yale University West HavenCT United States Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. PaulMN United States BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota St. PaulMN United States Department of Biotechnology and Food Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine SINTEF Industry Trondheim Norway Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University BostonMA United States Department of Physics Boston University BostonMA United States Department of Biology Boston University BostonMA United States

Genome-scale stoichiometric modeling of metabolism has become a standard systems biology tool for modeling cellular physiology and growth. Extensions of this approach are also emerging as a valuable avenue for predicting, understanding and designing microbial communities. COMETS (Computation Of Microbial Ecosystems in Time and Space) was initially developed as an extension of dynamic flux balance analysis, which incorporates cellular and molecular diffusion, enabling simulations of multiple microbial species in spatially structured environments. Here we describe how to best use and apply the most recent version of this platform, COMETS 2, which incorporates a more accurate biophysical model of microbial biomass expansion upon growth, as well as several new biological simulation modules, including evolutionary dynamics and extracellular enzyme activity. COMETS 2 provides user-friendly Python and MATLAB interfaces compatible with the well-established COBRA models and methods, and comprehensive documentation and tutorials, facilitating the use of COMETS for researchers at all levels of expertise with metabolic simulations. This protocol provides a detailed guideline for installing, testing and applying COMETS 2 to different scenarios, with broad applicability to microbial communities across biomes and scales. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microorganisms

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