A modified rapid flow technique was used in order to measure the rate of oxygen transfer out of red blood cells of different ages. The oxygen transfer rate is expressed as a mass transfer coefficient determined in blo...
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A modified rapid flow technique was used in order to measure the rate of oxygen transfer out of red blood cells of different ages. The oxygen transfer rate is expressed as a mass transfer coefficient determined in blood samples that were stored in the local blood bank for different periods of time. The results show that the resistance to oxygen transfer increases with age. This suggests that the decrease in the quality of stored blood is due, partially at least, to changes in the red blood cell membrane. The method can also provide a functional way of testing the quality of stored blood.
The effect of chemical reaction in the placental membrane on the transport and distribution of estrogens In the maternal and fetal blood pools is determined by developing an improved model for mass transfer across rea...
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The effect of chemical reaction in the placental membrane on the transport and distribution of estrogens In the maternal and fetal blood pools is determined by developing an improved model for mass transfer across reactive membranes. Conservation equations written for the circulating estrogens in the placenta indicate that synthesis also occurs in the fetus, which is contrary to current consensus. The model describes mass transfer between two co-current laminar streams of different solubility separated by a reactive membrane. As has been previously shown, resistance to mass transfer for biological values of the relative Sherword number resides primarily in the fluid streams. The effect of both first-order and pseudo-zeroth order reactions of the diffusing species in the membrane on the transfer rate is determined, and it is shown that the effect of the zero-order reaction is more marked. Steady-state data obtained from pregnant sheep are used to determine the ratio of estradiol to estrone in both fetal and maternal blood. The chemical reaction model is then used to elucidate the relative roles of mass transfer and reaction, and to negate the necessity of active transport as an effect in the system. This work represents an application of classical chemical reaction engineering concepts in the interpretation of the function of a living system.
Antibody-based therapeutics constitute a rapidly growing class of pharmaceutical compounds. However, monoclonal antibodies, which specifically engage only one target, often lack the mechanistic intricacy to treat comp...
Antibody-based therapeutics constitute a rapidly growing class of pharmaceutical compounds. However, monoclonal antibodies, which specifically engage only one target, often lack the mechanistic intricacy to treat complex diseases. To expand the utility of antibody therapies, significant efforts have been invested in designing multispecific antibodies, which engage multiple targets using a single molecule. These efforts have culminated in remarkable translational progress, including nine US Food and Drug Administration–approved multispecific antibodies, with countless others in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. In this review, we discuss several categories of multispecific antibodies that have achieved clinical approval or shown promise in earlier stages of development. We focus on the molecular mechanisms used by multispecific antibodies and how these mechanisms inform their customized design and formulation. In particular, we discuss multispecific antibodies that target multiple disease markers, multiparatopic antibodies, and immune-interfacing antibodies. Overall, these innovative multispecific antibody designs are fueling exciting advances across the immunotherapeutic landscape.
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