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Correction to: The knockdown of Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 inhibits capsaicin-induced CGRP Upregulation in mouse trigeminal ganglion

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The journal of headache and pain 2020年第1期21卷 140页

作者： Ya-Tin Lin Zachary Yu Sze-Chi Tsai Po-Hung Hsu Jin-Chung Chen Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. Healthy Aging Research Center Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. Department of Medicine Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. Department of Biomedical Sciences Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 5 Fu-Hsing Street Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. Department of Electrical Engineering Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. jinchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw. Healthy Aging Research Center Chang Gung University 259 Wenhua 1st Road Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. jinchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw. Neuroscience Research Center Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 5 Fu-Hsing Street Guishan Dist Taoyuan City 33302 Taiwan. jinchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

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Beyond the Nucleus: Cytoplasmic Dominance in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Detection Using Single-Cell Raman Imaging Across Multiple Devices

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Pelissier, Aurelien Hashimoto, Kosuke Mochizuki, Kentaro Taylor, J. Nicholas Clément, Jean-Emmanuel Kumamoto, Yasuaki Fujita, Katsumasa Harada, Yoshinori Komatsuzaki, Tamiki Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University Kita 20 Nishi 10 Kita-ku Hokkaido Sapporo001-0020 Japan Wädenswil8820 Switzerland Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo Kyoto Kyoto602-8566 Japan Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 1 Gakuen Uegahara Sanda Hyogo669-1330 Japan Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory AIST-Osaka University Yamadaoka Osaka Suita565-0871 Japan Department of Applied Physics Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Osaka Suita565-0871 Japan Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives Osaka University Yamadaoka Osaka Suita565-0871 Japan Hokkaido University Kita 21 Nishi 10 Kita-ku Hokkaido Sapporo001-0021 Japan Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Materials Chemistry and Engineering Course Hokkaido University Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku Hokkaido Sapporo060-0812 Japan The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University Mihogaoka Ibaraki 8-1 Osaka567-0047 Japan

Cytological diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is one of major challenges in the field of endocrine oncology due to absence of evident morphological indicators. Morphological abnormalities in the nucleus are typically key indicators in cancer cytopathology and are attributed to a range of biochemical alterations in nuclear components. Consequently, Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to detect cancer in various cytological samples, often identifying biochemical changes prior to observable morphological alterations. However, in the case of FTC, cytoplasmic features such as carotenoids, cytochromes, and lipid droplets have shown greater diagnostic relevance compared to nuclear features. This study leverages single-cell Raman imaging to explore the spatial origin of diagnostic signals in FTC and normal thyroid (NT) cells, assessing the contributions of the nucleus and cytoplasm independently. Our results demonstrate that Raman spectra from the cytoplasmic region can distinguish between FTC and NT cells with an accuracy of 84% under co-culture conditions, maintaining robustness across multiple devices. In contrast, classification based on nuclear spectra achieved only 53% accuracy, suggesting that biochemical alterations in the cytoplasm play a more significant role in FTC detection than those in the nucleus. Our work elevates the promise of Raman-based cytopathology by providing complementary organelle-dependent information to traditional diagnostic methods and demonstrating transferability across different devices. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Image segmentation

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Beneficial effects of hMSC treatment in LPS-induced animal model of cerebellar ataxia

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IBRO Reports 2019年 6卷 S424-S424页

作者： Dongyeong Yoon Kyongho Suk Jungwan Hong Sang Ryong Kim School of Life Sciences BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea Department of Pharmacology BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program School of Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu 41944 Republic of Korea Brain Science and Engineering Institute Kyungpook National University Daegu 41944 Republic of Korea

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基于静电纺丝技术制备柔性可穿戴电子器件

基于静电纺丝技术制备柔性可穿戴电子器件

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第六届全国静电纺丝技术与纳米纤维学术会议

作者：丁义纯侯豪情朱正涛江西师范大学化学化工学院江西省南昌市紫阳大道99号 Program of Biomedical Engineering South Dakota School of Mines & Technol 江西师范大学化学化工学院江西省南昌市紫阳大道99号 Program of Biomedical Engineering South Dakota School of Mines & TechnologySDUSA

近年来，柔性可穿戴电子器件吸引了人们广泛的关注。虽然市场上已有部分可穿戴电子设备，但制备具有高分辨率、高灵敏度、高集成度和低成本的柔性可穿戴设备仍然是一个很大的挑战。

关键词：静电纺丝柔性器件能源存储传感器可拉伸导体

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Ten simple rules for reproducible research in jupyter notebooks

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Rule, Adam Birmingham, Amanda Zuniga, Cristal Altintas, Ilkay Huang, Shih-Cheng Knight, Rob Moshiri, Niema Nguyen, Mai H. Rosenthal, Sara Brin Pérez, Fernando Rose, Peter W. Design Lab UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Department of Pediatrics UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Data Science Hub San Diego Supercomputer Center UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Departments of Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering Center for Microbiome Innovation UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Department of Statistics Berkeley Institute for Data Science UC Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA United States Biomedical Informatics Graduate Program Stanford University StanfordCA United States

Reproducibility of computational studies is a hallmark of scientific methodology. It enables researchers to build with confidence on the methods and findings of others, reuse and extend computational pipelines, and thereby drive scientific progress. Since many experimental studies rely on computational analyses, biologists need guidance on how to set up and document reproducible data analyses or simulations. In this paper, we address several questions about reproducibility. For example, what are the technical and non-technical barriers to reproducible computational studies? What opportunities and challenges do computational notebooks offer to overcome some of these barriers? What tools are available and how can they be used effectively? We have developed a set of rules to serve as a guide to scientists with a specific focus on computational notebook systems, such as Jupyter Notebooks, which have become a tool of choice for many applications. Notebooks combine detailed workflows with narrative text and visualization of results. Combined with software repositories and open source licensing, notebooks are powerful tools for transparent, collaborative, reproducible, and reusable data analyses. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Digital storage

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The Effect of Aloe vera Extract Variation in Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-Aloe vera-Based Nanofiber Membrane

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2018年第1期1120卷

作者： D Hikmawati A R Rohmadanik A P Putra Siswanto Aminatun Physics Study Program Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 61110 Indonesia Biomedical Engineering Study Program Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 61110 Indonesia

Electrospinning technique is a method to produce nanofiber with high potential difference. Several main parameters in the electrospinning process are solution parameter, such as viscosity, surface tension and conductivity. Those parameters affect the morphology of nanofiber membrane produced by the electrospinning process. This study used 10% PVA in aquadest with several Aloe vera concentration (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 % w/v). The viscosity of the solution increased when the concentration of the Aloe vera increased. SEM image of the nanofiber membrane showed that the diameter of the nanofiber increased with the increase of the Aloe vera concentration, with the highest diameter of 379.80 nm on the membrane with Aloe vera concentration of 10% w/v. The result of DSC test showed that there were shifts on the glass transition (Tg) and melting point (Tm) value along with the addition of Aloe vera in the PVA solution. This results was also emphasized with the result of FTIR test which showed the shift on the wavenumber absorbance due to the crosslinking between PVA and Aloe vera. The degradation test indicated that the presence of crosslinking could maintain the nanofiber structure, thus the membrane was not easily degraded.

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International Scientific Collaboration Is Needed to Bridge Science to Society: USERN2020 Consensus Statement

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SN comprehensive clinical medicine 2021年第8期3卷 1699-1703页

作者： Sara Momtazmanesh Amene Saghazadeh Juan Carlos Aldave Becerra Kiarash Aramesh Francisco J Barba Federico Bella Anna Blakney Massimo Capaccioli Rossella Castagna Umberto Crisanti Tigran Davtyan Tommaso Dorigo Julie Ealy Mehdi Farokhnia Giulia Grancini Manoj Gupta Amine Harbi Wojciech Krysztofiak Arutha Kulasinghe Chi-Ming Lam Alexander Leemans Brian Lighthill Vittorio Limongelli Paola Lopreiato Livio Luongo Christopher Ryan Maboloc Reza Malekzadeh Orlando Costa Gomes Milos Milosevic Jan Nouwen Delfín Ortega-Sánchez John Pawelek Surapati Pramanik Seeram Ramakrishna Ortwin Renn Serena Sanseviero Daniel Sauter Michael Schreiber Frank W Sellke Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi Natalya Shelkovaya Wayne H Slater Didier Snoeck Slawomir Sztajer Lucina Q Uddin Liz Veramendi-Espinoza Ricardo Vinuesa Walter C Willett Dongrui Wu Karolina Żyniewicz Nima Rezaei http://***. School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Children's Medical Center Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Division of Allergy and Immunology Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Lima Lima Peru. Department of Biology and Health Sciences College of Science and Health Professions Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Edinboro USA. Nutrition and Food Science Area Preventive Medicine and Public Health Food Science Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department Faculty of Pharmacy Universitat de València Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n València 46100 Burjassot Spain. Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy. Department of Infectious Diseases Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W2 1PG UK. Physics Department "Ettore Pancini" University of Naples Federico II Monte Sant'Angelo Campus via Cinthia 21 80121 Naples Italy. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology Barcelona 08028 Spain. Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis (LIOS) Riga LV-1006 Latvia. Psychotherapist in Private Practice Canterbury Kent England. Analytical Laboratory Branch Scientific Centre of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise after Academician E. Gabrielyan CJSC Yerevan 0051 Armenia. INFN Sezione di Padova Padova Italy. Penn State Lehigh Valley 2809 Saucon Valley Road Center Valley PA 18034 USA. National Health Institutes of Health (NIH) Intramural Research Program (IRP) Bethesda USA. Department of Chemistry & INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 14 Pavia I-27100 Italy. Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore. Souk Ahras University Souk Ahras Algeria. The Institute of Philosophy University of Szczecin Ul. Krakowska 71-79 Szczecin 71-004 Poland. Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba

Scientific collaboration has been a critical aspect of the development of all fields of science, particularly clinical medicine. It is well understood that myriads of benefits can be yielded by interdisciplinary and international collaboration. For instance, our rapidly growing knowledge on COVID-19 and vaccine development could not be attained without expanded collaborative activities. However, achieving fruitful results requires mastering specific tactics in collaborative efforts. These activities can enhance our knowledge, which ultimately benefits society. In addition to tackling the issue of the invisible border between different countries, institutes, and disciplines, the border between the scientific community and society needs to be addressed as well. International and transdisciplinary approaches can potentially be the best solution for bridging science and society. The Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) is a non-governmental, non-profit organization and network to promote professional, scientific research and education worldwide. The fifth annual congress of USERN was held in Tehran, Iran, in a hybrid manner on November 7-10, 2020, with key aims of bridging science to society and facilitating borderless science. Among speakers of the congress, a group of top scientists unanimously agreed on The USERN 2020 consensus, which is drafted with the goal of connecting society with scientific scholars and facilitating international and interdisciplinary scientific activities in all fields, including clinical medicine.

关键词： Collaboration International Policy Research Science Society

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Cell sources for large-scale manufacture of red blood cells

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ISBT Science Series 2018年第3期13卷

作者： S. Kim E. J. Baek Department of Translational Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Hanyang University Seoul South Korea Department of Laboratory Medicine College of Medicine Hanyang University Seoul South Korea

Owing to the high demand for blood production to replace donated blood, there have been many developments in the production methods of red blood cells (RBCs) in the past decades. Although cord blood or adult haematopoietic stem cells were shown to mature into functional reticulocytes in vitro , their limited proliferative capacity led to the development of new strategies that use pluripotent stem cells or cell lines that have been immortalized using gene modification techniques. This research highlights embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and immortalized cell lines as possible sources of RBCs. Despite the low enucleation efficiency of erythroblasts derived from these pluripotent stem cells, recent studies have shown the possibility of an increased yield of final enucleated red cell products. In addition, primary erythroid early progenitor cells could be used as a cell source by culture conditioning or the exogenous overexpression of adequate genes for self-renewal and proliferation. The strategy of directly establishing immortalized erythroid progenitor cell lines is suitable for the manufacture of RBCs, since these cell lines are easy to maintain and mature rapidly. In this review, different approaches for the manufacture of erythrocytes, using more expandable precursor sources, are discussed.

关键词： blood component production cell culture haematopoietic stem cells proliferation red blood cells

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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Using V̇o2max as a marker of training status in athletes - can we do better?

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Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2022年第1期133卷 148-164页

作者： Pedro L Valenzuela Manuel Mateo-March Xabier Muriel Mikel Zabala Alejandro Lucia David Barranco-Gil Grégoire P Millet Franck Brocherie Johannes Burtscher Martin Burtscher Benjamin J Ryan Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan Stephane Perrey Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza Fernando González-Mohíno José María González-Ravé Jordan Santos-Concejero Benedito S Denadai Camila C Greco Arturo Casado Carl Foster Raffaele Mazzolari Giulia Nicole Baldrighi Elisa Pastorio Davide Malatesta Aurélien Patoz Fabio Borrani Stephen J Ives Justin A DeBlauw Ricardo Dantas de Lucas Fernando Klitzke Borszcz Eduardo Marcel Fernandes Nascimento Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo Tiago Turnes Richard T Jaspers Stephan van der Zwaard Romuald Lepers Julien Louis Anderson Meireles Hiago L. R. de Souza Géssyca T de Oliveira Marcelo P dos Santos Rhaí A Arriel Moacir Marocolo B Hunter S Meyler D Muniz-Pumares Renato M Ferreira Abigail S Sogard Stephen J Carter Timothy D Mickleborough Guilherme Pereira Saborosa Raphael Dinalli de Oliveira Freitas Paula Souza Alves dos Santos João Pedro de Souza Ferreira Francisco de Assis Manoel Sandro Fernandes da Silva Christoph Triska Bettina Karsten Dajo Sanders Elliot S Lipksi David J Spindler Matthijs K. C. Hesselink Rodrigo Zacca Márcio Fagundes Goethel David Bruce Pyne Brayden M Wood Peyton E Allen Jaden L Gabelhausen Alexandra M Keller Mast T Lige Alicia S Oumsang Greg L Smart Hunter L Paris Arthur H Dewolf Guillaume Toffoli Borja Martinez-Gonzalez Samuele M Marcora Daniela Terson de Paleville Ricardo J Fernandes Susana M Soares J. Arturo Abraldes Guilherme Matta Arthur Henrique Bossi D G McCarthy W Bostad J Gibala Mary Vagula Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg) Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12) Madrid Spain Faculty of Sport Sciences Universidad Europea de Madrid Madrid Spain Sport Science Department. Universidad Miguel Hernández Elche Spain Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain Department of Physical Education & Sport Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370) French Institute of Sport (INSEP) Paris France Department of Sport Science University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick Massachusetts Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan EuroMov Digital Health in Motion University of Montpellier Montpellier France Sport Training Lab University of Castilla-La Mancha Toledo Spain Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza Universidad Nebrija Madrid Spain Department of Physical Education and Sport University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain Human Performance Laboratory São Paulo State University Rio Claro Brazil Center for Sport Studies Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain University of Wisconsin-La Crosse La Crosse Wisconsin Department of Physical Education and Sport University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences − Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit University of Pavia Pavia Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health University of Milan Milan Italy Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL) University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Health and Human Physiological Sciences Skidmore College Saratoga Springs New

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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2025年第5期25卷 519-536页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B. Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A. Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Ledesma, Jorge R. Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R. Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H. A. Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M. Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Syed Shujait Ali Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amugsi, Dickson A. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwari, Saleha Anwar Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Taghanaki, Pegah Bahrami Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishna Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Center for Biostatistics Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Urban Indian Health Institute Seattle Indian Health Board Seattle WA United States School of Medicine Yale University New Haven CT United States Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia College of Pharmacy Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Medicine University of Sétif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Department of Medical Microbiology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Biomedical Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Clinical Sciences Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center-Academic Health System Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar College of Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Therapeutics United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Syd

Background Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age-sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1.17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0.793-1.62) deaths globally, representing a 60.3% (50.6-69.0) decrease since 1990 (2.93 million [2.31-3.73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79.2% (72.4-84.6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147-221) in 1990 to 51.4 million (39.9-65.9) in 2021. In 2021, an esti

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