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Compensation or Preservation?Diferent Roles of Functional Lateralization in Speech Perception of Older Non‑musicians and Musicians

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2024年第12期40卷 1843-1857页

作者： Xinhu Jin Lei Zhang Guowei Wu Xiuyi Wang Yi Du Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Shanghai 200031China Chinese Institute for Brain Research Beijing 102206China

Musical training can counteract age-related decline in speech perception in noisy ***,it remains unclear whether older non-musicians and musicians rely on functional compensation or functional preservation to counteract the adverse efects of *** study utilized resting-state functional connectivity(FC)to investigate functional lateralization,a fundamental organization feature,in older musicians(OM),older non-musicians(ONM),and young non-musicians(YNM).Results showed that OM outperformed ONM and achieved comparable performance to YNM in speech-in-noise and speech-in-speech *** exhibited reduced lateralization than YNM in lateralization index(LI)of intrahemispheric FC(LI_intra)in the cingulo-opercular network(CON)and LI of interhemispheric heterotopic FC(LI_he)in the language network(LAN).Conversely,OM showed higher neural alignment to YNM(i.e.,a more similar lateralization pattern)compared to ONM in CON,LAN,frontoparietal network(FPN),dorsal attention network(DAN),and default mode network(DMN),indicating preservation of youth-like lateralization patterns due to musical ***,in ONM,stronger left-lateralized and lower alignment-to-young of LI_intra in the somatomotor network(SMN)and DAN and LI_he in DMN correlated with better speech performance,indicating a functional compensation *** contrast,stronger right-lateralized LI_intra in FPN and DAN and higher alignment-to-young of LI_he in LAN correlated with better performance in OM,suggesting a functional preservation *** fndings highlight the diferential roles of functional preservation and compensation of lateralization in speech perception in noise among elderly individuals with and without musical expertise,ofering insights into successful aging theories from the lens of functional lateralization and speech perception.

关键词： Functional lateralization Speech perception Aging Musical training experience

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Rapid Unconscious Acquisition of Conditioned Fear with Low-Spatial-Frequency but Emotionally Neutral Stimuli

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Research 2024年第1期2023卷 753-762页

作者： Yujie Chen Si Chen Zhongju Sun Xilei Zhang Xiangyong Yuan Liang Wang Yi Jiang State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyInstitute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Chinese Institute for Brain Research Beijing 102206China CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

It has long been proposed that emotionally“prepared”(i.e.,fear-related)stimuli are privileged in the unconscious acquisition of conditioned ***,as fear processing is suggested to highly depend on the coarse,low-spatial-frequency(LSF)components of the fear-related stimuli,it is plausible that LSF may play a unique role in the unconscious fear conditioning even with emotionally neutral ***,we provided empirical evidence that,following classical fear conditioning,an invisible,emotionally neutral conditioned stimulus(CS+)with LSF,but not with high spatial frequency(HSF),can rapidly elicit stronger skin conductance responses(SCRs)and larger pupil diameters than its CS−*** comparison,consciously perceived emotionally neutral CS+with LSF and HSF elicited comparable *** together,these results support that the unconscious fear conditioning does not necessarily entail emotionally prepared stimuli but prioritizes LSF information processing and highlight the crucial distinctions between the unconscious and the conscious fear *** findings not only coincide with the postulation that a rapid,spatial-frequency-dependent subcortical route is engaged in unconscious fear processing but also suggest the existence of multiple routes for conscious fear processing.

关键词： neutral necessarily diameters

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Distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning:A Survey and a Multi-player Multi-agent Learning Toolbox

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Machine intelligence Research 2024年第3期21卷 411-430页

作者： Qiyue Yin Tongtong Yu Shengqi Shen Jun Yang Meijing Zhao Wancheng Ni Kaiqi Huang Bin Liang Liang Wang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Artificial Intelligence University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Automation Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

With the breakthrough of AlphaGo,deep reinforcement learning has become a recognized technique for solving sequential decision-making *** its reputation,data inefficiency caused by its trial and error learning mechanism makes deep reinforcement learning difficult to apply in a wide range of *** methods have been developed for sample efficient deep reinforcement learning,such as environment modelling,experience transfer,and distributed modifications,among which distributed deep reinforcement learning has shown its potential in various applications,such as human-computer gaming and intelligent *** this paper,we conclude the state of this exciting field,by comparing the classical distributed deep reinforcement learning methods and studying important components to achieve efficient distributed learning,covering single player single agent distributed deep reinforcement learning to the most complex multiple players multiple agents distributed deep reinforcement ***,we review recently released toolboxes that help to realize distributed deep reinforcement learning without many modifications of their non-distributed *** analysing their strengths and weaknesses,a multi-player multi-agent distributed deep reinforcement learning toolbox is developed and released,which is further validated on Wargame,a complex environment,showing the usability of the proposed toolbox for multiple players and multiple agents distributed deep reinforcement learning under complex ***,we try to point out challenges and future trends,hoping that this brief review can provide a guide or a spark for researchers who are interested in distributed deep reinforcement learning.

关键词： Deep reinforcement learning distributed machine learning self-play population-play toolbox

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Programmable deaminase-free base editors for G-to-Y conversion by engineered glycosylase

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National science Review 2023年第8期10卷 78-87页

作者： Huawei Tong Nana Liu Yinghui Wei Yingsi Zhou Yun Li Danni Wu Ming Jin Shuna Cui Hengbin Li Guoling Li Jingxing Zhou Yuan Yuan Hainan Zhang Linyu Shi Xuan Yao Hui Yang HuidaGene Therapeutics Co. Ltd. Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology Fujian Medical University Institute of Neuroscience Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence

Current DNA base editors contain nuclease and DNA deaminase that enables deamination of cytosine(C)or adenine(A), but no method for guanine(G) or thymine(T) editing is available at present. Here we developed a deaminase-free glycosylase-based guanine base editor(gGBE) with G editing ability, by fusing cas9 nickase with engineered N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase protein(MPG). By several rounds of MPG mutagenesis via unbiased and rational screening using an intron-split EGFP reporter, we demonstrated that gGBE with engineered MPG could increase G editing efficiency by more than 1500 ***, this gGBE exhibited high base editing efficiency(up to 81.2%) and high G-to-T or G-to-C(i.e. G-to-Y) conversion ratio(up to 0.95) in both cultured human cells and mouse embryos. Thus, we have provided a proof-of-concept of a new base editing approach by endowing the engineered DNA glycosylase the capability to selectively excise a new type of substrate.

关键词： glycosylase base excision repair base editor depurination deaminase-free transversion

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Adaptation of Ocular Opponency Neurons Mediates Attention-Induced Ocular Dominance Plasticity

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2024年第3期40卷 339-349页

作者： Fangxing Song Lili Lyu Min Bao CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Institute of Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Primate NeurobiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China

Previous research has shown that ocular dominance can be biased by prolonged attention to one *** ocular-opponency-neuron model of binocular rivalry has been proposed as a candidate account for this *** direct neural evidence is still *** manipulating the contrast of dichoptic testing gratings,here we measured the steady-state visually evoked potentials(SSVEPs)at the intermodulation frequencies to selectively track the activities of ocular-opponency-neurons before and after the“dichoptic-backward-movie”*** hour of adaptation caused a shift of perceptual and neural ocular dominance towards the unattended *** importantly,we found a decrease in the intermodulation SSVEP response after adaptation,which was significantly greater when high-contrast gratings were presented to the attended eye than when they were presented to the unattended *** results strongly support the view that the adaptation of ocular-opponency-neurons contributes to the ocular dominance plasticity induced by prolonged eye-based attention.

关键词： Attention Ocular dominance Opponency neuron Adaptation Steady-state visually evoked potential

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Unveiling Dynamic System Strategies for Multisensory Processing: From Neuronal Fixed-Criterion Integration to Population Bayesian Inference

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Research 2023年第2期2022卷 81-100页

作者： Jiawei Zhang Yong Gu Aihua Chen Yuguo Yu State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science Shanghai Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryResearch Institute of Intelligent and Complex Systems and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired IntelligenceHuman Phenome InstituteShanghai 200433China Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology Institute of NeuroscienceCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics(Ministry of Education) East China Normal University3663 Zhongshan Road N.Shanghai 200062China

Multisensory processing is of vital importance for survival in the external *** circuits can both integrate and separate visual and vestibular senses to infer self-motion and the motion of other ***,it is largely debated how multisensory brain regions process such multisensory information and whether they follow the Bayesian strategy in this process.

关键词： Integration Fixed Criterion

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Lypd1-DTR/+: A New Mouse Model for Specifically Damaging the Type Ic Spiral Ganglion Neurons of the Cochlea

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2023年第9期39卷 1459-1462页

作者： Di Zhang Minhui Ren ZhengHong Bi Yunpeng Gu Shuting Li Guangqin Wang Xiang Li Zhiyong Liu Institute of Neuroscience State Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology Shanghai201210China

Dear Editor,Inner ear auditory neurons,which are also referred as to spiral ganglion neurons(SGNs),bridge sound-receptor hair cells(HCs)to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem[1].Two types of SGN exist:type I SGNs(95... 详细信息

关键词： auditory brainstem cochlear

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Mechanisms Underlying brain Aging Under Normal and Pathological Conditions

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2023年第2期39卷 303-314页

作者： Menglong Jin Shi-Qing Cai Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Aging is a major risk factor for many human diseases,including cognitive impairment,which affects a large population of the *** the past few decades,our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the changes associated with aging and age-related diseases has expanded greatly,shedding light on the potential role of these changes in cognitive *** this article,we review recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain aging under normal and pathological conditions,compare their similarities and differences,discuss the causative and adaptive mechanisms of brain aging,and finally attempt to find some rules to guide us on how to promote healthy aging and prevent age-related diseases.

关键词： Healthy aging Pathological aging Cognitive impairment

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Cynomolgus-rhesus hybrid macaques serve as a platform for imprinting studies

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The Innovation 2023年第3期4卷 104-111页

作者： Zongyang Lu Jie Li Yong Lu Ling Li Wei Wang Chenchen Zhang Libing Xu Yanhong Nie Changshan Gao Xinyan Bian Zhen Liu Guang-Zhong Wang Qiang Sun Institute of Neuroscience CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of Primate NeurobiologyState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology Shanghai 201210China

Genomic imprinting can lead to allele-specific expression(ASE),where one allele is preferentially expressed more than the *** in genomic imprinting or ASE genes have been widely observed across various neurological disorders,notably autism spectrum disorder(ASD).In this study,we crossed rhesus cynomolgus monkeys to produce hybrid monkeys and established a framework to evaluate their allele-specific gene expression patterns using the parental genomes as a *** proof-of-concept analysis of the hybrid monkeys identified 353 genes with allele-biased expression in the brain,enabling us to determine the chromosomal locations of ASE ***,we confirmed a significant enrichment of ASE genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders,including ASD,highlighting the potential of hybrid monkey models in advancing our understanding of genomic imprinting.

关键词： imprinting allele chromosomal

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AAV-mediated gene therapies by miniature gene editing tools

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science China(Life sciences) 2024年第12期67卷 2540-2553页

作者： Xiangfeng Kong Tong Li Hui Yang Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology Shanghai 201210China Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China Institute of Neuroscience Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China HuidaGene Therapeutics Co. Ltd.Shanghai 200131China

The advent of CRISPR-cas has revolutionized precise gene *** pioneering CRISPR nucleases like cas9 and cas12 generate targeted DNA double-strand breaks(DSB)for knockout or homology-directed repair,next generation CRISPR technologies enable gene editing without DNA *** editors directly convert bases,prime editors make diverse alterations,and dead cas-regulator fusions allow nuanced control of gene expression,avoiding potentially risks like ***,the discovery of diminutive cas12 orthologs and Obligate Mobile Element-Guided Activity(OMEGA)nucleases has overcome cargo limitations of adeno-associated viral vectors,expanding prospects for in vivo therapeutic ***,we review the ever-evolving landscape of cutting-edge gene editing tools,focusing on miniature cas12 orthologs and OMEGA effectors amenable to single AAV *** also summarize CRISPR therapies delivered using AAV vectors,discuss challenges such as efficiency and specificity,and look to the future of this transformative field of in vivo gene editing enabled by AAV vectors delivery.

关键词： gene therapy adeno-associated viruses(AAVs) genome editing miniature CRISPR-cas Obligate Mobile Element-Guided Activity(OMEGA)

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