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Bottom hole pressure prediction based on hybrid neural networks and Bayesian optimization

Petroleum Science 2023年第6期20卷 3712-3722页

作者： Chengkai Zhang rui Zhang Zhaopeng Zhu Xianzhi Song Yinao Su Gensheng Li Liang Han College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China College of Artificial Intelligence China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing102206China

Many scholars have focused on applying machine learning models in bottom hole pressure (BHP) prediction. However, the complex and uncertain conditions in deep wells make it difficult to capture spatial and temporal correlations of measurement while drilling (MWd) data with traditional intelligent models. In this work, we develop a novel hybrid neural network, which integrates the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and the Gate recurrent Unit (GrU) for predicting BHP fluctuations more accurately. The CNN structure is used to analyze spatial local dependency patterns and the GrU structure is used to discover depth variation trends of MWd data. To further improve the prediction accuracy, we explore two types of GrU-based structure: skip-GrU and attention-GrU, which can capture more long-term potential periodic correlation in drilling data. Then, the different model structures tuned by the Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm are compared and analyzed. results indicate that the hybrid models can extract spatial-temporal information of data effectively and predict more accurately than random forests, extreme gradient boosting, back propagation neural network, CNN and GrU. The CNN-attention-GrU model with BO algorithm shows great superiority in prediction accuracy and robustness due to the hybrid network structure and attention mechanism, having the lowest mean absolute percentage error of 0.025%. This study provides a reference for solving the problem of extracting spatial and temporal characteristics and guidance for managed pressure drilling in complex formations.

关键词： Bottom hole pressure Spatial-temporal information Improved GrU Hybrid neural networks Bayesian optimization

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Intelligent Prediction and Key Factor Analysis to Lost Circulation from drilling data based on Machine Learning

Intelligent Prediction and Key Factor Analysis to Lost Circu...

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2022 International Conference on Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, and data Processing, ICCAId 2022

作者： Wen, Guangyao Chen, Huailong Zhou, Tuo Gao, Chengwu Baletabieke, Bahedaer Zhou, Haiqiu Wang, Shan CNPC Amu Darya River Gas Exploration & Development Company Beijing102299 China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing102206 China Beijing Chen Yu Jin Yuan Science and Technology Company Limited Beijing100010 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510663350

Lost circulation during drilling wells is very detrimental since it greatly increases the non-productive time and operational cost, also seriously lead to wellbore instability, pipe sticking, blow out, etc... However, in the process of drilling wells, geological characteristics and operational drilling parameters all may have impacts to the lost circulation. This makes the establishment of the relations between the lost circulation and drilling factors very challenging. In this paper, we tested five different kernel function (linear, quadratic, cubic, medium Gaussian and fine Gaussian) derived support vector regression (SVr) models and four-layer artificial neural network (ANN). By combining their accuracy and time efficiency, the ANN is regarded as the optimal predictor of lost circulation. By training ANN using different combination of drilling features, we concluded that depth, torque, hanging weight, displacement, entrance density and export density are the key factors to accurate predict the lost circulation. The corresponding trained ANN network can achieve 99.2% accuracy and evaluate whether a drilling feature vector corresponds to lost circulation or not in milliseconds. © 2023 SPIE.

关键词： Multilayer neural networks

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Plugging performance and mechanism of an oil-absorbing gel for lost circulation control while drilling in fractured formations

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Petroleum Science 2022年第6期19卷 2941-2958页

作者： Ying-rui Bai Li-Yao dai Jin-Sheng Sun Guan-Cheng Jiang Kai-He Lv rong-Chao Cheng Xiao-Sen Shang School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing102206China College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common engineering problems in the drilling process of fractured *** this study,an oil-absorbing polymer gel synthesized using compound monomers with rigid and flexible chains was applied to control the oil-based drilling fluid loss while *** microstructure,oil-absorbing performance,and plugging performance the gel was investigated.A large number of dense pores on the surface of the gel were observed,which allowed the oil molecules to enter the internal space of the *** initial oil absorption capacity of the gel was fast,and it increased with the increase in the temperature and decrease in the particle size,reaching 20.93 g/g at140℃.At a high temperature of 140℃,the bearing pressure capacity of the gel formula containing particles of different particle sizes reached 7.6 MPa for a fracture of a width of 3 mm,showing that the oil-absorbing gel have excellent plugging performance at high *** mechanism of the gel was investigated through visualized fracture plugging *** show that the dynamic migratio n,particle-swelling,particle-bridging,particle-aggregation,deformation-filling,and compaction-plugging contribute to the whole lost circulation control process,reflecting that the plugging performance can be effectively enhanced by improving the aggregation and filling degrees of the gel with different particle sizes.

关键词： Lost circulation Oil-absorbing gel Oil absorption capacity Plugging mechanism Fractured formation

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double network self-healing hydrogel based on hydrophobic association and ionic bond for formation plugging

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Petroleum Science 2022年第5期19卷 2150-2164页

作者： Ying-rui Bai Qi-Tao Zhang Jin-Sheng Sun Guan-Cheng Jiang Kai-He Lv School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing102206China College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

Self-healing hydrogels have attracted tremendous attention in the field of oil and gas drilling and production engineering because of their excellent self-healing performance after physical *** this study,a series of double network self-healing(dN_(SA))hydrogels based on hydrophobic association and ionic bond were prepared for plugging pores and fractures in formations in oil and gas drilling and production *** mechanical,rheological,and self-healing properties of the dN_(SA)hydrogels were *** revealed that the dN_(SA)hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties with a tensile stress of 0.67 MPa and toughness of 7069 kJ/cm^(3) owing to the synergistic effect of the double *** addition,the dN_(SA)hydrogels exhibited excellent compression resistance,notch insensitivity,and self-healing *** dN_(SA)-2 hydrogel was granulated and made into gel particles with different particle sizes and used as a plugging *** self-healing mechanism of dN_(SA)-2 hydrogel particles in fractures was explored,and it’s plugging effect on fractures of different widths and porous media of different permeabilities were *** results revealed that the plugging capacity of the dN_(SA)-2 hydrogel particles for a fracture with width of 5 mm and a porous medium with a permeability of 30μm^(2) was 3.45 and 4.21 MPa,respectively,which is significantly higher than those of commonly used plugging agents in the *** dN_(SA)hydrogels with excellent mechanical and self-healing properties prepared in this study will provide a new approach for applying hydrogels in oil and gas drilling and production engineering.

关键词： Self-healing hydrogel Hydrophobic association Ionic bond Mechanical property rheological property Formation plugging

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Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture communication modes in fracture-cavity reservoirs

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Petroleum Science 2022年第5期19卷 2227-2239页

作者： Jia-Wei Kao Shi-Ming Wei Wen-Zhi Wang Yan Jin State Key Laboratory Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing102206China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing102206China

The fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield in China are mainly exploited by *** need the hydraulic fractures to communicate with caves to create a flow ***,due to the existence of the fracture-cavity systems,the hydraulic fracture propagation morphology is complicated,while the propagation characteristics are not *** analyze the hydraulic fracture propagation in fracture-cavity carbonate formations,based on the discontinuous discrete fracture model,we developed a solid-seepage-freeflow coupled fracturing model for fracture-cavity formations,which can simulate the complex interaction behavior of fractures and *** on the simulation results,we found the interaction rule between hydraulic fractures and fracture-cavity systems:the stress concentration around caves is the main factor that determines the fracture propagation *** due to stress concentration is usually not conducive to communication,while natural fractures distributed around caves could break the rejection *** the hydraulic energy in the hydraulic fracture can make fracture propagate directly and reduce the influence of *** steering fracture formed by temporary plugging is beneficial to the communication of fracture-cavity systems in the non-principal stress *** to the simulation results of different fracture-cavity characteristics,we raised four optimization communication modes for fracture-cavity carbonate formation to provide references for fracturing optimization design and parameter optimization.

关键词： Fracture-cavity carbonate formation Hydraulic fracture propagation Numerical simulation Fracture-cave communication discontinuous discrete fracture model

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Crude oil wax:A review on formation,experimentation,prediction,and remediation techniques

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Petroleum Science 2022年第5期19卷 2343-2357页

作者： Wyclif Kiyingi Ji-Xiang Guo rui-Ying Xiong Li Su Xiao-Hui Yang Shi-Ling Zhang Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China Sinopec Northwest Oil Field Branch UrumqiXinjiang830011China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited BeijingChina

Wax deposition during crude oil production,transportation,and processing has been a headache since the early days of oil *** may lead to low mobility ratios,blockage of production tubing/pipelines as well as fouling of surface and processing facilities,among *** snags cause massive financial constraints increasing projects’*** of meticulous research have been dedicated to this problem that is worth a ***,this paper reviews the mechanisms,experimentation,thermodynamic and kinetic modeling,prediction,and remediation techniques of wax *** overall assessment suggests that available models are more accurate for single than multi-phase flows while the kind of remediation and deployment depend on the environment and severity *** severe cases,both chemical and mechanical are synergistically ***,future prospective research areas that require attention are ***,this review could be a valuable tool for novice researchers as well as a foundation for further research on this topic.

关键词： Oil wax Phase modeling Inhibitors dispersants Multi-phase flow

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Optimization Model of Fracture Parameters of Shale Gas Fracturing Horizontal Well Based on Genetic Algorithm

Optimization Model of Fracture Parameters of Shale Gas Fract...

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2023 Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show, MEOS 2023

作者： Zhao, Xurong Lan, Tian Tang, Zekai Mu, Lingyu Hu, Lianbo Song, Zhigang Chen, Zhiming Zhou, Yicheng China University of Petroleum at Beijing China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited China King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (纸本)9781613999806

Based on a genetic algorithm and field production data, this paper reasonably optimizes the fracture parameters of multistage fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs). First, a mathematical model of MFHWs in shale gas reservoir is proposed under the conditions of variable production and variable pressure. Then, the main factors affecting well production are determined by sensitive analysis. Finally, the production prediction model based on a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the fracture parameters of the Fuling shale gas reservoir. The results show that in the study area, the number of fractures in typical wells is 10, and the fracture half-length is 90m, and the fracture conductivity is 15.24md.m. The effective fracture half-length is the main parameter affecting production, so the effective fracture half-length and effective fracture number should be increased reasonably, and the support concentration should be increased properly. What's more, the optimal solution of fracture half-length is 160m, and the optimal solution of fracture number is 8, and the optimal solution of fracture conductivity is 20 md·m. This paper provides a new idea based a genetic algorithm for optimizing fracture parameters of shale gas wells in the Fuling area. Copyright © 2023, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

关键词： Genetic algorithms

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Novel Approach to Stimulation design Optimization for Ultra-deep, 200°C Temperature Formations: A Case Study in Kunteyi Block

Novel Approach to Stimulation Design Optimization for Ultra-...

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2024 SPE Gas and Oil technology Conference, GOTECH 2024

作者： Hou, Tengfei Lin, Hai Wu, Xi Wang, Xiaolu Li, Zhanchun Zhang, Shiling Feng, Shengli Zhang, Yang Liu, Yong Shang, Litao Bai, Haoli CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Ltd Beijing Beijing China Qinghai Oilfield Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute Dunhuang China Qinghai Oilfield Company Dunhuang China The Third Gas Production Plant of Qinghai Oilfield China

ISBN: (纸本)9781959025405

The kunteyi Block, a domestic gas field, poses unique challenges with its ultra-deep, 392°F high-temperature conditions. These extreme environments significantly challenge the safety and efficiency of well testing and stimulation. The block faces issues such as:1) difficulty in reservoir coring and low accuracy in mechanical parameter interpretation from conventional logging data;2) Challenges in fracture initiation under pressure constraints in ultra-deep (20,964 ft TVd), high-stress, high-angle wells;3) Lack of experience in fracturing operations for ultra-deep, high-angle wells at 392°F. This paper presents a design methodology and process tailored for ultra-deep, high-temperature, high-angle wells. It begins with cutting test technology for in-depth rock mechanics testing, followed by an innovative mechanical specific energy calculation method, factoring in actual drilling bit selection. This approach, combined with rock mechanics parameters, facilitates the identification of optimal cluster locations. Key construction parameters like inter-stage spacing, perforation cluster number and hole count, measure displacement, and fluid volume were further refined through three-dimensional fracture expansion modeling. Moreover, for a suspected aquifer 30 feet below the first section, a targeted low-displacement, small-scale acidification process was implemented. The results demonstrate that this method effectively quantifies the rock mechanical parameters of the Kunteyi Block. The optimized perforation locations achieved lower breakdown pressures of 13,778 psi;an 8.5% reduction compared to neighboring wells at 15,055 psi. The high-angle wells, segmented into four stages with differentiated fluid scales ranging from 56,504 to 63,566 cubic feet and a pump rate increase from 18.9 bpm to 62.9 bpm, enabled efficient fracture initiation. The implementation of small-displacement acidification effectively prevented communication with the water layer, thus enhancing the project'

关键词： rock mechanics

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development of Online drilling Fluid Property Logging System

Development of Online Drilling Fluid Property Logging System

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2022 IAdC/SPE International drilling Conference and Exhibition, dC 2022

作者： Ge, Yunhua Mei, Yunyi Zhang, Songjie Zhang, Yanlong Liu, Guanglai Yang, Hao Wang, Qi He, david Zhang, Josh CNPC – Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited China CNPC – Oilfileds Technology Service Company China CNPC – Kunlun Data Intelligent Limited China China University of Geology China CNPC United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781613998427

Continuously monitoring of drilling fluid properties and simulating of down hole hydraulics is critical and beneficial for safe and efficient drilling. However, the drilling fluids properties are generally taken once every regulated interval and the downhole wellbore conditions and drilling fluids performance are judged accordingly and sometimes experientially for lack of updated data. In this paper, we present a novel unit called On –line drilling Fluids Properties Logging System (OdFPLS) for real-time measurement of drilling fluids property and software for downhole hydraulics modeling by integrating of these real-time measured data. The OdFPLS unit consists of four testing modules, they are density module, rheology module, Funnel Viscosity module, and Ion Content module. during working, the fluid sample is sucked in and flowed first to the density module, tested there and then flowed to other modules in above order and finally discharged into waste pits without any human intervention. The test data is stored in the database of well-site digital platform and shared to the remote Operational Centers (rOCs) for drilling fluids performance diagnosis and downhole hydraulics modeling The indoor and field pilot tests showed that the unit is capable of measuring fluid properties such as mud density, funnel viscosity, rheological behavioral parameters, calcium and chlorine concentration and so on properly and accurately while drilling compared with manual measurement by lab operators. The drilling fluids performance diagnosis and hydraulics modeling provides not only rheological mode identification but also the real time equivalent circulating density ECd and equivalent static density ESd at any point in the wellbore during drilling. It also delivers surge and swab pressure calculation as well as ECd data while tripping drill pipe or setting casing. The timely availability of the information enables the mud engineer and drilling engineer to aware the status and trends of

关键词： drilling fluids

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research Status and Progress of Foam drainage-Gas recovery technology in Shale Gas Wells 13th

Research Status and Progress of Foam Drainage-Gas Recovery T...

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13th International Field Exploration and development Conference, IFEdC 2023

作者： Jin, Yi Xie, Jia-Jun Gao, Xiang Liu, Jian-Quan Ye, Zhi-Lin Sun, Xun Chang, Qi-Fan CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China Changning Branch of Petro China Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Beijing China China University of Petroleum Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819702596

Shale gas is an important unconventional energy. Because of its special geological structure and complex well depth structure, it is difficult to exploit and will produce wellbore fluid accumulation in the production process. These problems can be effectively solved through drainage and gas production technology. Foam drainage-gas recovery technology is a relatively mature technology, which is widely used in major shale gas fields in China and abroad. The critical part of the technology is the selection and filling of foaming agent. For the foam drainage gas production technology for shale gas wells, investigated the technical status, studied the process optimization method and foam drainage agent injection method, and introduced the latest intelligent foam drainage and composite drainage and production technologies which are based on the characteristics of shale gas. Besides that, the article described the characteristics of foam drainage agent are summarized, and the preparation and application of high-performance composite foam drainage agent with temperature resistance, salt resistance, acid resistance, good stability and strong liquid carrying capacity and proposed the development direction of intelligent foam drainage, combined drainage technology and composite foam drainage agent. This research provides references for the foam drainage-gas recovery technology in shale gas wells in China. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Gases

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