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A novel critical velocity model for the incipient motion of non-spherical particles on cuttings bed in extended reach wells

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Particuology 2025年第2期97卷 193-206页

作者： Wei Hu Ning Guan Jinya Zhang Binggui Xu Hongwu Zhu College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing102206China

Accurately predicting the minimum velocity required to initiate particles movement on a cuttings bed surface during drilling operations is crucial for efficient and cost-effective removal of deposited ***,current models neglect the influence of particle shape on the drag coefficient and static friction coefficient during rolling and sliding on a cuttings ***,this study developed an experimental setup for cuttings transport and employed both theoretical analysis and experimental methods to investigate the critical velocity for the incipient motion of particles under various operational conditions.A novel semi-mechanical criterion model was developed for the incipient motion of particles,incorporating a shape correction factor for non-spherical particles.A balance equation for the threshold Shields number,determined by particle driving forces and resistances,was established,and a numerical procedure was formulated to determine the critical velocity for the incipient motion of *** model predictions show strong agreement with experimental *** study found that higher eccentricity,inclination,and fluid viscosity increased the difficulty of initiating particle movement on the cuttings bed surface,thus requiring higher annular velocities for effective cuttings ***,increasing particle size facilitated easier removal of the cuttings *** to non-Newtonian fluids,Newtonian fluids proved more effective in cuttings *** findings of this study are significant for optimizing hole cleaning parameters and improving the efficiency of cuttings removal.

关键词： Cuttings transport Critical velocity Predictive model Particle shape effect Experimental study

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Abnormal Events detection during drilling Based on Knowledge Embedded real Time data Analysis

Abnormal Events Detection During Drilling Based on Knowledge...

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2025 International Petroleum technology Conference, IPTC 2025

作者： Shi, X.Y. Ji, Y. Cui, M. Guo, W.H. Tian, Y.M. Wu, d. Jing, L.Z. Yang, X.Y. CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781959025436

recognizing the signs of abnormal events during drilling at an earlier time and adopting appropriate action can greatly reduce non-productive time and improve drilling safety. However, due to the complexity of the drilling system and the uncertainty of data measurement, detecting abnormal events accurately and timely is not a trivial task. This paper proposes an early abnormal events detection approach based on real time data mining and knowledge reasoning. Based on the theoretical analysis, field experience and historical data analysis, main indicators of abnormal events (e.g. kick, mud losses and pipe stuck) under different drilling operations are identified, and this knowledge is represented as logical rules embedded in an event detection model. Various time series analysis and machine learning algorithms are utilized to extract the data characterization, capture the subtle change trends, and recognize the change patterns of multidimensional time series. The proposed model combines both the prior knowledge and data variation characterizations to detect the early signs of the abnormal events. Furthermore, when the events are detected, the model takes the context of the drilling operations, which are automatically calculated in real time, into account to reduce the false alarms. An early abnormal event detection software tool is built, which is able to detect kick, mud losses and pipe stuck incidents during drilling. The tool used as input both real-time and archived drilling data, and provides alarms when event indicators are detected. More than 50 wells' historical drill data are used as input to the tool for model verification. The results show that the tool can automatically detect all 25 kick incidents, 4 loss incidents and 21 stuck pipe incidents in the data set. The kick detection time is about 4 mins earlier than the field recorded time by average, the mud losses detection time is about 1 mins earlier by average, and the pipe stuck detection time is about 4

关键词： Mud logging

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Simulation of Low-Tension-Gas Flood in a High-Temperature and Heterogeneous Sandstone reservoir

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SPE Journal 2025年第4期30卷 2155-2170页

作者： AlAbdullah, Mohammad B. delshad, Mojdeh Niu, Fangya Mohanty, Kishore Sepehrnoori, Kamy Li, Jianshen Zhou, Nancy C. Lu, Meng Miao, Jijun Kuwait University Kuwait The University of Texas at Austin United States CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China CNPC United States SimTech Kuwait

This study explores low-tension-gas flooding (LTG) as a hybrid low-tension surfactant and nitrogen gas-enhanced oil recovery (EOr) method for a high-temperature (90–100°C) and heterogeneous (permeability 0.06 µd–1180 md) sandstone reservoir. A significant research gap exists in developing EOr technologies tailored for reservoirs with extreme heterogeneity and high temperatures. This study addresses this gap by integrating laboratory and simulation studies to model phase behavior, foam quality, and recovery factors (rFs) and then upscale these findings to a pilot scale. We began with history matching two corefloods, an outcrop, and a reservoir core, employing the in-house UTCHEM simulator. Flow parameters were derived from these corefloods, and fluid properties were ascertained from laboratory experiments. A 0.6-acre pilot-scale model in UTCHEM, based on field data, was used to simulate the LTG process. The comprehensive field scale sensitivity study indicates an incremental oil recovery (IOr) factor (rF) between 11% and 18% from LTG injection, influenced primarily by residual oil saturation to waterflood, injection rate, LTG slug size, and surfactant concentration. Gravity segregation between gas and microemulsion phases, affected by reservoir vertical heterogeneity, emerged as a critical factor. A lower kv/kh ratio led to a more stable front with a moderate gas override. Based on the technical feasibility of this study, an optimal chemical injection design involves 1 wt% surfactant concentration within 1 pore volume (PV) of LTG slug. Higher injection rates resulted in increased oil recovery and shorter pilot duration, though constrained by field operational limits. Adjusting foam quality during LTG injection affected gravity segregation, necessitating further laboratory experiments for correlation with gas mobility reduction. Foam shear thinning could enhance field foam injectivity without significantly impacting cumulative oil recovery. Increasing the injection ra

关键词： Shear thinning

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driving Cost reduction in CCUS Projects: Innovating Qualification Technologies to replace Expensive CrA with Cost-Efficient Glass Fiber Polymer Composites

Driving Cost Reduction in CCUS Projects: Innovating Qualific...

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Offshore technology Conference, OTC 2025

作者： Zhao, L. dunne, T. ren, J.X. Li, W.H. Cheng, P. CNPC USA HoustonTX United States CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781959025610

The imperative role of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in achieving the global carbon emissions reduction target of 15-20% by 2050 is widely recognized. However, the sluggish progress in CCUS deployment stems primarily from substantial initial capital outlays, notably attributed to the use of costly Corrosion-resistant Alloys (CrA). These alloys are essential due to the corrosion challenges posed by supercritical CO2 from the capture facility to the injection wells. Glass Fiber reinforced Polymer Composite (GFPC), with its high corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical strength, emerges as a costefficient alternative to CrAs. despite this potential, GFPC faces challenges related to limited data, poor understanding of degradation mechanisms, especially in supercritical CO2, and difficulties in evaluating its operational lifespan. To expedite the adoption of GFPC, this study systematically investigates the degradation mechanisms of GFPC in CCUS injection wells and introduces an industry-crucial model for qualifying GFPC grades for long-term usage as downhole liners. Conventional GFPC tubular qualification methods involve excessively long aging tests (e.g., 417 days as per ISO 14692) with overly conservative safety margins, making qualification cost- and time-prohibitive. To overcome this challenge, a mature GFPC grade with over 50 years of field deployment data was chosen, and a novel accelerated lab testing method (completed in 56 days) was established by plotting mechanical property decay as a function of time at temperatures below its glass transition temperature. Systematic investigations, employing various characterization tools, were conducted to analyze microstructure changes, polymer/fiber bond alterations, and thermomechanical property variations. A numeric degradation model was developed by correlating lab test results with long-term field data to provide a reasonable evaluation of the long-term application of GFPC as liner materials in s

关键词： Corrosion resistant alloys

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Latest Technological Progress in drilling and Completion Operations of the Unconventional reservoir in Xinjiang MaHu Oil Field and Key Suggestions for the Next Steps

Latest Technological Progress in Drilling and Completion Ope...

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2025 International Petroleum technology Conference, IPTC 2025

作者： Hu, Huaigang Xi, Chuanming Ji, Guodong Zhang, Nan Wu, Qiang Zhuo, Lubin Zou, Lingzhan CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China National Engineering Research Center for Oil Gas Drilling and Completion Technology Beijing China Xinjiang Oilfield Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Karamay China

ISBN: (纸本)9781959025436

due to the differences in sedimentary environments, compared with the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources in the United States and other countries, China has encountered greater difficulties in the drilling and completion processes of unconventional oil and gas. By analyzing the problems faced by drilling and completion in unconventional reservoirs in the MaHu area in recent years, the process of solving the issues and technical progress are summarized to form a technical template for drilling and completion in this area, which can also provide references for the next step to improve the drilling efficiency and reduce development costs. By studying the lateral distribution law of the pore pressure, the placement of the technical casing was optimized to further develop a standard design for the wellbore structure applicable to this area. To adapt to the local environmental protection requirements, high-performance non-sulfonic treatment agents were selected to replace sulfonic treatment agents, and four sets of environmental protection drilling fluid systems were formed. Based on the rock mechanics and field tests, the personalized drill bit is continuously optimized. With the introduction of a rotary steering drilling system and high-performance positive displacement motor (PdM), the rate of penetration (rOP) has been greatly improved. The transformation of horizontal Wells in the target Triassic formation from four types of casing strings with open hole completion + White oil-based/potassium-calcium based polysulfone organic salt drilling fluid to three types of casing strings with 5-inch casing completion + white-oil/potassium-calcium polyamine organic salt drilling fluid, from conventional rotary drilling + roller cone bit to rotary steering system/high-performance PdM +PdC bit, and the horizontal section length increased from 2000m to 2650m. Completion time decreased from an average of 144 days to 72 days. Speak of the Permian formation, the tra

关键词： Oil well completion

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An intelligent algorithm for identifying dropped blocks in wellbores

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Natural Gas Industry B 2025年第2期12卷 186-194页

作者： Wang, Qian Yang, Zixuan Ye, Chenxi Zhai, Wenbao Feng, Xiao CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology Beijing China

real-time monitoring of wellbore stability during drilling is crucial for the early detection of instability and timely interventions. The cause and type of wellbore instability can be identified by analyzing the dropped blocks brought to the surface by the drilling fluid, enabling preventive measures to be taken. In this study, an image capture system with fully automated sorting and 3d scanning was developed to obtain the complete 3d point cloud data of dropping blocks. The raw data obtained were preprocessed using methods such as format conversion, down sampling, coordinate transformation, statistical filtering, and clustering. Feature extraction algorithms, including the principal component analysis bounding box method, triangular meshing method, triaxial projection method, local curvature method, and model segmentation projection method, were employed, which resulted in the extraction of 32 feature parameters from the point cloud data. An optimal machine learning algorithm was developed by training it with 10 machine learning algorithms and the block data collected in the field. The XGBoost algorithm was then used to optimize the feature parameters and improve the classification model. An intelligent, fully automated feature parameter extraction and classification system was developed and applied to classify the types of falling blocks in 12 sets of drilling field and laboratory experiments and to identify the causes of wellbore instability. An average accuracy of 93.9 % was achieved. This system can thus enable the timely diagnosis and implementation of preventive and control measures for wellbore instability in the field. © 2025 Sichuan Petroleum Administration

关键词： 3d scanning dropped block classification Feature extraction Machine learning Point cloud data Wellbore instability

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Exploring the synergistic effects and mechanistic insights of ionic and polyionic liquid combinations as shale inhibitors

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Petroleum Science 2025年第4期22卷 1566-1577页

作者： dai, Jia-Jun Lv, Kai-He Sun, Jin-Sheng Jia, Han Huang, Xian-Bin Li, Jian Shandong Qingdao266580 China Ministry of Education Shandong Qingdao266580 China CNPC Engineering Technology R & D Company Limited Beijing102206 China

Ionic liquids (ILs), recognized for their negligible vapor pressure, thermal stability, and structural tailorability, offer targeted inhibition of clay expansion. Compared to ILs, polyionic liquids (PILs) possess stronger mechanical properties and adsorption capabilities, showing even greater potential in inhibiting clay swelling. In this work, we synthesized and characterized an imidazole-based ionic liquid (IL-NH2), a polyionic liquid (PIL-ABHIm), and a PIL/IL combination. Their inhibitory performance was rigorously evaluated under simulated drilling conditions through immersion tests, linear swelling tests, among others. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying their interaction with clay minerals were elucidated through contact angle measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (Xrd), Zeta potential analysis, and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis. This work demonstrates that IL-NH2 inhibits osmotic hydration by altering the interlayer structure of the clay, while PIL-ABHIm reduces surface hydration by forming a hydrophobic barrier on the clay surface. PIL/IL combines both mechanisms, significantly enhancing the stability of clay through the dual mechanisms of cation exchange and hydrophobic barriers. These findings reveal an innovative mechanism by which PIL/IL combination inhibits clay hydration and swelling, providing a scientific foundation for their application in drilling fluids. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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dynamic response Mechanism of Borehole Breathing in Fractured Formation 30th

Dynamic Response Mechanism of Borehole Breathing in Fracture...

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30th International Conference on Computational and Experimental engineering and Sciences, ICCES 2024

作者： Gao, reyu Cui, Yi Wang, Ge Zhao, Fei ding, Yan CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Building 1-Courtyard 5-Huanghe Street-Changping District Beijing102200 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031829062

The ongoing advancement in the exploration and development of oil and gas resources has shifted focus towards deep and ultra-deep layers, emerging as the primary arena for oil and gas exploration and development in China. The intricate fractured reservoir environment, characterized by a narrow safe density window and borehole breathing during drilling, presents substantial challenges to ensuring safe and efficient drilling operations in deep reservoirs. Borehole breathing-induced return of drilling fluid can be easily misinterpreted as a well kick, leading to the implementation of erroneous well control measures that significantly impact the safety and efficiency of deep drilling. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic response mechanism associated with borehole breathing in fractured reservoirs, as well as to elucidate alterations in fluid and rock behavior during this process, this study has developed an innovative model for simulating borehole breathing within fractured reservoirs. This model is grounded on the permeability and fluid flow principles governing non-Newtonian fluids, employing dual porous medium stress coupled with flow methodologies to effectively simulate and quantify both the loss and return of drilling fluid within the borehole during instances of borehole breathing within deep fractured reservoirs, along with changes occurring within fractures. The model underwent validation through the utilization of field data and case studies. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Non Newtonian flow

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Technologies and Achievements for drilling and Completion of Onshore deep and Ultra-deep Wells in China

Technologies and Achievements for Drilling and Completion of...

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2025 International Petroleum technology Conference, IPTC 2025

作者： Zhang, Jiawei Wang, Haige Ji, Guodong Cui, Meng Chen, Lili Li, Wenzhe Liu, Li CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company Sichuan China Engineering Technology Research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company Sichuan Chengdu China

ISBN: (纸本)9781959025436

In the last decade, newly discovered oil and gas reservoirs have gradually shifted from shallow-medium to deep and ultra-deep layers globally. China also has great potential in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas resources, which is identified as the main frontiers due to the increasing difficulty in maintaining economic and sustainable hydrocarbon production from shallow-medium fields after long-term continuous exploitation. The cost-effective E&P of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas resources are crucial for achieving China's energy transition and succession strategy. This paper reviews numerous challenges encountered during the drilling and completion of deep and ultra-deep wells, including down-hole tool failure due to ultra-high temperature, well control risks from ultra-high pressure, well control or leakage risks due to the narrow pressure window, low rOP due to high strength and abrasive formations, and pipe stuck or wellbore stability problems in salt or mudstone layers. The paper also presents the breakthroughs and applications of high-end equipment, cutting-edge tools and core downhole fluids developed to overcome these challenges, ensuring safe and efficient drilling and completion operations of deep and ultra-deep wells. With successful breakthroughs and applications of technologies including the 12000m drill rig, wellbore structure optimization, managed-pressure drilling, efficient drill bits, drilling speed-up, ultra-high temperature resistant and high-density drilling fluids, leakage prevention, cementing, ultra-high temperature and pressure resistant oil testing and completion, and ultra-deep coiled tubing equipment, the number of onshore deep and ultra-deep wells in China has been increasing in recent years. Continuous improvements have been achieved in technical performance indicators such as the drilling cycle, rOP and other metrics. Over 200 wells successfully drilled with Md exceeding 8000m have enabled China to normalize 8000m ultra-deep onshore dri

关键词： Coiled tubing

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Automatic detection and classification of drill bit damage using deep learning and computer vision algorithms

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Natural Gas Industry B 2025年第2期12卷 195-206页

作者： Yang, Xiongwen Feng, Xiao Cheng, Chris Yu, Jiaqing Zhang, Qing Gao, Zilong Liu, Yang Chen, Bo CNPC Houston Technology Research Center Beijing 100028 China CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing 102206 China National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology Beijing 102206 China DataNova Analytics Incorporated Houston 77084 TX United States

This study aims to eliminate the subjectivity and inconsistency inherent in the traditional International Association of drilling Contractors (IAdC) bit wear rating process, which heavily depends on the experience of drilling engineers and often leads to unreliable results. Leveraging advancements in computer vision and deep learning algorithms, this research proposes an automated detection and classification method for polycrystalline diamond compact (PdC) bit damage. YOLOv10 was employed to locate the PdC bit cutters, followed by two SqueezeNet models to perform wear rating and wear type classifications. A comprehensive dataset was created based on the IAdC dull bit evaluation standards. Additionally, this study discusses the necessity of data augmentation and finds that certain methods, such as cropping, splicing, and mixing, may reduce the accuracy of cutter detection. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances the accuracy of bit damage detection and classification while also providing substantial improvements in processing speed and computational efficiency, offering a valuable tool for optimizing drilling operations and reducing costs. © 2025 Sichuan Petroleum Administration

关键词： Artificial intelligence damage assessment data augmentation deep learning IAdC dull PdC bit

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