program evaluation technology transfer is the transfer of information on program evaluation from research to practitioners. There have been anecdotal reports of a lack of technology transfer materials related to HIV p...
详细信息
The 1998 multistate Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the tobacco industry restricted cigarette advertising and promotions. The MSA monetary settlement was also associated with an average cigarette price increase...
详细信息
The 1998 multistate Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the tobacco industry restricted cigarette advertising and promotions. The MSA monetary settlement was also associated with an average cigarette price increase of U.S.$1.19/pack between 1998 and 2001 to fund, in part, industry payments to the states. We examined Federal Trade Commission reports on how the tobacco industry spends its cigarette advertising and promotional dollars to see if changes expected as a result of the MSA occurred. Expected changes included reduced total expenditures and reductions for outdoor advertising, specialty promotional items identified with a brand (e.g., caps, t-shirts, lighters), and public entertainment. However, tobacco industry spending for advertising and promotions increased 96% between 1995 and 2001, with large increases in 1998 and 1999, as the MSA took effect. Between 1997 and 2001, outdoor advertising declined 98%, expenditures for specialty promotional items decreased 41%, although public entertainment increased 45%. However, in 2001, these categories represented only a small fraction of the total budget. Expenditures for retail-value-added increased 344% between 1997 and 2001 (to 42.5% of total), perhaps to mitigate increased cigarette prices. In 2001, the incentives-to-merchants and retail-value-added categories comprised more than 80% of total expenditures. To adequately monitor tobacco industry expenditures as they adapt to the MSA and other tobacco control efforts, more refined reporting categories are essential.
作者：
Rock, CLThis article was written by Cheryl L. Rock
PhD RD Professor Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and Cancer Prevention and Control Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA.
Carotenoids are a group of biologically active compounds that provide colorto plants, microorganisms, fish, and birds, but they cannot be synthesized in animals. Theabsorption of carotenoids is not regulated when cons...
Carotenoids are a group of biologically active compounds that provide colorto plants, microorganisms, fish, and birds, but they cannot be synthesized in animals. Theabsorption of carotenoids is not regulated when consumed by humans, so carotenoidsin the blood andperipheral tissue reflect ingested carotenoids. Higher levels of carotenoid intake from the diethave been quite consistently associated with reduced risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, andother chronic diseases in observational studies, and they demonstrate diverse biological activitiesin laboratory studies. Yet the beta carotene supplement trials just as consistently demonstratedthat no benefits are gained from this strategy, and in two studies, an increased risk for cancer inassociation with high-dose supplementation was observed in the groups that were targeted in thosestudies. Much has been learned about carotenoids since the resuits of the beta carotene supplementtrials made the headlines, and because of increased interest in other carotenoids (eg, lutein,lycopene), this new knowledge is relevant to clinical practice. There are some differences, but moresimilarities, in how the various carotenoids are handled by the body. This article addresses themore frequentlyasked questions about carotenoids.
Harm reduction for continuing smokers has been suggested as a public health priority. We evaluated whether tobacco controlprograms might reduce cigarette consumption among current smokers through strategies aimed pri...
Harm reduction for continuing smokers has been suggested as a public health priority. We evaluated whether tobacco controlprograms might reduce cigarette consumption among current smokers through strategies aimed primarily at protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke (SHS). Data were from adult (18+ years) respondents to multiple (1990, 1992, 1996, 1999), large, cross-sectional, population-based surveys of smoking behavior, conducted to evaluate the California Tobacco controlprogram. Adult daily smoking prevalence decreased from 15.9 ±0.4%(±95% confidence interval) of the California adult population in 1990 to 13.0 ±0.3% in 1999. Concurrently, moderate-to-heavy daily smoking (≥15 cigarettes/day) decreased from 10.3 ±0.4% in 1990 to 7.4 ±0.3% in 1999, and heavy daily smoking (≥25 cigarettes/day) from 3.4 ± 0.2% in 1990 to 1.9 ± 0.1% in 1999. Decreased daily smoking was observed in all demographic subgroups except young adults. Among college graduates, the daily smoking prevalence in 1999 was 6.4 ± 0.4%, a level previously observed only among U.S. physicians. In 1999, nearly 30% of current smokers did not smoke daily, and more than 60% said they now smoked less than previously. In 1999, self-reported cigarette consumption was inversely related to believing SHS is harmful to nonsmokers, having a smoke-free workplace, and living in a smoke-free home. In California, tobacco control strategies that educated the population about SHS and resulted in smoking restrictions may have led continuing smokers to smoke less, which should reduce the harm from smoking to the public health in the long term.
The objective of this analysis was to examine further whether tobacco industry marketing using the labels light and ultra-light is perceived by smokers as a health claim. Smokers might view low tar/nicotine brands of ...
The objective of this analysis was to examine further whether tobacco industry marketing using the labels light and ultra-light is perceived by smokers as a health claim. Smokers might view low tar/nicotine brands of cigarettes as a means to reduce the harm to their health from smoking and postpone quitting. Data were from smokers responding to a large, population-based survey of Californians' smoking behavior, conducted in 1996 (8,582 current smokers). Sixty percent of smokers thought the labels light and ultra-light referred to low tar/nicotine cigarettes, or otherwise implied a health claim. This percentage was higher for smokers of low tar/nicotine brands. Among smokers of regular brands, the more highly addicted, those who were trying unsuccessfully to quit, those who had cut consumption or thought about it, and those with health concerns were more likely to have considered switching. While some of these characteristics also were associated with smokers of low tar/nicotine brands, the associations were not as numerous or as strong. We conclude that some smokers appear to view low tar/nicotine brands as one short-term strategy to reduce the harm to their health from smoking without quitting. By implying reduced tar or nicotine exposure, tobacco industry marketing using the labels light and ultra-light is misleading smokers. The use of such labels should be regulated.
作者：
Kirby, Susan D.ResearchWorks
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) AARP South Carolina's Breast Cancer Control Program National Drug Control Policy Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Emory University's School of Public Health United States
暂无评论