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Speakout, Dismantling the U.S. Technology Infrastructure

IEEE Spectrum 2002年第1期33卷 22-24页

作者： M.G. Morgan R.M. White Department of engineering and public policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Department of electrical and computer engineering Carnegie Mellon University

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Will They Hate Us? Anticipating Unacceptable Risks

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Risk Management 2001年第4期3卷 7-18页

作者： Baruch Fischhoff Ilya Fischhoff Departments of Engineering & Public Policy and of Social & Decision Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton

Risks can be judged unacceptable for instrumental reasons, because they appear too large, relative to the associated benefits. They can also be judged unacceptable for fundamental reasons, because it is deemed morally or ethically wrong to incur them. With novel risks, these two sets of judgments are interrelated, as individuals look at the risk and at one another's behavior for guidance. After sketching these processes in general terms, we consider their expression in the context of a technology whose acceptability is currently being decided: genetically modified organisms in agriculture. We suggest some simple indicators of how well the technology is faring, as ways to gain insight into its future.

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Perceptions of PCE use by dry cleaners and dry cleaning customers

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Journal of Risk Research 2001年第4期4卷 353-375页

作者： Kovacs, Daniel C. Fischhoff, Baruch Small, Mitchell J. Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA United States Departments of Social and Decision Sciences and Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA United States Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA United States

Recent studies by consumer and environmental groups have raised questions about Perchloroethylene (PCE) used by over 85% of the commercial dry cleaners in the United States, but classified as a possible or probable carcinogen. Many environmentalists favour replacing PCE dry cleaning with alternative, chlorine-free processes currently under development. However, even if these alternatives eventually provide adequate replacements, some time will be needed to convert technologies in an industry that is dominated by small, family-run businesses. This study examines the possibility of reducing PCE exposure with existing technology, through provision of information aimed at changing dry cleaner and customer behaviour. Dry cleaning customers and dry cleaning store owners and operators were interviewed to identify their mental models of how PCE risks are created and controlled. The interviews with dry cleaning customers revealed little awareness of concerns about PCE. Because few understood the actual dry cleaning process, customers had difficulty understanding the nature of the concern and methods of protecting themselves (other than dry cleaning their clothes less frequently). They did seem to understand, though, that dry cleaning is a chemical process and that some concerns probably exist. The interviews with dry cleaners revealed a much greater level of awareness of concerns and a wide range of related opinions. Most deny that such concerns should be given credence. However, their justifications often rely on anecdotal evidence and incomplete or incorrect assumptions. Most did acknowledge that more advanced technology, economic incentives, and current regulations provide appropriate opportunity and motivation for responsible business practices that minimize or reduce exposure. A communication strategy is derived from these results, relying on dry cleaner and dry cleaning customer education. © 2001 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

关键词： Drycleaning Exposure Mental models Perceptions Perchloroethylene

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Investing in Frankenfirms: Predicting Socially Unacceptable Risks

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Journal of Psychology & Financial Markets 2001年第2期2卷 100-111页

作者： Fischhoff, Baruch Nadai, Alain Fischhoff, Ilya Departments of Engineering and Public Policy and of Social and Decision Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University and Ecole d''Mines Paris Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University

When the public decides that a product or production process is socially unacceptable, the share price of the firms involved may suffer. The danger is that, out of distaste, people will refrain from buying the product or the shares. But being able to assess the degree of unacceptability can mean being better able to assess how it will affect a firm's profitability, and being better able to assess the value of a firm. Over the past twenty-five years, many psychological studies have considered predictors of unacceptability for one class of industrial activities: those perceived as producing risks to health, safety, and the environment. We compare results from several studies of risk perception conducted from 1975-1994 with current consumer boycotts and the screening criteria of socially responsible investment firms-two forms of organized distaste. From both perspectives, high historic ratings on undesirable risk characteristics have predicted current organized aversion. These relationships are discussed in terms of how to make more precise estimates of the direct and indirect effects of social unacceptability on share price. One way is to pay critical attention to the financial disclosures of firms that may have such problems in light of the concurrent state of scientific knowledge. We illustrate these issues with the case of genetically modified organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： TECHNOLOGY BOYCOTTS INVESTMENTS -- Moral & ethical aspects RISK perception

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India's fruitful tryst with technology

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Nature 2000年第6772期403卷 829-830页

作者： V.S. Arunachalam Departments of Engineering & Public Policy and of Materials Science & Engineering and at the Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA

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An introduction to the community of professors: The engineering education scholars workshop

An introduction to the community of professors: The engineer...

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作者： Strader, Ross Ambrose, Susan A. Davidson, Cliff I. Department of Civil Engineering Carnegie Mellon University United States Eberly Cetr. for Teaching Excellence Carnegie Mellon University United States Departments of Civil Engineering Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University United States Eberly Ctr. for Teaching Excellence Warner Hall Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 United States Department of Civil Eneineering 119 Porter Hall Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 United States

It can be difficult for new faculty to get the information they need on issues such as teaching, advising, and setting up a research program. While some have excellent mentors, others have come to rely on trial and error or word of mouth. In 1996, the NSF engineering Education Scholars Workshop began at carnegie Mellon University to address the needs of new and future engineering faculty by: providing professional teaching development;offering guidance in supervising graduate students and conducting research;discussing likely engineering education and research challenges in the 21st century;and providing intellectual and social support with colleagues. After three years, a significant amount of knowledge and experience has been gathered by the workshop co-chairs. This paper details the structure of the workshop and discusses the underlying principles and implementation to provide guidance for those planning similar workshops.

关键词： engineering education

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ProbVerus: Probabilistic symbolic model checking 5th

ProbVerus: Probabilistic symbolic model checking

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5th International on Algebraic Methodology And Software Technology, AMAST 1999, held with Workshop on Formal Methods for Real-Time and Probabilistic Systems, ARTS 1999

作者： Hartonas-Garmhausen, Vicky Campos, Sergio Clarke, Ed Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue PittsburghPA15213 United States Federal University of Minas Gerais Brazil Department of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue PittsburghPA15213 United States

ISBN: (纸本)3540660100

Model checking can tell us whether a system is correct;probabilistic model checking can also tell us whether a system is timely and reliable. Moreover, probabilistic model checking allows one to verify properties that may not be true with probability one, but may still hold with an acceptable probability. The challenge in developing a probabilistic model checker able to handle realistic systems is the construction of the state space and the necessity to solve huge systems of linear equations. To address this problem, we have developed ProbVerus, a tool for the formal verification of probabilistic real-time systems. ProbVerus is an implementation of probabilistic computation tree logic (PCTL) model checking using symbolic techniques. We present ProbVerus, demonstrate its use with a simple manufacturing example, and report the current status of the tool. With ProbVerus, we have been able to analyze, within minutes, the safety logic of a railway interlocking controller with 1027 states. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999.

关键词： Model checking

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Seamless access to multiple wireless data networks. A wireless data network infrastructure at carnegie Mellon University

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IEEE Personal Communications 1996年第1期3卷 56-63页

作者： A. Hills D.B. Johnson Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Carnegie Mellon University

In order to support mobile computing research, including the development of software which will allow seamless access to multiple wireless data networks, a wireless data network infrastructure is being built at carnegie Mellon University. This infrastructure will allow researchers and other members of the campus community to use mobile computers to gain access to data networks while they are on-campus, or off-campus in the greater Pittsburgh area. The infrastructure will initially include two different types of wireless networks, a low-bandwidth wide area system and a high-bandwidth local area system, each of which will provide access to the campus computer network. Since the campus network is called "Andrew" (after Andrew carnegie and Andrew Mellon), the new wireless infrastructure has been dubbed "Wireless Andrew". The article describes the Wireless Andrew infrastructure being built. An overview of the infrastructure and the characteristics of the two types of wireless networks used are presented. Each of these networks is then described in more detail. The technology used, its implementation in the wireless network infrastructure, and deployment experience are discussed.

关键词： computer networks Wireless networks Mobile computing Wireless LAN Mobile communication Local area networks IP networks Costs Portable computers computer interfaces

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Simulating ATM integrated-services networks

Simulating ATM integrated-services networks

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Annual Symposium on Simulation

作者： J.M. Peha Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Department of Engineering & Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

In integrated-services networks, both the arrival processes and the performance objectives can vary greatly from one packet stream to another. Either the network must be designed to meet the strictest performance requirements by every possible measure of performance, or traffic control algorithms are needed that differentiate traffic based on performance objectives, and adjust performance accordingly. There is therefore a need to evaluate and compare the performance of such traffic control algorithms including algorithms for admission control, transmission scheduling, and packet dropping. However, ATM integrated-services networks place great demands on simulation systems. This paper describes an efficient approach to the design of discrete-event simulations for these networks. It is used to evaluate several different traffic control approaches. Some sample results from the simulation are presented which compare these algorithms. It is shown that cost-based scheduling is the most effective of the scheduling algorithms simulated, but the priority token bank, which is simpler to implement, is close behind.

关键词： Traffic control Telecommunication traffic Delay Computational modeling Asynchronous transfer mode Scheduling algorithm Discrete event simulation computer networks public policy Algorithm design and analysis

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Deadlock prevention in flexible manufacturing systems using symbolic model checking

Deadlock prevention in flexible manufacturing systems using ...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： V. Hartonas-Garmhausen E.M. Clarke S. Campos Engineering & Public Policy Department Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

This paper illustrates the use of symbolic model checking in the design of deadlock-free flexible manufacturing systems. Our verification methodology consists of the following stages. First, we extract a state machine model of the system. Second, we write the system specifications using a propositional temporal logic. Finally we use the model checker to check the state machine of the system against its requirements. When a deadlock is identified, a counterexample is automatically generated with a scenario that leads to the deadlock. The counterexample is used to design the proper operational policy that will prevent the corresponding deadlock. This verification approach allows an exhaustive search of all possible behaviors and scenarios. We designed a flexible manufacturing system capable of producing 3 types of parts with 4 machines and 3 robots. It took 8 seconds to find possible deadlocks assuming machine processing capacity of one part at a time and about 36 seconds when we increased the machine processing capacity to two parts at a time. The size of the state space was in the order of 10/sup 18/ states.

关键词： System recovery Flexible manufacturing systems Industrial relations Petri nets Logic Error correction Data structures Boolean functions Electrical equipment industry Manufacturing industries

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