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Second Ditan International Conference on Infectious Diseases(第二届地坛国际感染病会议)

作者： F.J.Zhang National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China

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Disease Progression Patterns of SHIV-KB9 in Rhesus Macaques of Chinese Origin in Comparison with Indian Macaques

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2008年第4期21卷 302-307页

作者： QIANG LIU GUI-BO YANG HUI ZHAO QIANG WEI HUI XING CHUAN QIN YI-MING SHAO State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100050 China Institute of Laboratory Animal Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences （CAMS） and Peking Union Medical College （PUMC） Beijing 100021 China

Objective To develop a model of SHIV-KB9/Chinese origin rhesus （Ch Rh） macaques for vaccine research and to compare the pathogenesis of SHIV-KB9 in Ch Rh macaques with that reported in Indian rhesus （Ind Rh） macaques. Methods Seven mamu-A＊01 negative Ch Rh macaques were inoculated intravenously with 1-10000 MID50 of SHIV-KB9. The monkeys were monitored for viral load, CD4, CDS, SHIV-specific antibody and virus genetic variation. The results were compared with those previously observed in Ind Rh macaques. Results As compared to that observed in Ind Rh macaques, SHIV-KB9 in Ch Rh macaques displayed three identical disease progression patterns. However, the primary pattern was not identical between the two subspecies. The level of plasma viremia differed in SHIV-KB9-infected Ch Rh macaques which exhibited different outcomes from those in Ind Rh macaques. Generally, the values of viral load and the maintenance of CD4^＋ T cells were associated with humoral responses. Otherwise, the viral genetic distances （divergence, diversity） were larger in animals （M419, M425） with their CD4^＋ T cells profoundly depleted. Conclusion The model of SHIV-KB9/Ch Rh macaques displays a relatively slow progression to aids compared with Ind Rh macaques, which may more accurately reflect the potential of candidate vaccines in humans.

关键词： SHIV-KB9 Rhesus macaque Subspecies Viral load CD4/CD8 ratio Antibody titer Gene variation

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Formulas for estimating the costs averted by sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs in the United States

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Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2008年第1期6卷 10-10页

作者： Chesson, Harrell W. Collins, Dayne Koski, Kathryn Division of STD Prevention National Center for HIV/AIDS Viral Hepatitis STD and TB Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA United States

Background: Sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs can mitigate the health and economic burden of STIs. A tool to estimate the economic benefits of STI programs could prove useful to STI program personnel. Methods: We developed formulas that can be applied to estimate the direct medical costs and indirect costs (lost productivity) averted by STI programs in the United States. Costs and probabilities for these formulas were based primarily on published studies. Results: We present a series of formulas that can be used to estimate the economic benefits of STI prevention (in 2006 US dollars), using data routinely collected by STI programs. For example, the averted sequelae costs associated with treating women for chlamydia is given as (Cw)(0.16)(0.925)(0.70)($1,995), where Cw is the number of infected women treated for chlamydia, 0.16 is the absolute reduction in the probability of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) as a result of treatment, 0.925 is an adjustment factor to prevent double-counting of PID averted in women with both chlamydia and gonorrhea, 0.70 is an adjustment factor to account for the possibility of re-infection, and $1,995 is the average cost per case of PID, based on published sources. Conclusion: The formulas developed in this study can be a useful tool for STI program personnel to generate evidence-based estimates of the economic impact of their program and can facilitate the assessment of the cost-effectiveness of their activities. © 2008 Chesson et al;licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

关键词： Indirect Cost Syphilis Sexually Transmitted Infection Direct Medical Cost Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

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Study of HIV-1 drug resistance in patients receiving free antiretroviral therapy in China

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Virologica Sinica 2008年第3期22卷 233-240页

作者： Xin-ping, Li Hui, Xing Zhe, Wang Xue-feng, Si Lian-en, Wang Hua, Cheng Wei-guo, Cui Shu-lin, Jiang Ling-jie, Liao Hai-wei, Zhou Jiang-hong, Huang Hong, Peng Peng-fei, Ma Yi-ming, Shao State key laboratory of virology Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Science Wuhan China State key laboratory for Infectious disease prevention and control Division of Research on Virology and Immunology National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhengzhou China Queshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Henan China

To investigate the prevalence of drug-resistance mutations, resistance to antiretroviral drugs, and the subsequent virological response to therapy in treatment-naive and antiretroviral-treated patients infected with HIV/aids in Henan, China, a total of 431 plasma samples were collected in Queshan county between 2003 and 2004, from patients undergoing the antiretroviral regimen Zidovudine + Didanosine + Nevirapine (Azt+Ddi+Nvp). Personal information was collected by face to face interview. Viral load and genotypic drug resistance were tested. Drug resistance mutation data were obtained by analyzing patient-derived sequences through the HIVdb Program ( http://*** ). Overall, 38.5% of treatment-naive patients had undetectable plasma viral load (VL), the rate significantly increased to 61.9% in 0 to 6 months treatment patients (mean 3 months) (P<0.005) but again significantly decrease to 38.6% in 6 to 12 months treatment patients (mean 9 months) (P<0.001) and 40.0% in patients receiving more than 12 months treatment (mean 16 months) (P<0.005). The prevalence of drug resistance in patients who had a detectable VL and available sequences were 7.0%, 48.6%, 70.8%, 72.3% in treatment-naïve, 0 to 6 months treatment, 6 to 12 months treatment, and treatment for greater than 12 months patients, respectively. No mutation associated with resistance to Protease inhibitor (PI) was detected in this study. Nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) mutations always emerged after non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations, and were only found in patients treated for more than 6 months, with a frequency less than 5%, with the exception of mutation T215Y (12.8%, 6/47) which occurred in patients treated for more than 12 months. NNRTI mutations emerged quickly after therapy begun, and increased significantly in patients treated for more than 6 months (P<0.005), and the most frequent mutations were K103N, V106A, Y181C, G190A. There had been optimal viral suppression in pat

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Sequence Variation in the Gp120 region of SHIV-CN97001 during in vivo Passage

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Virologica Sinica 2008年第1期23卷 8-14页

作者： Qiang LIU Gui-bo YANG Yue MA Chen-li QIU Jie-jie DAI Hui XING Yi-ming SHAO State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control National Center for AIDS/STD Control and prevention China CDC Beijing 100050 China College of Life Sciences NanKai University TianJin300071 China Institute of Medical Biology CAMS Kuming 650118 China

SHIV-CN97001 played an important role in assessing the immune effect and strategy of the aids vaccine which included genes of the predominant prevalent HIV-1 strain in China. In this study, SHIV-CN97001 was in vivo passaged serially to construct pathogenic SHIV-CN97001/rhesus macaques model. To identify variation in the gp120 region of SHIV-CN97001 during passage, the fragments of gp120 gene were amplified by RT-PCR from the plasma of SHIV-CN97001 infected animals at the peak viral load time point and the gene distances (divergence, diversity) were calculated using DISTANCE. The analysis revealed that the genetic distances of SHIV-CN97001 in the third passage animals were the highest during in vivo passage. It had a relationship between viral divergence from the founder strain and viral replication ability. The nucleic acid sequence of the V3 region was highly conservative. All of the SHIV-CN97001 strains had V3 loop central motif (GPGQ) and were predicted to be using CCR5 co-receptor on the basis of the critical amino acids within V3 loop. These results show that there was no significant increase in the genetic distance during serial passage, and SHIV-CN97001 gp120 gene evolved toward ancestral states upon transmission to a new host. This could partly explain why there was no pathogenic viral strain obtained during in vivo passage.

关键词： SHIV Passage Gp120 Variation Sequence analysis

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An HIV, std, and hepatitis prevention program for young men leaving prison: Project START

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Journal of Correctional Health Care 2008年第3期14卷 183-196页

作者： Grinstead, Olga Eldridge, Gloria MacGowan, Robin Morrow, Kathleen M. Seal, David W. Sosman, James M. Zack, Barry Belcher, Lisa Dey, Achintya Iqbal, Kashif Margolis, Andrew Moss, Susan Williamson, John Wolitski, Richard Fitterling, Jim Askew, John Fortenberry, Marty Griebler, Joe Kennedy, Stephen McGregor, Scott Vardaman, Jerry McAuliffe, Tim Reed, Barbara Simms, Rodney Berzowski, Jessica Bourque, Don Buckles, Jeff Charles, Mark Krapf, Melanie Malen, Kelly Reed, Ricardo Rosado, Noel Morrow, Kathleen Flanigan, Timothy Fitzgerald, Christine Nealey-Moore, Jill Lugo, Ricky Strother, Daniel Hecht, Jacki Green, Kellie Best, Gina Woods, Meghan Paton, Stephanie Binson, Diane Faigeles, Bonnie Kramer, Katie Lerma, Annette McCartney, Kathleen McKee-Shapter, Jax Woods, William King, Anthony King, Carolyn Gregorich, Steve Center for AIDS Prevention Studies University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94105 50 Beale Street United States University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage AK United States Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV STD and TB Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA United States Miriam Hospital Alpert Medical School Brown University Providence RI United States Center for AIDS Intervention Research Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI United States University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI United States Centerforce San Rafael CA United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Jackson State University Jackson MS United States Medical College of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Medical School Madison WI United States University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI United States Brown Medical School The Miriam Hospital United States University of California San Francisco CA United States

The rates of HIV, std, and hepatitis infection are high among persons entering prisons, and many of these persons engage in high-risk behaviors after release. Therefore, innovative programs that reduce risk behaviors after release are urgently needed. Project START developed and evaluated two interventions designed for young men leaving prison. This article describes both interventions: the single-session intervention and the enhanced intervention. The single-session intervention focused on HIV/std/hepatitis prevention only. The enhanced intervention consisted of two prerelease and four postrelease sessions that focused on HIV/std/hepatitis prevention and more broadly on health and reintegration into the community. Specific procedures used to implement the interventions in correctional settings are described. Process data describing intervention attendance and fidelity to the intervention protocols are presented. Implications for future intervention studies are discussed. © 2008 NCCHC.

关键词： Correctional health care HIV Intervention Prisons Risk reduction

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Traveling to China for the Beijing Olympic Games: internal migration of the commercial sex workforce may be an important HIV risk factor for travelers

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Travel medicine and infectious disease 2008年第3期6卷 160-160页

作者： Derek R Smith Ning Wei Faculty of Health University of Newcastle Ourimbah Australia Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for STD/AIDS Control and Prevention Beijing China

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Field Evaluation of Alternative Testing Strategies for the Detection of HIV Infection in Beijing

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2007年第4期20卷 265-268页

作者： FA-XIN HEI YAN JIANG WEI-DONG SUN QI-YUN ZHANG QIN ZHANG JING-RONG YE HAI-LIN LIU HONG-YAN LU AND XIONG HE Division of STD/AIDS Prevention Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100013 China National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100050 China

To identify a cost-efficient altemative antibody testing strategy for screening and confirmation of HIV infection by rapid simple tests （RSTs） and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISAs）. Methods Four RSTs （RST1, RST2, RST3, and RST4 ） and five ELISAs （ELISA1, ELISA2, ELISA3, ELISA4, and ELISA5） were evaluated in two phases by using banked and serum specimens prospectively collected at regional hospitals and voluntary counseling and testing （VCT） centers in Beijing. A total of 200 banked serum specimens were included in the first phase, including 62 HIV-positive, 127 HIV-negative and 11 indeterminate specimens. All specimens were tested by four RSTs and five ELISAs respectively. The second phase involved prospective testing of 389 routine specimens, including 92 HIV-positive, 287 HIV-negative, and 10 indeterminate specimens. All the specimens were tested by two RSTs （RST2 and RST4） and three ELISAs （ELISA1, ELISA3, and ELISA4）, which were selected for their respective excellent sensitivity and/or specificity. Westem blot （WB） was used as a gold standard for confirming the reactivity of all the specimens. Results Sensitivity, specificity, and efficacy were calculated for each assay in two phases. In the first phase, four assays （ELISA4, RST2, RST3, and RST4） had a specificity of 100%. For the determination of efficacy, ELISA4, RST2, and RST4 were selected in the second phase. ELISA1 and ELISA3 which have a sensitivity of 95.9% and 93.2% respectively also entered this phase. In the second phase, all the five assays （ELISA1, ELISA3, ELISA4, RST2, and RST4） had a sensitivity and specifity of over 90%. ELISA1 had a sensitivity of 99% and ELISA4 a specificity of 99%. Conclusion The sensitivity ELISA1 and the specificit of ELISA4 are comparable to ELISA/WB standard strategy. Application of this alternative testing strategy provides a cost-effective method for determining HIV prevalence in Beijing.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus type-l Altemative testing strategy Rapid simple test Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay

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Enhancement of DNA vaccine-induced immune responses by a 72-bp element from SV40 enhancer

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Chinese Medical Journal 2007年第6期120卷 496-502页

作者： LI Hai-shan LIU Yong LI Ding-feng ZHANG Ran-ran TANG Hai-li ZHANG Yu-wei HUANG Wei LIU Ying PENG Hong XU Jian-qing HONG Kun-xue SHAO Yi-ming State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease 100050 China

Background Although DNA vaccine is considered as the next generation of vaccine, most DNA vaccine candidates are still suffering from the relatively weak immunogenicity despite the increased dosage of plasmid DNA administered. In order to enhance the immune responses elicited by a codon-optimized HIV gag DNA vaccine, a modified plasmid vector pDRVI1.0 and a booster immunization with replicating Tiantan vaccinia （RTV） strain expressing the same gene were employed. Methods Vector pDRVI1.0 was constructed through inserting the 72-bp element from the SV40 enhancer, which was reported promoting nuclear transport of plasmid DNA, to the upstream of cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter region of the plasmid vector pVR1012. Gene expression levels from expression plasmids based on pDRVI1.0 and pVR1012 were tested. Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by DNA vaccine alone or DNA prime-RTV boost regimen were determined in mice. Results It was shown that the 72-bp element significantly enhanced the gene expression level in non-dividing cells. gag-specific humoral and cellular immune responses induced by DNA vaccination were both significantly improved, while the Thl/Th2 balance was not obviously affected by the 72-bp element. RTV boosting further significantly enhanced DNA vaccine-palmed antibody and T cell responses in a Thl-biased manner. Conclusions The 72-bp SV40 enhancer element should be included in the DNA vaccine vector and RTV strain is a very efficient live vector for boosting immunization.

关键词： DNA vaccines SV40 enhancer prime-boost vaccinia Tiantan strain

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Challenges and Opportunities:the Expanded Government-led HIV/aids Programs in China

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Virologica Sinica 2007年第6期22卷 493-500页

作者： Wen-yuan YIN Zun-you WU National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100050 China

HIV/aids has posed an increasingly serious issue in China. In recent years,Chinese government has taken further intensified efforts to combat HIV/aids with high-level political commitment,supportive policy development,increased financial allocation,large-scale of government-led initiatives,expanded international cooperation and great involvement of non-governmental organizations. Meanwhile gaps and challenges coexist impacting the implementation and the results of national HIV/aids programs. Thus,further government efforts are needed to improve and tailor the actions to meet the requirement of HIV/aids control in China.

关键词： HIV/aids Chinese government Political commitment Government-led initiatives

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