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Investigating the compatibility of kesterite and zinc charge transport layers with inorganic germanium perovskite solar cells

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Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第1期57卷 1-35页

作者： Khan, Asfandyar Ali Noman, Muhammad Jan, Shayan Tariq U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Mardan Pakistan

The rising demand for environmentally sustainable energy solutions has driven significant interest in lead-free inorganic perovskite solar cells as alternatives to the toxic lead-based counterparts. Despite promising advances, challenges remain in optimizing the efficiency of lead-free PSCs for practical applications. This study investigates cesium germanium tri-iodide (CsGeI₃) as a lead-free perovskite absorber layer, with four zinc-based electron transport layers and five kesterite quaternary-based hole transport layers. Using the SCAPS-1D simulation software, 20 unique device structures were modeled, systematically varying the charge transport layers to identify optimal configurations. Zinc-based electron transport layers were chosen for their large band gaps and high optical transmittance, while kesterite-based hole transport layers were selected due to their high absorption coefficients, tunable band gaps, abundance, and non-toxicity. A systematic methodology is adopted to analyze the effect of the charge transport materials on the absorption, quantum efficiency, energy band alignment, electric field intensity, recombination rate, carrier density, thickness, doping concentration, temperature, reflection and interface defect densities of the PSC in detail. Notably, the CMTS/CsGeI₃/CdZnS structure achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 25.78%, with a short-circuit current density of 24.49 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 86.39%, and an open-circuit voltage of 1.22 V. These findings suggest that carefully selected charge transport layer combinations can significantly enhance the efficiency of lead-free CsGeI₃-based PSCs. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Perovskite

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Rate Distortion Analysis of Wavefield Coding in Wireless Geophone Networks 8th

Rate Distortion Analysis of Wavefield Coding in Wireless G...

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8th EAI International Conference on Smart Grid and Innovative Frontiers in Telecommunications, SmartGIFT 2024

作者： Khan, Hamood ur Rehman Khan, Farhan Sir Syed Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering Islamabad Pakistan Electrical and Computer Engineering Program Habib University Karachi Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)9783031788055

Current and future trends in seismic acquisition point towards higher geophone densities (forecasted to be 1M nodes per survey). The geophones’ high operating precision and a sampling rate of a few milliseconds leads to a huge aggregate data rate in the geophone array. To handle this large data rate a hierarchy of multiplexed lines (including fiber optic cables) are used, resulting in substantial deployment costs. This work considers wireless geophone networks to mitigate these costs. Because of limited bandwidth of the wireless medium, compression of acquired data is needed. We assess lossy source coding (signal compression) performance using a rate-distortion tradeoff based on a physical model of the earth. The distortion criterion used is mean squared error. The earth’s physical model considered here consists of a randomly layered subsurface structure where the acoustic impedance of the earth varies as a homogeneous spatial random process. The rate distortion performance is assessed in terms of the parameters of this physical model e.g., the speed of sound underground and correlation length of acoustic impedance process. In comparison with previous work, this paper derives a closed form expression for the autocorrelation function for the reflection process for the 3D subsurface volume. We also show from the resulting rate-distortion curves that the compression performance improves both as the coding bock length increases and as the correlation length of the medium properties increases. The rate-distortion surface as a function of normalized MSE and sound of speed underground is also computed and validated through extensive simulations. © ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications engineering 2025.

关键词： Signal distortion

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In-situ growth of cross-link NiAl-LDH nanosheets on the inner/outer surfaces of carbon microtubes for anti-corrosive electromagnetic wave absorption

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Journal of Materials Science and Technology 2025年 238卷 109-118页

作者： Liu, Rui Liu, Xiao Wu, Lihong Du, Changlong Lv, Haiming Wan, Gengping Xiong, Hualin Yuan, Xiang Wang, Jieping Wang, Guizhen Institute of Electromagnetic Protection Materials and Spectral Innovation Technology State Key Laboratory of Tropic Ocean Engineering Materials and Materials Evaluation School of Materials Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou570228 China Center for New Pharmaceutical Development and Testing of Haikou Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments Haikou570228 China Key Laboratory of Pico Electron Microscopy of Hainan Province Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments Haikou570228 China

Electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with anti-corrosion property are highly desired to enhance the durability of military targets in harsh condition. Herein, cross-link NiAl-layered double hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) nanosheets on the inner/outer surfaces of carbon microtubes (CMTs) are ingeniously constructed through the combination of atomic layer deposition technique and a hydrothermal method. The obtained NiAl-LDH/CMT composite exhibits excellent EMW absorption and corrosion resistance performance. The large internal cavity of CMT significantly enhances impedance matching. The uniform distribution of NiAl-LDH nanosheets on both the inner and outer surfaces of CMT generates numerous heterogeneous interfaces that induce substantial polarization loss. Consequently, at a filler rate of only 5 wt.%, the NiAl-LDH/CMT composite exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −60.2 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.9 GHz. In addition, the combined high impermeability of CMT and the effective Cl−-trapping ability of NiAl-LDH endows NiAl-LDH/CMT composite with outstanding corrosion protection property in simulated seawater environment. Furthermore, the PO43− anions are effectively incorporated into the NiAl-LDH interlayer via anion exchange, which can further enhance corrosion protection capacity through surface inactivation from slow-release PO43− anions without reducing their EMW absorption performance. In summary, this work can give guidance for the development of efficient anti-corrosion EMW absorption materials. © 2025

关键词： Anodic protection

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Hypervelocity kinetics blocks harmful intermediates to enhance stability of Fe-N-C catalysts

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Science China Materials 2025年第3期68卷 812-819页

作者： Zhenyang Xie Chunyan Zhang Zhuoyang Xie Zude Shen Linsen Liu Li Li Wei Ding Zidong Wei College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power SourcesCenter of Advanced Electrochemical Energy(CAEE)Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesChongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China

Hydrogen peroxide that is produced through the two-electron pathway during the catalysis of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is recognized as harmful to the stability of nitrogen-doped carbon and Fe-based nonprecious catalyst(Fe-N-C)for fuel cell application.A major remaining scientific question is how fast the removal of these deleterious intermediates can contribute to stability ***,we report that the stability of Fe-N-C catalysts is positively correlated with the kinetic constant of hydrogen peroxide *** of the H_(2)O_(2) decomposition kinetics by applying the frequency factor of the Arrhenius equation from 800 to 30000 s^(-1) for TiO_(2),CeO_(2) and ZrO_(2) reduced the decay rate of Fe-N-C catalysts from 0.151% to ‒0.1% in a 100-hour stability ***-N-C/ZrO_(2) with a frequency factor of 30000 s^(-1) showed a 10% increase in current density during a 100-hour stability test and almost no decay during 15 hours of continuous fuel cell operation at a high potential of 0.7 V.

关键词： H_(2)O_(2)decomposition kinetics Fe-N-C stability structure-performance relationship fuel cells ORR

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An Efficient Neural Cell Architecture for Spiking Neural Networks

IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society

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IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society 2025年第01期6卷 599-612页

作者： Khalil, Kasem Kumar, Ashok Bayoumi, Magdy University of Mississippi Electrical and Computer Engineering Department OxfordMS38677 United States Assiut University Electrical Engineering Department Asyut71515 Egypt University of Louisiana The Center for Advanced Computer Studies LafayetteLA70504 United States University of Louisiana Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering LafayetteLA70504 United States

Neurons in a Spiking Neural Network (SNN) communicate using electrical pulses or spikes. They fire or trigger conditionally, and learning is sensitive to such triggers' timing and duration. The Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) model is the most widely used SNN neuron model. Most existing LIF-based neurons use a fixed spike frequency, which prevents them from attaining near-optimal accuracy. A research challenge is to design energy and area-efficient SNN neural cells that provide high learning accuracy and are scalable. Recently, the idea of tuning the spiking pulses in SNN was proposed and found promising. This work builds on the pulse-tuning idea by proposing an area and energy-efficient, stable, and reconfigurable SNN cell that generates spikes and reconfigures its pulse width to achieve near-optimal learning. It auto-adapts spike rate and duration to attain near-optimal accuracies for various SNN applications. The proposed cell is designed in mixed-signal, known to be beneficial to SNN, implemented using 45-nm technology, occupies an area of 27 μ m2, incurs 1.86 μ W, and yields a high learning performance of 99.12%, 96.37%, and 78.64% in N-MNIST, MNIST, and N-Caltech101 datasets, respectively. The proposed cell attains higher accuracy, scalability, energy, and area economy than the state-of-the-art SNN neurons. Its energy efficiency and compact design make it highly suitable for sensor network applications and embedded systems requiring real-time, low-power neuromorphic computing. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Neurons

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Achieving high strength and large ductility in a Cr30Co30Ni30Al5Ti5 alloy through intergranular precipitation

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Journal of Materials Science and Technology 2025年 215卷 167-179页

作者： Zou, Jiawei Chen, Siyu Cheng, Pengming Ding, Jun Zhang, Chongle Zhang, Shengze Zhang, Bozhao Fu, Xiaoqian Chen, Yujie Zhao, Yuping Qi, Xu Gu, Lin Zhang, Ze Sha, Gang Yu, Qian Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China School of Materials Science and Engineering Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing210094 China State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China Center for Alloy Innovation and Design State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China Pico Electron Microscopy Center Innovation Institute for Ocean Materials Characterization Technology Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments Hainan University Haikou570228 China Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

Precipitation at grain boundaries is typically not regarded as an efficient method for strengthening materials since it can induce grain boundary embrittlement, which detrimentally affects ductility. In this research, we developed a multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) with the composition Cr30Co30Ni30Al5Ti5 (at.%), incorporating both intragranular and intergranular nanoprecipitates. Utilizing multiscale, three-dimensional, and in-situ electron microscopy techniques, coupled with computational simulations, we established that intergranular nanoprecipitation in this material plays a crucial role in enhancing strength and promoting dislocation plasticity. The structure of intergranular nanoprecipitation comprises multiple phases with varying composition and structure. Despite the diversity, the crystal planes conducive to the easy glide of dislocations are well-matched, allowing for the sustained continuity of dislocation slipping across different phase structures. Simultaneously, this structure generates an undulated stress field near grain boundaries, amplifying the strengthening effect and facilitating multiple slip and cross-slip during deformation. Consequently, it promotes the proliferation and storage of dislocations. As a result, our material exhibits a yield strength of approximately 1010 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of around 1500 MPa, accompanied by a significant fracture elongation of 41 %. Our findings illuminate the potential for harnessing intergranular nanoprecipitation to optimize the strength-ductility trade-off in MPEAs, emphasizing the strategy of leveraging complex compositions for the design of sophisticated functional microstructures. © 2024

关键词： Ductility

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Seeing through Dense Fog with an Intelligent Adaptive Dehazing System

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第10期25卷 17696-17705页

作者： Chen, Pengyun Cao, Ning Xu, Ziqin Cui, Shuang Jin, Shaohui Liu, Hao Xu, Mingliang Zhengzhou University School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Zhengzhou450001 China National University of Defense Technology College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Changsha410073 China Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Swarm Systems Zhengzhou450001 China National Super-computing Center Zhengzhou450001 China

Most existing image dehazing methods are mainly suitable for synthetic datasets and often perform poorly in real-world, complex hazy scenarios. To address this issue, this paper proposes an intelligent adaptive dehazing system that integrates range-gated imaging with deep learning, combining image acquisition and restoration for enhanced dehazing performance. The range-gated imaging system reduces scattered light interference. However, our approach primarily focuses on enhancing image quality through advanced dehazing methods. Specifically, we introduce the MSCENAFormer dehazing network, which achieves high-quality reconstruction of target scenes in dense fog by effectively removing fog and improving visibility. The core modules of MSCENAFormer include the multi-scale enhanced neighborhood attention module (MSENA) and the comprehensive attention refinement module (CARM). MSENA is designed to capture rich local information in harsh environment, improving the dehazing effect and enhancing image details. CARM integrates the local and global information to optimize the visual effect further. In addition, the adaptive feature mixing module (AFM) is used to fuse multi-scale features for better performance. To validate the performance of our method, we utilize our lab-collected non-homogeneous haze real dataset, O-ITDF, along with the public datasets NH-HAZE, NTIRE2021 and NTIRE2023. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed MSCENAFormer outperforms many methods. We share our code at https://***/NingCao-zzu/MSCENAFormer. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Light interference

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Passive on-chip isolators based on the thin-film lithium niobate platform

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Chinese Physics B 2025年第3期34卷 408-413页

作者： Jiacheng Liu Gongyu Xia Qilin Hong Pingyu Zhu Kai-Kai Zhang Keyu Xia Ping Xu Shiqiao Qin Zhihong Zhu College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies&Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Computing College of Computer Science and TechnologyNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China College of Engineering and Applied Sciences National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructuresand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

Optical isolators,the photonic analogs of electronic diodes,are essential for ensuring the unidirectional flow of light in optical systems,thereby mitigating the destabilizing effects of back ***-film lithium niobate(TFLN),hailed as“the silicon of photonics,”has emerged as a pivotal material in the realm of chip-scale nonlinear optics,propelling the demand for compact optical *** report a breakthrough in the development of a fully passive,integrated optical isolator on the TFLN platform,leveraging the Kerr effect to achieve an impressive 10.3 dB of isolation with a minimal insertion loss of 1.87 *** theoretical simulations have demonstrated that our design,when applied to a microring resonator with a Q factor of 5×10^(6),can achieve 20 dB of isolation with an input power of merely 8 *** advancement underscores the immense potential of lithium niobate-based Kerr-effect isolators in propelling the integration and application of high-performance on-chip lasers,heralding a new era in integrated photonics.

关键词： thin-film lithium niobate Kerr effect optical isolator

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Unraveling the impacts of intermolecular interaction on morphology evolution for highly efficient organic solar cells and modules

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Science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 264-272页

作者： Xueqing Ma Yingying Cheng Yuqiang Liu Xinming Zheng Guangliu Ran Hongxiang Li Xinyue Cui Andong Zhang Wenkai Zhang Pei Cheng Wenchao Huang Zhishan Bo Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials College of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China College of Textiles and Clothing State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textilesQingdao UniversityQingdao 266071China Key State Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory Center for Advanced Quantum StudiesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China

Understanding the effect of intermolecular interaction on the growth dynamic of active layers is critical for advancing organic solar cells(OSCs).However,the diverse structure of donors and acceptors makes the research *** with customizable structures and properties could simplify this ***,we meticulously tailor two additives of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(EDOT)and 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(DBEDOT),possessing distinct intermolecular interaction features to elaborate the inherent *** is found that varied interaction strengths can alter film formation *** enhanced intermolecular interaction between the DBEDOT and non-fullerene acceptor BTP-e C9-4F results in pre-aggregation and longer crystallization duration of BTP-e C9-4F,facilitating the formation of films with compact molecular packing and decent phase ***,exciton dissociation and charge transport become more ***,devices processed with DBEDOT exhibit a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 19.35%in small-area OSCs and 14.11%in bladecoated 5 cm×5 cm organic solar ***,OSCs can maintain 80%of their initial efficiency after continuous annealing at 85℃for over 2,100 h.

关键词： organic solar cell non-fullerene acceptor film growth molecular packing intermolecular interaction

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ACSim: A Novel Acoustic Camera Simulator with Recursive Ray Tracing, Artifact Modeling and Ground Truthing

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IEEE Transactions on Robotics 2025年 41卷 2970-2989页

作者： Wang, Yusheng Ji, Yonghoon Tsuchiya, Hiroshi Ota, Jun Asama, Hajime Yamashita, Atsushi Research into Artifacts Center for Engineering University of Tokyo Japan JAIST Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Wakachiku Construction Co. Ltd. Research Institute Japan Tokyo College University of Tokyo Japan Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies Graduate School of Frontier Sciences University of Tokyo Japan

We present a novel acoustic camera simulator (ACSim) that generates realistic sonar images by incorporating recursive ray tracing and sonar artifact modeling and provides various ground truth labels, enabling benchmarking and learning purposes. The 2D forward-looking sonar (FLS), also known as the acoustic camera, produces high-quality 2D images. Conducting real-world underwater experiments is challenging, making realistic sonar image simulation a necessary alternative. However, existing simulators often lack sufficient realism or are limited to specific scenes and phenomena. As a result, training on simulations and testing on real sonar images (i.e., sim-to-real) remains an open problem for deep learning-based applications. Our work introduces a novel sonar simulator with a customized rendering engine. We use recursive ray tracing to model multipath reflections in arbitrary scenes and propose physics-based shading for intensity computation. We propose a resampling method for anti-aliasing and model significant artifacts such as rolling shutter distortions and cross-talk noise. The simulator provides various ground truths for benchmarking and deep learning applications. We tested several tasks by training on synthetic images and demonstrated that the models also work on real images. We developed a Blender add-on for an enhanced user interface and will make the simulator open-source to advance future research. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Crosstalk

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