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38th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, MEMS 2025

作者： Gao, Yang Choi, Seokheun State University of New York at Binghamton Bioelectronics & Microsystems Laboratory Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering BinghamtonNY United States State University of New York at Binghamton Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies and Environmental Sustainability BinghamtonNY United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331508890

We present a wearable, paper-based energy harvester that combines a sweat-driven microbial fuel cell (MFC) with an ambient moisture-enabled electric generator (MEG), capable of simultaneously or independently harnessing energy from both human sweat and the environment. Paper stands out as an ideal substrate for wearable applications, offering flexibility and easy integration through straightforward printing methods. Due to the simple design of the MFC and MEG, both devices can be seamlessly integrated into a single sheet of paper. The biocatalyst-embedded anode of the MFC is positioned directly against the skin for optimal sweat absorption, while the hygroscopic region of the MEG faces outward to efficiently capture ambient moisture. At low humidity levels, the energy harvesting is primarily driven by the MFC, while in the absence of sweat, the MEG takes over as the main power source. This dual functionality ensures continuous and sustainable power generation, making the system highly efficient and reliable for long-term wearable applications. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Microbial fuel cells

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Hashgraph consensus-based simultaneous, asynchronous and big-data supported blockchain mechanism for IT-OT enabled critical infrastructure sectors

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Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 2025年 1-13页

作者： Hasan, Mohammad Kamrul Ghazal, Taher M. Issa, Ghassan Islam, Shayla Ismail, Ahmad Fadzil Kabir, S. Rayhan Bangi43600 Malaysia Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman11937 Jordan School of Computing Skyline University College University City Sharjah Skyline University College Sharjah1797 United Arab Emirates Institue of Computer Science and Digitial Innovation UCSI University Malaysia Kuala Lumpur56000 Malaysia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering International Islamic University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur53000 Malaysia

Critical Infrastructure (CI) refers to the essential areas made up of public, private, and business sectors for the security of a country's development, such as electricity, water, health, education, etc. where information technologies (ITs) and operational technologies (OTs) enable automation services of CI. Currently, blockchain is being experimented in various CI sectors and any CI sector accumulates the data of millions of people in a country or nation from which big data is being generated. Big data connections are seen with large-scale blockchain networks because as the size of the blockchain network increases, so does the amount of connected data. Typically, the blockchain does not support asynchronous and simultaneous processes that indicate multiple block compilation does not allow at the same time for the blockchain systems. That is why high energy consumption, high bandwidth dependency, long-time computation, high mining process, and system slowness issues are seen on large-scale blockchain networks where big data is also connected. However, Hashgraph is an alternative distributed ledger technology (DLT) to blockchain and is also considered a consensus method that supports Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (ABFT) as well as simultaneous process. Moreover, Hashgraph does not need mining and network node verification processes which saves bandwidth. In this research, we proposed a Hashgraph-enabled blockchain model for reducing the above issues and illustrated the adoption of IT-enabled OT to support CI. In addition, this manuscript discusses how the proposed model can create positive impacts in CI areas by replacing traditional blockchain systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Critical infrastructures

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ChainSafari: A General and Efficient Blockchain Verifiable Query Scheme with Real-Time Synchronization 24th

ChainSafari: A General and Efficient Blockchain Verifiable ...

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24th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, ICA3PP 2024

作者： Xu, Yuwei Dai, Shengjiang Zeng, Junyu Cao, Jie He, Ran Xiang, Qiao School of Cyber Science and Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security Nanjing China Engineering Research Center of Blockchain Application Supervision and Management Nanjing China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Queen’s University Kingston Canada School of Informatics Xiamen University Xiamen China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819615414

With the rapid advancement of blockchain technology, its utilization has become widespread across various domains, resulting in the accumulation of significant volumes of valuable data. This trend has created an increasing demand for efficient querying of blockchain data. However, the inherent structure of blockchain leads to low querying efficiency and limited support for complex queries. Therefore, there is a trend toward migrating data to off-chain storage for querying purposes. The untrustworthy nature of the off-chain environment necessitates data validation. However, existing validation schemes incur high costs and fail to ensure the timely updating of the off-chain data. To address the challenges above, we propose ChainSafari, a general, efficient, and real-time synchronized scheme for verifiable querying on the blockchain. In our scheme, we design a general data model for storing transactions of various blockchains and develop an efficient authenticated data structure (ADS) based on this data model, enabling efficient verifiable queries for multiple data types in parallel. Furthermore, we propose a multi-party synchronization detection and recovery protocol to ensure the consistency of on-chain and off-chain data. Finally, we implement a prototype system of ChainSafari and conduct extensive experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the superior query throughput and enhanced data validation efficiency of ChainSafari compared to existing schemes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Structured Query Language

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DataJudge: Cross-Chain Data Consistency Verification Based on Extended Merkle Hash Tree 24th

DataJudge: Cross-Chain Data Consistency Verification Based o...

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24th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, ICA3PP 2024

作者： Xu, Yuwei Zeng, Junyu Cao, Jie Dai, Shengjiang Xiang, Qiao Cheng, Guang School of Cyber Science and Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security Nanjing China Engineering Research Center of Blockchain Application Supervision and Management Nanjing China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Queen’s University Kingston Canada School of Informatics Xiamen University Xiamen China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819615414

Consortium blockchains, with their decentralized characteristics, have found widespread applications across various industries. However, this also forms isolated data islands. These data islands have become obstacles to data sharing between industries, and the issue of cross-chain data consistency verification remains unresolved. Current mainstream cross-chain technologies solve asset transfer issues through complex transaction steps, thus failing to meet the need for efficient data transmission. Existing research has proposed solutions for cross-chain data consistency verification, but two major issues remain. Firstly, these schemes do not consider data changes or support data dynamic operations. Secondly, these schemes involve a significant amount of complex computations, leading to slow efficiency. To address the above issues, we propose DataJudge, a cross-chain data consistency verification scheme based on an extended Merkle hash tree. This scheme not only verifies cross-chain data consistency but also effectively fills the gap in existing schemes regarding dynamic operations. Additionally, we modify the paillier homomorphic encryption. To improve efficiency, we do not introduce many complex computations. Furthermore, the extended Merkle hash tree structure enhances efficiency. Finally, we implement a prototype system and evaluate it. The results demonstrate that DataJudge can effectively verify cross-chain data consistency and outperform existing schemes such as DCIV and BeDCV. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Data consistency

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High aspect ratio and damage-free multifocal femtosecond-laser stealth dicing towards wafer-scale GaN-based mini-LEDs

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Optics Express 2025年第8期33卷 18445-18453页

作者： Lin, Zongmin Lai, Shouqiang Zheng, Lijie Cai, Shirui Xiong, Huaxin Kuo, Haochung Lu, Yijun Wu, Tingzhu Chen, Zhong Xiamen University National Integrated Circuit Industry and Education Integration Innovation Platform Department of Electronic Science Xiamen361005 China Xiamen San’an Optoelectronic Company Ltd. Xiamen361005 China College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Taiwan and Semiconductor Research Center Hon Hai Research Institute Taipei11492 Taiwan Xiamen361005 China

Femtosecond laser has greatly enabled the development of high-resolution, high-aspect-ratio and damage-free nano-processing. In this study, we adopted single- and multifocal femtosecond laser stealth dicing to fabricate the on-wafer GaN-based mini-LEDs grown on sapphire. Due to the difference in energy distribution between single-focal and multifocal lasers, there would be no oblique cracks of crystal and edge-breakage of mini-LEDs in the unsyncrystalline orientations of sapphire by using multifocal femtosecond lasers. Due to the higher aspect-ratio of a multifocal femtosecond laser, the narrower slicing-width means the production yield of 80 × 120 µm2 mini-LED on a 4-inch wafer could increase by 14.6%. In addition, for the morphology of the sidewall of sapphire, there would be higher symmetry light-patterns and brighter luminance in the mini-LEDs sliced by using multifocal-lasers. Moreover, the dispersed focal result in the relatively low energy density between the sapphire substrate and the epitaxial layer, thus the ablative perforation-induced current leakage in several mini-LEDs could be greatly reduced, and the yield of devices could be improved. These results may give a reference for the field of semiconductor manufacturing and displays. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

关键词： Cutting

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GaN Nanopowder synthesis via nitridation: Fabrication and characterization of GaN thin Films for UV detection applications

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Sensors International 2025年 6卷

作者： Hajimazdarani, Mahdi Yaghoubizadeh, Peyman Jafari, Ali Moghadam, Ali Kenarsari Hajimazdarani, Mojtaba Eshraghi, Mohammad Javad Nano-Electronics and Thin Film Lab. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran Department of Semiconductors Materials and Energy Research Center Karaj Iran Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Medical Engineering Islamic Azad University East Tehran Branch Tehran Iran

This study presents a novel method for synthesizing gallium nitride nanoparticles via nitridation and their subsequent deposition onto silicon substrates using electron beam evaporation for UV detection applications. The structural and optical properties of the resulting gallium nitride thin films were thoroughly characterized. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the synthesized powder has a wurtzite crystal structure, while the deposited thin film has an amorphous structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform layer with an approximate thickness of 150 nm. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed that the stoichiometric ratio of gallium to nitrogen was maintained throughout the coating process. Additionally, ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements revealed a bandgap of 3.37 eV for the deposited thin film. Additionally, gold electrodes were deposited on the gallium nitride thin film, and the optical sensor's detection properties were evaluated, demonstrating a sensitivity of 133.6 along with rise and fall times of 18 ms and 15 ms, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of gallium nitride-based materials for advanced optical sensor applications in various fields. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Gallium nitride

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Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Based Delay and Power Optimization for UAV-WMN Substation Inspection

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IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 2025年

作者： Tang, Qingwei Sun, Wei Liu, Zhi Xiao, Yang Li, Qiyue Yuan, Xiaohui Zhang, Qian Hefei University of Technology School of Electrical and Automation Engineering Anhui Hefei230009 China Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Industrial Automation 193 Tunxi Rd Hefei230009 China The University of Electro-Communications Department of Computer and Network Engineering Tokyo182-8585 Japan The University of Alabama Department of Computer Science TuscaloosaAL35487 United States University of North Texas Department of Science and Engineering DentonTX76207 United States

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), due to their flexibility and extensive coverage, have gradually become essential for substation inspections. Wireless mesh networks (WMN) provide a scalable and resilient network environment for UAVs, where each node can serve as either an access point or a relay point, thereby enhancing the network’s fault tolerance and overall resilience. However, the UAV-WMN combined system is complex and dynamic, facing the challenge of dynamically adjusting node transmission power to minimize end-to-end (E2E) delay while ensuring channel utilization efficiency. Real-time topology changes, high-dimensional state spaces, and large solution spaces make it difficult for traditional algorithms to guarantee convergence and stability. Generic reinforcement learning (RL) methods also struggle with stable convergence. This paper introduces a new Lyapunov function-based proof to address these issues and provide a stable condition for dynamic control strategies. Then, we developed a specialized neural network power controller and combined it with the MATD3 algorithm, effectively enhancing the system’s convergence and E2E performance. Simulation experiments validate the effectiveness of this method and demonstrate its superior performance in complex scenarios compared to other algorithms. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Lyapunov functions

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Conditional Disturbance Compensation-Based Fault-Tolerant Group Consensus Control for MASs: An Event-Based Switching Method

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IEEE Transactions on automation Science and engineering 2025年 22卷 13828-13841页

作者： Liu, Pei-Ming Guo, Xiang-Gui Wang, Jian-Liang Che, Wei-Wei Wu, Zheng-Guang University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging School of Automation and Electrical Engineering Beijing100083 China University of Science and Technology Beijing Shunde Innovation School Foshan528000 China Beihang University Hangzhou Innovation Institute Autonomous Intelligent Systems Department Hangzhou310051 China Northeastern University College of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang266071 China Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control Hangzhou310027 China

With respect to the group consensus control for multi-agent systems (MASs) with disturbances and actuator nonidentical and unknown direction faults (NUDFs), this paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant control scheme by incorporating an event-based switching function and a saturation function. The event-based switching function is implemented to directly switch to the desired working mode, thereby reducing invalid switching after a reverse fault. Concurrently, the saturation function, acting at the software level, can not only prevent the instantaneous impact of excessive reverse input caused by a reverse fault, but also eliminate input peaking and state chattering after switching the working mode. It is worth mentioning that the proposed switching-based fault-tolerant control method can avoid the control chocks and excessive control gains as in the existing methods by using Nussbaum functions and thus improve the transient performance. Additionally, for disturbances, the designed conditional disturbance compensation mechanism ensures a smaller steady-state error, and less energy consumption by utilizing beneficial disturbances and compensating for harmful ones. Besides, the conditional compensation mechanism also reduces the saturation error. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme are verified through a simulation example of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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A 41.32Gb/s 1.8 pJ/bit Collaborative Baud-Rate CDR With Background Eye-Climbing Algorithm and Low-Power Global Clock Distribution

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IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 2025年

作者： Kim, Jihee Park, Jia Shin, Jiwon Kim, Hanseok Kim, Kahyun Shin, Haengbeom Park, Ha-Jung Choi, Woo-Seok Georgia Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering AtlantaGA30332 United States Inter University Semiconductor Research Center Seoul National University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Samsung Electronics Hwaseong18448 Korea Republic of

This article presents design techniques for an energy-efficient multi-lane receiver (RX) with baud-rate clock and data recovery (CDR), which is essential for high-throughput low-latency communication in high-performance computing systems. The proposed low-power global clock distribution not only significantly reduces power consumption across multi-lane RXs but is capable of compensating for the frequency offset without any phase interpolators (PIs). To this end, a fractional divider (FDIV) controlled by CDR is placed close to the global phase locked loop. Moreover, in order to address the suboptimal lock point of conventional baud-rate phase detectors, the proposed CDR employs a background eye-climbing algorithm (ECA), which optimizes the sampling phase and maximizes the vertical eye margin (VEM). Fabricated in a 28 nm CMOS process, the proposed 43.32Gb/s RX shows a low integrated fractional spur of -40.4 dBc at a 2500 ppm frequency offset. Furthermore, it improves bit-error-rate (BER) performance by increasing the VEM by 26 mV. The entire RX achieves the energy efficiency of 1.8 pJ/bit with the aggregate data rate of 128 Gb/s. © 1966-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Phase locked loops

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Cognitive Radio Receiver Design Employing Pipeline Successive Approximation ADC

Cognitive Radio Receiver Design Employing Pipeline Successiv...

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Learning and Technology Conference (L&T)

作者： Muhammad Samee Baig Aziza I. Hussein Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Effat University Saudi Arabia College of Engineering Energy and Technology Research Center Effat University Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (数字)9798331532215

ISBN: (纸本)9798331532222

Smart cities require better cellular communication, incorporating a high data rate that satisfies the Internet, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) requirements. A high data rate demands higher bandwidth with low latency. However, the already saturated or underutilized frequency spectrum hinders this realization. 5G and cognitive radio technology can enhance spectrum utilization to meet the high data demands of future cellular communication. Cognitive radio uses spectrum sensing to identify underutilized frequencies without interfering with licensed users, addressing the scarcity of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper, a cognitive radio receiver design with a SAR analog-to-digital converter, which is recognized for having a modest resolution for high bandwidth signals, is implemented. Moreover, the pipeline technique in the SAR design is proposed to increase the resolution to be suitable for 5G applications. The high-level model of the system is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. The quantization error observed in the regular SAR ADC design is compared to that in the proposed pipeline SAR ADC, highlighting the enhanced accuracy and efficiency of the pipeline SAR ADC, which makes it suitable for spectrum sensing in next-generation cognitive radio systems.

关键词： Quantization (signal) 5G mobile communication Software packages Smart cities Receivers Bandwidth Sensors Cognitive radio Signal resolution Pipeline processing

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