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The Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS-METS) Challenge 2023: Brain Metastasis Segmentation on Pre-treatment MRI

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Moawad, Ahmed W. Janas, Anastasia Baid, Ujjwal Ramakrishnan, Divya Saluja, Rachit Ashraf, Nader Jekel, Leon Amiruddin, Raisa Adewole, Maruf Albrecht, Jake Anazodo, Udunna Aneja, Sanjay Anwar, Syed Muhammad Bergquist, Timothy Calabrese, Evan Chiang, Veronica Chung, Verena Conte, Gian Marco Marco Dako, Farouk Eddy, James Ezhov, Ivan Familiar, Ariana Farahani, Keyvan Iglesias, Juan Eugenio Jiang, Zhifan Johanson, Elaine Kazerooni, Anahita Fathi Kofler, Florian Krantchev, Kiril LaBella, Dominic Van Leemput, Koen Li, Hongwei Bran Linguraru, Marius George Link, Katherine E. Liu, Xinyang Maleki, Nazanin Meier, Zeke Menze, Bjoern H. Moy, Harrison Osenberg, Klara Piraud, Marie Reitman, Zachary Shinohara, Russel Takeshi Tahon, Nourel hoda Nada, Ayman Velichko, Yuri S. Wang, Chunhao Wiestler, Benedikt Wiggins, Walter Shafique, Umber Willms, Klara Avesta, Arman Bousabarah, Khaled Chakrabarty, Satrajit Gennaro, Nicolo Holler, Wolfgang Kaur, Manpreet LaMontagne, Pamela Lin, MingDe Lost, Jan Marcus, Daniel S. Maresca, Ryan Merkaj, Sarah Nada, Ayaman Pedersen, Gabriel Cassinelli von Reppert, Marc Sotiras, Aristeidis Teytelboym, Oleg Tillmans, Niklas Westerhoff, Malte Youssef, Ayda Godfrey, Devon Floyd, Scott Rauschecker, Andreas Villanueva-Meyer, Javier Pflüger, Irada Cho, Jaeyoung Bendszus, Martin Brugnara, Gianluca Cramer, Justin Perez-Carillo, Gloria Guzman J. Johnson, Derek R. Kam, Anthony Kwan, Benjamin Yin Ming Lai, Lillian Lall, Neil U. Memon, Fatima Patro, Satya Narayana Petrovic, Bojan So, Tiffany Y. Thompson, Gerard Wu, Lei Schrickel, E. Brooke Bansal, Anu Barkhof, Frederik Besada, Cristina Chu, Sammy Druzgal, Jason Dusoi, Alexandru Farage, Luciano Feltrin, Fabricio Fong, Amy Fung, Steve H. Gray, R. Ian Ikuta, Ichiro Iv, Michael Postma, Alida A. Mahajan, Amit Joyner, David Krumpelman, Chase Letourneau-Guillon, Laurent Lincoln, Christie M. Maros, Mate E. Miller, Elka Morón, Fanny Nimchinsky, Esther A. Ozsarlak, Ozkan Patel, Uresh Rohatgi, Saurabh Saha, Atin Sayah, Anousheh Schwartz, Eric D. Shih, Robert Shiroishi, Mark Trinity health Mid Atlantic Hosiptals DarbyPA United States Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale School of Medicine New HavenCT United States Division of Computational Pathology Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine Indiana University IndianapolisIN United States Department of Electical and Computer Engineering Cornell University Cornell Tech New YorkNY United States Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medicine New YorkNY United States ImagineQuant Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia PhiladelphiaPA United States College of Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology The WTZ German Cancer Consortium DKTK Partner Site University Hospital Essen Essen Germany Medical Artificial Intelligence Lab Crestview Radiology Lagos Nigeria Sage Bionetworks SeattleWA United States Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University Montreal Canada lab Crestview Radiology Lagos Nigeria Department of Therapeutic Radiology Yale School of Medicine New HavenCT United States Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation Children’s National Hospital WashingtonDC United States Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic RochesterMN United States Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center DurhamNC United States Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New HavenCT United States Center for Global Health Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PA United States Department of Informatics Technical University Munich Germany Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Cancer Imaging Program National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD United States Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital BostonMA United States Children’s National Hospital WashingtonDC United States PrecisionFDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration S

The translation of AI-generated brain metastases (BM) segmentation into clinical practice relies heavily on diverse, high-quality annotated medical imaging datasets. The BraTS-METS 2023 challenge has gained momentum for testing and benchmarking algorithms using rigorously annotated internationally compiled real-world datasets. This study presents the results of the segmentation challenge and characterizes the challenging cases that impacted the performance of the winning algorithms. Untreated brain metastases on standard anatomic MRI sequences (T1, T2, FLAIR, T1PG) from eight contributed international datasets were annotated in stepwise method: published UNET algorithms, student, neuroradiologist, final approver neuroradiologist. Segmentations were ranked based on lesion-wise Dice and Hausdorff distance (HD95) scores. False positives (FP) and false negatives (FN) were rigorously penalized, receiving a score of 0 for Dice and a fixed penalty of 374 for HD95. The mean scores for the teams were calculated. Eight datasets comprising 1303 studies were annotated, with 402 studies (3076 lesions) released on Synapse as publicly available datasets to challenge competitors. Additionally, 31 studies (139 lesions) were held out for validation, and 59 studies (218 lesions) were used for testing. Segmentation accuracy was measured as rank across subjects, with the winning team achieving a LesionWise mean score of 7.9. The Dice score for the winning team was 0.65 ± 0.25. Common errors among the leading teams included false negatives for small lesions and misregistration of masks in space. The Dice scores and lesion detection rates of all algorithms diminished with decreasing tumor size, particularly for tumors smaller than 100 mm3. In conclusion, algorithms for BM segmentation require further refinement to balance high sensitivity in lesion detection with the minimization of false positives and negatives. The BraTS-METS 2023 challenge successfully curated well-annotated, diverse d

关键词： Image segmentation

The TESS-Keck Survey XXI: 13 New Planets and Homogeneous Properties for 21 Subgiant Systems

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Chontos, Ashley Huber, Daniel Grunblatt, Samuel K. Saunders, Nicholas Winn, Joshua N. McCormack, Mason Knudstrup, Emil Albrecht, Simon H. Crossfield, Ian J.M. Rodriguez, Joseph E. Ciardi, David R. Collins, Karen A. Jenkins, Jon M. Bieryla, Allyson Batalha, Natalie M. Beard, Corey Dai, Fei Dalba, Paul A. Fetherolf, Tara Giacalone, Steven Hill, Michelle L. Howard, Andrew W. Isaacson, Howard Kane, Stephen R. Lubin, Jack Macdougall, Mason G. Močnik, Teo Akana Murphy, Joseph M. Petigura, Erik A. Pidhorodetska, Daria Polanski, Alex S. Robertson, Paul Rubenzahl, Ryan A. Turtelboom, Emma V. Weiss, Lauren M. van Zandt, Judah Ricker, George R. Vanderspek, Roland Latham, David W. Seager, Sara Quinn, Samuel N. Shporer, Avi Eisner, Nora L. Goeke, Robert F. Levine, Alan M. Ting, Eric B. Howell, Steve Schlieder, Joshua E. Benni, Paul Boyle, Andrew W. Gan, Tianjun Girardin, Eric Gonzalez, Erica Gregorio, Joao Horne, Keith Livingston, John Lund, Michael B. Mann, Christopher R. Massey, Bob Matthews, Elisabeth C. McLeod, Kim K. Palle, Enric Popowicz, Adam Relles, Howard M. Schwarz, Richard P. Sefako, Ramotholo Srdoc, Gregor Tan, Thiam-Guan Wang, Gavin Ziegler, Carl Institute for Astronomy University of Hawai'i 2680 Woodlawn Drive HonoluluHI96822 United States Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University 4 Ivy Lane PrincetonNJ08544 United States School of Physics University of Sydney NSW2006 Australia Department of Physics and Astronomy Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St BaltimoreMD21218 United States Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg412 93 Sweden Stellar Astrophysics Centre Department of Physics and Astronomy Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 120 Aarhus CDK-8000 Denmark Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Kansas 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr. 1082 Malott LawrenceKS66045 United States Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy Department of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State University East LansingMI48824 United States Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute 770 S. Wilson Avenue PasadenaCA91106 United States Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States NASA Ames Research Center Moffett FieldCA94035 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California Santa CruzCA95060 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California Irvine IrvineCA92697 United States Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences 1200 E California Blvd PasadenaCA91125 United States Department of Astronomy California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California Santa CruzCA95064 United States Department of Physics California State University San MarcosCA92096 United States Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California RiversideCA92521 United States Department of Astronomy University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA94720 United States

We present a dedicated transit and radial velocity survey of planets orbiting subgiant stars observed by the TESS Mission. Using ∼16 nights on Keck/HIRES, we confirm and characterize 12 new transiting planets - TOI-329 b, HD 39688 b (TOI-480), TOI-603 b, TOI-1199 b, TOI-1294 b, TOI-1439 b, TOI-1605 b, TOI-1828 b, HD 148193 b (TOI-1836), TOI-1885 b, HD 83342 b (TOI-1898), TOI-2019 b - and provide updated properties for 9 previously confirmed TESS subgiant systems (TOI-197, TOI-954, TOI-1181, TOI-1296, TOI-1298, TOI-1601, TOI-1736, TOI-1842, TOI-2145). We also report the discovery of an outer, non-transiting planet, TOI-1294 (Equation presented) and three additional stars with long-term RV trends. We find that at least 19±8% of subgiants in our sample of 21 stars have outer companions, comparable to main-sequence stars. We perform a homogeneous analysis of the stars and planets in the sample, with median uncertainties of 3%, 8% and 15% for planet radii, masses and ages, doubling the number of known planets orbiting subgiant stars with bulk densities measured to better than 10%. We observe a dearth of giant planets around evolved stars with short orbital periods, consistent with tidal dissipation theories that predict the rapid inspiral of planets as their host stars leave the main sequence. We note the possible evidence for two distinct classes of hot Jupiter populations, indicating multiple formation channels to explain the observed distributions around evolved stars. Finally, continued RV monitoring of planets in this sample will provide a more comprehensive understanding of demographics for evolved planetary systems. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Planets

Learning from learning machines: A new generation of AI technology to meet the needs of science

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Pion-Tonachini, Luca Bouchard, Kristofer Martin, Hector Garcia Peisert, Sean Holtz, W. Bradley Aswani, Anil Dwivedi, Dipankar Wainwright, Haruko Pilania, Ghanshyam Nachman, Benjamin Marrone, Babetta L. Falco, Nicola Prabhat Arnold, Daniel Wolf-Yadlin, Alejandro Powers, Sarah Climer, Sharlee Jackson, Quinn Carlson, Ty Sohn, Michael Zwart, Petrus Kumar, Neeraj Justice, Amy Tomlin, Claire Jacobson, Daniel Micklem, Gos Gkoutos, Georgios V. Bickel, Peter J. Cazier, Jean-Baptiste Müller, Juliane Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo Stevens, Rick Anderson, Mark Kreutz-Delgado, Ken Mahoney, Michael W. Brown, James B. Pattern Computer Inc. Friday HarborWA98250 United States Biosciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Lab BerkeleyCA94803 United States Computational Research Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab BerkeleyCA94720 United States Helen Wils Neuroscience Institute Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience Uc Berkeley BerkeleyCA94720 United States Doe Agile BioFoundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94803 United States Joint BioEnergy Institute Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94803 United States Bcam Basque Center for Applied Mathematics Bilbao48009 Spain Computer Science University of California Davis DavisCA95616 United States Cenic La MiradaCA90638 United States Health Informatics University of California Davis School of Medicine SacramentoCA95817 United States Berkeley Institute for Data Science University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA94720 United States Industrial Engineering and Operations Research University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA94720 United States Environmental & Earth Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94803 United States Nuclear Engineering University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA94720 United States Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States Physics Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab BerkeleyCA94720 United States Bioscience Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Lab BerkeleyCA94803 United States Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Lab BerkeleyCA94803 United States Computing and Computational Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Industrial & Systems Engineering The University of Tennessee KnoxvilleTN37996 United States Department of Computer Science University of Missouri-Saint Louis St. LouisMO63121 United

We outline emerging opportunities and challenges to enhance the utility of AI for scientific discovery. The distinct goals of AI for industry versus the goals of AI for science create tension between identifying patterns in data versus discovering patterns in the world from data. If we address the fundamental challenges associated with "bridging the gap" between domain-driven scientific models and data-driven AI learning machines, then we expect that these AI models can transform hypothesis generation, scientific discovery, and the scientific process itself. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Learning systems

Young, blue, and isolated stellar systems in the Virgo Cluster. II. A new class of stellar system

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Jones, Michael G. Sand, David J. Bellazzini, Michele Spekkens, Kristine Karunakaran, Ananthan Adams, Elizabeth A.K. Battaglia, Giuseppina Beccari, Giacomo Bennet, Paul Cannon, John M. Cresci, Giovanni Crnojević, Denija Caldwell, Nelson Fuson, Jackson Guhathakurta, Puragra Haynes, Martha P. Inoue, John L. Magrini, Laura Muñoz, Ricardo R. Mutlu-Pakdil, Burçin Seth, Anil Strader, Jay Toloba, Elisa Zaritsky, Dennis Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 North Cherry Avenue Rm. N204 TucsonAZ85721-0065 United States INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna Via Gobetti 93/3 Bologna40129 Italy Department of Physics and Space Science Royal Military College of Canada P.O. Box 17000 Station Forces Kingston ONK7K 7B4 Canada Department of Physics Engineering Physics and Astronomy Queen's University KingstonONK7L 3N6 Canada Glorieta de la Astronomía Granada18008 Spain ASTRON The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy Oude Hoogeveesedijk 4 Dwingeloo 7991 PD Netherlands Kapteyn Astronomical Institute PO Box 800 Groningen9700 AV Netherlands Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Vía Láctea s/n La Laguna 38205 Spain Universidad de La Laguna Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez Tenerife La LagunaE-38205 Spain European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2 Garching bei München D-85748 Germany Space Telescope Science Institute 3700 San Martin Drive BaltimoreMD21218 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy Macalester College 1600 Grand Avenue Saint PaulMN55105 United States INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Largo E. Fermi 5 Firenze50125 Italy University of Tampa 401 West Kennedy Boulevard TampaFL33606 United States Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States UCO/Lick Observatory University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa CruzCA95064 United States Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science Space Sciences Building Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Departamento de Astronomía Universidad de Chile Camino El Observatorio 1515 Las Condes Santiago Chile Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City

We discuss five blue stellar systems in the direction of the Virgo cluster, analogous to the enigmatic object SECCO 1 (AGC 226067). These objects were identified based on their optical and UV morpholog☉y and followed up with H i observations with the VLA (and GBT), MUSE/VLT optical spectroscopy, and HST imaging. These new data indicate that one system is a distant group of galaxies. The remaining four are extremely low mass (M∗ ∼ 105 M☉), are dominated by young, blue stars, have highly irregular and clumpy morphologies, are only a few kpc across, yet host an abundance of metal-rich, 12 + log(O/H) > 8.2, H ii regions. These high metallicities indicate that these stellar systems formed from gas stripped from much more massive galaxies. Despite the young age of their stellar populations, only one system is detected in H i, while the remaining three have minimal (if any) gas reservoirs. Furthermore, two systems are surprisingly isolated and have no plausible parent galaxy within ∼30' (∼140 kpc). Although tidal stripping cannot be conclusively excluded as the formation mechanism of these objects, ram pressure stripping more naturally explains their properties, in particular their isolation, owing to the higher velocities, relative to the parent system, that can be achieved. Therefore, we posit that most of these systems formed from ram pressure stripped gas removed from new infalling cluster members, and survived in the intracluster medium long enough to become separated from their parent galaxies by hundreds of kiloparsecs, and that they thus represent a new type of stellar system. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Galaxies

Constraining the Progenitor System of the Type Ia Supernova 2021aefx

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Hosseinzadeh, Griffin Sand, David J. Lundqvist, Peter Andrews, Jennifer E. Bostroem, K. Azalee Dong, Yize Janzen, Daryl Jencson, Jacob E. Lundquist, Michael Retamal, Nicolas E. Meza Pearson, Jeniveve Valenti, Stefano Wyatt, Samuel Burke, Jamison Howell, D. Andrew McCully, Curtis Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Pellegrino, Craig Terreran, Giacomo Kwok, Lindsey A. Jha, Saurabh W. Strader, Jay Kundu, Esha Ryder, Stuart D. Haislip, Joshua Kouprianov, Vladimir Reichart, Daniel E. Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 North Cherry Avenue TucsonAZ85721-0065 United States Oskar Klein Centre Department of Astronomy Stockholm University Albanova University Centre StockholmSE-106 91 Sweden Gemini Observatory 670 North A'ohoku Place HiloHI96720-2700 United States Department of Astronomy University of Washington 3910 15th Avenue NE SeattleWA98195-0002 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue DavisCA95616-5270 United States Department of Physics & Engineering Physics University of Saskatchewan 116 Science Place SaskatoonSKS7N 5E2 Canada W. M. Keck Observatory 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway KamuelaHI96743-8431 United States Las Cumbres Observatory 6740 Cortona Drive GoletaCA93117-5575 United States Department of Physics University of California Santa BarbaraCA93106-9530 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey 136 Frelinghuysen Road PiscatawayNJ08854-8019 United States Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy Department of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State University East LansingMI48824 United States School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Macquarie University NSW2109 Australia Astronomy Astrophysics and Astrophotonics Research Centre Macquarie University SydneyNSW2109 Australia Department of Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina 120 East Cameron Avenue Chapel HillNC27599 United States

We present high-cadence optical and ultraviolet light curves of the normal Type Ia supernova (SN) 2021aefx, which shows an early bump during the first two days of observation. This bump may be a signature of interaction between the exploding white dwarf and a nondegenerate binary companion, or it may be intrinsic to the white dwarf explosion mechanism. In the case of the former, the short duration of the bump implies a relatively compact main-sequence companion star, although this conclusion is viewing-angle dependent. Our best-fit companion-shocking and double-detonation models both overpredict the UV luminosity during the bump, and existing nickel-shell models do not match the strength and timescale of the bump. We also present nebular spectra of SN 2021aefx, which do not show the hydrogen or helium emission expected from a nondegenerate companion, as well as a radio nondetection that rules out all symbiotic progenitor systems and most accretion disk winds. Our analysis places strong but conflicting constraints on the progenitor of SN 2021aefx;no current model can explain all of our observations. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Supernovae

Peter H. Rose - Father of Ion Implantation: The Early Years

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Peter H. Rose - Father of Ion Implantation: The Early Years

International Conference on Ion Implantation Technology (IIT)

作者： Andrew Wittkower Geoffrey Ryding ESAT/STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems Signal Processing and Data Analytics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/Engineering Computing Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

In 1996, President Clinton presented Peter Rose with the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. This paper describes his innovations in ion implantation technology which led to the award presented twenty years l... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781538668306

关键词： Ion implantation Ion sources Business Technological innovation Acceleration Particle beams

Publisher Correction: Reference component analysis of single-cell transcriptomes elucidates cellular heterogeneity in human colorectal tumors

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Nature genetics 2023年第1期55卷 166页

作者： Huipeng Li Elise T Courtois Debarka Sengupta Yuliana Tan Kok Hao Chen Jolene Jie Lin Goh Say Li Kong Clarinda Chua Lim Kiat Hon Wah Siew Tan Mark Wong Paul Jongjoon Choi Lawrence J K Wee Axel M Hillmer Iain Beehuat Tan Paul Robson Shyam Prabhakar Computational and Systems Biology Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. Developmental Cellomics Laboratory Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Computational Biology Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi India. Synthetic Biology Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore. Department of Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore Singapore. Department of Colorectal Surgery Singapore General Hospital Singapore Singapore. Data Analytics Department Institute for Infocomm Research Singapore Singapore. Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. iain.tan.b.h@singhealth.com.sg. Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore. iain.tan.b.h@singhealth.com.sg. Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore. iain.tan.b.h@singhealth.com.sg. Developmental Cellomics Laboratory Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. paul.robson@***. The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine Farmington Connecticut USA. paul.robson@***. Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences Institute for Systems Genomics University of Connecticut Farmington Connecticut USA. paul.robson@***. Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore. paul.robson@***. Computational and Systems Biology Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore Singapore. prabhakars@gis.a-star.edu.sg.

Highly ionized clumps shooting out from a quasar at relativistic speeds

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Audard, Marc Awaki, Hisamitsu Ballhausen, Ralf Bamba, Aya Behar, Ehud Boissay-Malaquin, Rozenn Brenneman, Laura Brown, Gregory V. Corrales, Lia Costantini, Elisa Cumbee, Renata Trigo, María Díaz Done, Chris Dotani, Tadayasu Ebisawa, Ken Eckart, Megan Eckert, Dominique Enoto, Teruaki Eguchi, Satoshi Ezoe, Yuichiro Foster, Adam Fujimoto, Ryuichi Fujita, Yutaka Fukazawa, Yasushi Fukushima, Kotaro Furuzawa, Akihiro Gallo, Luigi García, Javier A. Gu, Liyi Guainazzi, Matteo Hagino, Kouichi Hamaguchi, Kenji Hatsukade, Isamu Hayashi, Katsuhiro Hayashi, Takayuki Hell, Natalie Hodges-Kluck, Edmund Hornschemeier, Ann Ichinohe, Yuto Ishida, Manabu Ishikawa, Kumi Ishisaki, Yoshitaka Kaastra, Jelle Kallman, Timothy Kara, Erin Katsuda, Satoru Kanemaru, Yoshiaki Kelley, Richard Kilbourne, Caroline Kitamoto, Shunji Kobayashi, Shogo Kohmura, Takayoshi Kubota, Aya Leutenegger, Maurice Loewenstein, Michael Maeda, Yoshitomo Markevitch, Maxim Matsumoto, Hironori Matsushita, Kyoko McCammon, Dan McNamara, Brian Mernier, François Miller, Eric D. Miller, Jon M. Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Mizumoto, Misaki Mizuno, Tsunefumi Mori, Koji Mukai, Koji Murakami, Hiroshi Mushotzky, Richard Nakajima, Hiroshi Nakazawa, Kazuhiro Ness, Jan-Uwe Nobukawa, Kumiko Nobukawa, Masayoshi Noda, Hirofumi Odaka, Hirokazu Ogawa, Shoji Ogorzalek, Anna Okajima, Takashi Ota, Naomi Paltani, Stephane Petre, Robert Plucinsky, Paul Porter, Frederick Scott Pottschmidt, Katja Sato, Kosuke Sato, Toshiki Sawada, Makoto Seta, Hiromi Shidatsu, Megumi Simionescu, Aurora Smith, Randall Suzuki, Hiromasa Szymkowiak, Andrew Takahashi, Hiromitsu Takeo, Mai Tamagawa, Toru Tamura, Keisuke Tanaka, Takaaki Tanimoto, Atsushi Tashiro, Makoto Terada, Yukikatsu Terashima, Yuichi Tsuboi, Yohko Tsujimoto, Masahiro Tsunemi, Hiroshi Tsuru, Takeshi G. Uchida, Hiroyuki Uchida, Nagomi Uchida, Yuusuke Uchiyama, Hideki Ueda, Yoshihiro Uno, Shinichiro Vink, Jacco Watanabe, Shin Williams, Brian J. Yamada, Satoshi Yamada, Shinya Yamaguchi, Hiroya Yamaoka, Kazutaka Yamasaki, Noriko Yamauchi, Makoto Yamauchi, S Department of Astronomy University of Geneva VersoixCH-1290 Switzerland Department of Physics Ehime University Ehime790-8577 Japan Department of Astronomy University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD20771 United States Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology NASA / GSFC CRESST II GreenbeltMD20771 United States Department of Physics University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Department of Physics Technion Technion City Haifa3200003 Israel BaltimoreMD21250 United States Center for Astrophysics — Harvard-Smithsonian MA02138 United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory CA94550 United States Department of Astronomy University of Michigan MI48109 United States SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research Leiden Netherlands ESO Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2 Garching bei München85748 Germany Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy Department of Physics University of Durham South Road DurhamDH1 3LE United Kingdom Kanagawa252-5210 Japan Department of Physics Kyoto University Kyoto606-8502 Japan Department of Economics Kumamoto Gakuen University Kumamoto862-8680 Japan Department of Physics Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo192-0397 Japan Department of Physics Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Department of Physics Fujita Health University Aichi470-1192 Japan Department of Astronomy and Physics Saint Mary’s University NSB3H 3C3 Canada Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Noordwijk2200 AG Netherlands Faculty of Engineering University of Miyazaki Miyazaki889-2192 Japan RIKEN Nishina Center Saitama351-0198 Japan Leiden Observatory University of Leiden P.O. Box 9513 LeidenNL-2300 RA Netherlands Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology MA02139 United States Department of Physics Saitama University Sai

Evidence indicates that supermassive black holes exist at the centers of virtually all galaxies. Their mass correlates with the galactic bulge mass1, suggesting a co-evolution with their host galaxies2, most likely through powerful outflows/winds3. X-ray observations have revealed the presence of highly ionized winds outflowing at sub-relativistic speeds from the accretion disks around supermassive black holes4,5. However, the limited spectral resolution of current X-ray instruments has left the physical structure of the winds poorly understood, as well as their location, both of which are essential for estimating the wind kinetic power6,7. Here, the first XRISM observation of the luminous quasar, PDS 456, is reported. The high-resolution spectrometer Resolve onboard XRISM enabled the discovery of five discrete velocity components outflowing at 20–30% of the speed of light. This demonstrates that the wind structure is highly inhomogeneous, which is inferred to consist of up to a million clumps of size (0.2–1.2) × 1015 cm located (2–4) × 1016 cm away from the X-ray source. The mass outflow rate is estimated to be 60–170 solar masses per year. Subsequently, the wind kinetic power is more than 1047 erg s−1, exceeding the Eddington luminosity limit. This is more than enough to significantly impact the galaxy. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： X ray detectors

Making the most of data: Quantum monte carlo post-analysis revisited

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Ichibha, Tom Hongo, Kenta Maezono, Ryo Thom, Alex J.W. School of Information Science JAIST 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa923-1292 Japan Research Center for Advanced Computing Infrastructure JAIST 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa923-1292 Japan Center for Materials Research by Information Integration Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba305-0047 Japan PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi-shi Saitama322-0012 Japan Computational Engineering Applications Unit RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama351-0198 Japan Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CambridgeCB2 1EW United Kingdom

In quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods, energy estimators are calculated as the statistical average of the Markov chain sampling of energy estimator along with an associated statistical error. This error estimation is not straightforward and there are several choices of the error estimation methods. We evaluate the performance of three methods, Straatsma, an autoregressive model, and a blocking analysis based on von Neumann's ratio test for randomness, for the energy time-series given by Diffusion Monte Carlo, Full Configuration Interaction Quantum Monte Carlo and Coupled Cluster Monte Carlo methods. From these analyses we describe a hybrid analysis method which provides reliable error estimates for series of all lengths. Equally important is the estimation of the appropriate start point of the equilibrated phase, and two heuristic schemes are tested, establishing that MSER (mean squared error rule) gives reasonable and constant estimations independent of the length of time-series. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Time series