This study aims to investigate the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems for commercial buildings. Helio-Scope software is utilized to perform simulations to determine the ideal rooftop area for photovoltaic...
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This study aims to investigate the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems for commercial buildings. Helio-Scope software is utilized to perform simulations to determine the ideal rooftop area for photovoltaic panels. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems is impacted by the shading effects of photovoltaic modules installed in parallel rows. To enhance energy output, the optimal distance between rows is determined, and it is found that 5-feet inter-row spacing provides the best results. The simulation results indicate that with 5-feet inter-row spacing, photovoltaic system has an energy generation of 371.6 MWh, specific yield of 1508.0 kWh/kWp, performance ratio of 82.1%, solar access rate of 98.9%, total solar resource fraction of 96.3% and a total irradiance of 1655.9 kWh/m2. The annual nameplate energy is 425.1 MWh, output energy at irradiance levels is 423.1 MWh, optimal DC output is 378.5 MWh, inverter output is 373.5 MWh, and total energy delivered to the national power grid is 371.6 MWh. The average daily DC inverter input power is 158881.5110 W and the average daily AC inverter output power is 152231.6311 W, showing an inverter efficiency of approximately 95.93%. Moreover, detailed testing of the installed PV system is performed on-site to make sure that equipment’s performance guarantees are achieved, the system is properly installed and its configuration is suitable for commercial operations. The maximum daily output energy generation of an installed photovoltaic (PV) system is 1.33 MWh, and its average energy generation is 1.09 MWh. The voltage of all strings is within the rated range of the inverter, with a maximum voltage of 835 V and a minimum of 698 V, as tested by PV string open-circuit voltage. The inverter efficiency test is also performed, with a maximum efficiency of 98.83% and fill factors ranging from 81.37% to 82.34%. The payback period of a photovoltaic system is 4.22 years and LCOE is 0.0229$/kWh. PV system saved 215569.818 metric to
Real-world scenarios are characterized by timing uncertainties, e.g., delays, and disturbances. Algorithms with temporal robustness are crucial in guaranteeing the successful execution of tasks and missions in such sc...
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ISBN:
(数字)9798350382655
ISBN:
(纸本)9798350382662
Real-world scenarios are characterized by timing uncertainties, e.g., delays, and disturbances. Algorithms with temporal robustness are crucial in guaranteeing the successful execution of tasks and missions in such scenarios. We study time-robust path planning for synthesizing robots' trajectories that adhere to spatial-temporal specifications expressed in Sig-nal Temporal Logic (STL). In contrast to prior approaches that rely on discretized trajectories with fixed time-steps, we leverage Piece-Wise Linear (PWL) signals for the synthesis. PWL signals represent a trajectory through a sequence of time-stamped waypoints. This allows us to encode the STL formula into a Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) with fewer variables. This reduction is more pronounced for specifications with a long planning horizon. To that end, we define time-robustness for PWL signals. Subsequently, we propose quantitative semantics for PWL signals according to the recursive syntax of STL and prove their soundness. We then propose an encoding strategy to transform our semantics into a MILP. Our simulations showcase the soundness and the performance of our algorithm.
In this paper we investigate the design of optimal spatially distributed controllers for a linear and spatially invariant reaction-diffusion process over the real line. The controller receives state measurements from ...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783907144107
ISBN:
(纸本)9798331540920
In this paper we investigate the design of optimal spatially distributed controllers for a linear and spatially invariant reaction-diffusion process over the real line. The controller receives state measurements from different spatial locations with non-negligible delays. In this set-up and for the class of proportional spatially invariant state feedback controllers, the optimal control synthesis problem is equivalent to a feedback gain optimization for a spatially distributed delay system. We show that the spatial locality of optimal feedback gains is affected not only by diffusion and reaction coefficients, but also by the parameter representing communication time-delay that causes a sharp flattening of the control gains. In the expensive control regime, the optimal controller is solved analytically, yielding some practical design guidelines.
controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is an efficient standard enabling communication among Electronic control Units (ECUs). However, the CAN bus is vulnerable to malicious attacks because of a lack of defense featur...
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Motivated by the inadequacy of conventional control methods for power networks with a large share of renewable generation, in this paper we study the (stochastic) passivity property of wind turbines based on the Doubl...
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Electroencephalography(EEG)is a non-invasive measurement method for brain *** to its safety,high resolution,and hypersensitivity to dynamic changes in brain neural signals,EEG has aroused much interest in scientific r...
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Electroencephalography(EEG)is a non-invasive measurement method for brain *** to its safety,high resolution,and hypersensitivity to dynamic changes in brain neural signals,EEG has aroused much interest in scientific research and medical *** article reviews the types of EEG signals,multiple EEG signal analysis methods,and the application of relevant methods in the neuroscience feld and for diagnosing neurological ***,3 types of EEG signals,including time-invariant EEG,accurate event-related EEG,and random event-related EEG,are ***,5 main directions for the methods of EEG analysis,including power spectrum analysis,time-frequency analysis,connectivity analysis,source localization methods,and machine learning methods,are described in the main section,along with diferent sub-methods and effect evaluations for solving the same ***,the application scenarios of different EEG analysis methods are emphasized,and the advantages and disadvantages of similar methods are *** article is expected to assist researchers in selecting suitable EEG analysis methods based on their research objectives,provide references for subsequent research,and summarize current issues and prospects for the future.
Quantum protocols including quantum key distribution and blind quantum computing often require the preparation of quantum states of known dimensions. Here, we show that, rather surprisingly, hidden multidimensional mo...
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Quantum protocols including quantum key distribution and blind quantum computing often require the preparation of quantum states of known dimensions. Here, we show that, rather surprisingly, hidden multidimensional modulation is often performed by practical devices. This violates the dimensional assumption in quantum protocols, thus creating side channels and security loopholes. Our work has important impacts on the security of quantum cryptographic protocols.
This paper gives a complete characterization of the complexity of computing the minimum mean square pre-diction error for wide-sense stationary stochastic processes. It shows that if the spectral density of the statio...
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ISBN:
(数字)9798350382655
ISBN:
(纸本)9798350382662
This paper gives a complete characterization of the complexity of computing the minimum mean square pre-diction error for wide-sense stationary stochastic processes. It shows that if the spectral density of the stationary process is a strictly positive, computable continuous function then the minimum mean square error (MMSE) is always a computable number. It is also shown that the computation of the MMSE is a
$\neq P_computation$
complete problem on the set of strictly positive, polynomial-time computable, continuous spectral densities. This means that if, as widely assumed,
$FP_computation\neq\neq P_computation$
, then there exist strictly positive, polynomial-time computable continuous spectral densities for which the computation of the MMSE is not polynomial-time computable. So under the widely accepted assumptions of complexity theory, the computation of the MMSE is generally much harder than
$NP_computation$
complete problems.
Multi-agent systems(MASs)are typically composed of multiple smart entities with independent sensing,communication,computing,and decision-making ***,MASs have a wide range of applications in smart grids,smart manufactu...
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Multi-agent systems(MASs)are typically composed of multiple smart entities with independent sensing,communication,computing,and decision-making ***,MASs have a wide range of applications in smart grids,smart manufacturing,sensor networks,and intelligent transportation *** of the MASs are often coordinated through information interaction among agents,which is one of the most important factors affecting coordination and cooperation ***,unexpected physical faults and cyber attacks on a single agent may spread to other agents via information interaction very quickly,and thus could lead to severe degradation of the whole system performance and even destruction of *** paper is concerned with the safety/security analysis and synthesis of MASs arising from physical faults and cyber attacks,and our goal is to present a comprehensive survey on recent results on fault estimation,detection,diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of MASs,and cyber attack detection and secure control of MASs subject to two typical cyber ***,the paper concludes with some potential future research topics on the security issues of MASs.
Sleep is vital to our daily activity. Lack of proper sleep can impair functionality and overall health. While stress is known for its detrimental impact on sleep quality, the precise effect of pre-sleep stress on subs...
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