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Direct measurement of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum from 50 gev to 10 tev with the calorimetric electron telescope on the international space station

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2019年

作者： Adriani, O. Akaike, Y. Asano, K. Asaoka, Y. Bagliesi, M.G. Berti, E. Bigongiari, G. Binns, W.R. Bonechi, S. Bongi, M. Bruno, A. Buckley, J.H. Cannady, N. Castellini, G. Checchia, C. Cherry, M.L. Collazuol, G. Di Felice, V. Ebisawa, K. Fuke, H. Guzik, T.G. Hams, T. Hasebe, N. Hibino, K. Ichimura, M. Ioka, K. Ishizaki, W. Israel, M.H. Kasahara, K. Kataoka, J. Kataoka, R. Katayose, Y. Kato, C. Kawanaka, N. Kawakubo, Y. Kohri, K. Krawczynski, H.S. Krizmanic, J.F. Lomtadze, T. Maestro, P. Marrocchesi, P.S. Messineo, A.M. Mitchell, J.W. Miyake, S. Moiseev, A.A. Mori, K. Mori, M. Mori, N. Motz, H.M. Munakata, K. Murakami, H. Nakahira, S. Nishimura, J. de Nolfo, G.A. Okuno, S. Ormes, J.F. Ozawa, S. Pacini, L. Palma, F. Papini, P. Penacchioni, A.V. Rauch, B.F. Ricciarini, S.B. Sakai, K. Sakamoto, T. Sasaki, M. Shimizu, Y. Shiomi, A. Sparvoli, R. Spillantini, P. Stolzi, F. Suh, J.E. Sulaj, A. Takahashi, I. Takayanagi, M. Takita, M. Tamura, T. Terasawa, T. Tomida, H. Torii, S. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, Y. Ueno, S. Vannuccini, E. Wefel, J.P. Yamaoka, K. Yanagita, S. Yoshida, A. Yoshida, K. Department of Physics University of Florence Via Sansone Sesto Fiorentino1 - 50019 Italy INFN Sezione di Florence Via Sansone Sesto Fiorentino1 - 50019 Italy Department of Physics University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle BaltimoreMD21250 United States Astroparticle Physics Laboratory NASA/GSFC GreenbeltMD20771 United States Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha Kashiwa Chiba277-8582 Japan Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo169-8555 Japan JEM Utilization Center Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2-1-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki305-8505 Japan Department of Physical Sciences Earth and Environment University of Siena via Roma 56 Siena53100 Italy INFN Sezione di Pisa Polo Fibonacci Largo B. Pontecorvo 3 Pisa56127 Italy Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences Washington University One Brookings Drive St. LouisMO63130-4899 United States Heliospheric Physics Laboratory NASA/GSFC GreenbeltMD20771 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Louisiana State University 202 Nicholson Hall Baton RougeLA70803 United States Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Padova Via Marzolo 8 Padova35131 Italy INFN Sezione di Padova Via Marzolo 8 Padova35131 Italy University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 Rome00133 Italy INFN Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 Rome00133 Italy Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 3-1-1 Yoshinodai Chuo Sagamihara Kanagawa252-5210 Japan CRESST and Astroparticle Physics Laboratory NASA GSFC GreenbeltMD20771 United States Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi Kanagawa Yokohama Kanagawa221-8686 Japan Faculty of Science and Technology Graduate School of Scien

In this paper, we present the analysis and results of a direct measurement of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum with the CALET instrument onboard the International Space Station, including the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties. The observation period used in this analysis is from October 13, 2015 to August 31, 2018 (1054 days). We have achieved the very wide energy range necessary to carry out measurements of the spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV covering, for the first time in space, with a single instrument the whole energy interval previously investigated in most cases in separate subranges by magnetic spectrometers (BESS-TeV, PAMELA, and AMS-02) and calorimetric instruments (ATIC, CREAM, and NUCLEON). The observed spectrum is consistent with AMS-02 but extends to nearly an order of magnitude higher energy, showing a very smooth transition of the power-law spectral index from −2.81 ± 0.03 (50-500 GeV) neglecting solar modulation effects (or −2.87 ± 0.06 including solar modulation effects in the lower energy region) to −2.56 ± 0.04 (1-10 TeV), thereby confirming the existence of spectral hardening and providing evidence of a deviation from a single power law by more than 3σ. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cosmology

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Dark state with counter-rotating dissipative channels

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2017年

作者： Zhou, Zheng-Yang Chen, Mi Wu, Lian-Ao Yu, Ting You, J.Q. Department of Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Beijing Computational Science Research Center Beijing100094 China Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao48011 Spain P. O. Box 644 Bilbao48080 Spain Center for Controlled Quantum Systems Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Stevens Institute of Technology HobokenNJ07030 United States

Dark state as a consequence of interference between different quantum states has great importance in the fields of chip-scale atomic clock and quantum information. For the Λ-type three-level system, this dark state is generally regarded as being dissipation-free because it is a superposition of two lowest states without dipole transition between them. However, previous studies are based on the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) by neglecting the counter-rotating terms in the system-environment interaction. In this work, we study non-Markovian quantum dynamics of the dark state in a Λ-type three-level system coupled to two bosonic baths and reveal the effect of counter-rotating terms on the dark state. In contrast to the dark state within the RWA, leakage of the dark state occurs even at zero temperature, as a result of these counter-rotating terms. Also, we present a method to restore the quantum coherence of the dark state by applying a leakage elimination operator to the system. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum optics

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Nonlinear dynamics of Aharonov-Bohm cages

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2018年

作者： Di Liberto, Marco Mukherjee, Sebabrata Goldman, Nathan Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 231 Campus Plaine B-Brussels1050 Belgium Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS United Kingdom Department of Physics Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States

The interplay of π-ux and lattice geometry can yield full localization of quantum dynamics in lattice systems, a striking interference phenomenon known as Aharonov-Bohm caging. At the level of the single-particle energy spectrum, this full-localization effect is attributed to the collapse of Bloch bands into a set of perfectly at (dispersionless) bands. In such lattice models, the effects of inter-particle interactions generally lead to a breaking of the cages, and hence, to the spreading of the wavefunction over the lattice. Motivated by recent experimental realizations of analog Aharonov-Bohm cages for light, using coupled-waveguide arrays, we hereby demonstrate that caging always occurs in the presence of local nonlinearities. As a central result, we focus on special caged solutions, which are accompanied by a breathing motion of the field intensity, that we describe in terms of an effective two-mode model reminiscent of a bosonic Josephson junction. Moreover, we explore the quantum regime using small particle ensembles, and we observe quasi-caged collapse-revival dynamics with negligible leakage. The results stemming from this work open an interesting route towards the characterization of nonlinear dynamics in interacting at band systems. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dynamics

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Control relaxation via dephasing: an exact quantum state diffusion study

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2017年

作者： Jing, Jun Yu, Ting Lam, Chi-Hang You, J.Q. Wu, Lian-Ao Department of Physics Zhejiang University HangzhouZhejiang310027 China PO Box 644 Bilbao48080 Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao48011 Spain Beijing Computational Science Research Center Beijing100193 China Center for Controlled Quantum Systems Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Stevens Institute of Technology HobokenNJ07030 United States Department of Applied Physics Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong

Dynamical decoupling as one of quantum control strategies aims at suppressing quantum decoherence adopting the popular philosophy that the disorder in the unitary evolution of the open quantum system caused by environmental noises should be neutralized by a sequence of ordered or well-designed external operations acting on the system. This work studies the exact solution of quantum-state-diffusion equations by mixing two channels of environmental noises, i.e., relaxation (dissipation) and dephasing. It is interesting to find in two-level and three-level atomic systems, that a non-Markovian relaxation or dissipation process can be suppressed by a Markovian dephasing noise. The discovery results in an anomalous control strategy by coordinating relaxation and dephasing processes. Our approach opens up a novel revenue towards noise control strategy with no artificial manipulation over the open quantum systems. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Equations of state

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The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the First Two Years On Orbit

引用

Journal of physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1181卷

作者： Y Asaoka O Adriani Y Akaike K Asano M G Bagliesi E Berti G Bigongiari W R Binns S Bonechi M Bongi A Bruno P Brogi J H Buckley N Cannady G Castellini C Checchia M L Cherry G Collazuol V Di Felice K Ebisawa H Fuke T G Guzik T Hams N Hasebe K Hibino M Ichimura K Ioka W Ishizaki M H Israel K Kasahara J Kataoka R Kataoka Y Katayose C Kato N Kawanaka Y Kawakubo K Kohri H S Krawczynski J F Krizmanic T Lomtadze P Maestro P S Marrocchesi A M Messineo J W Mitchell S Miyake A A Moiseev K Mori M Mori N Mori H M Motz K Munakata H Murakami S Nakahira J Nishimura G A De Nolfo S Okuno J F Ormes S Ozawa L Pacini F Palma V Pal'shin P Papini A V Penacchioni B F Rauch S B Ricciarini K Sakai T Sakamoto M Sasaki Y Shimizu A Shiomi R Sparvoli P Spillantini F Stolzi S Sugita J E Suh A Sulaj I Takahashi M Takayanagi M Takita T Tamura N Tateyama T Terasawa H Tomida S Torii Y Tsunesada Y Uchihori S Ueno E Vannuccini J P Wefel K Yamaoka S Yanagita A Yoshida K Yoshida Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University Japan JEM Utilization Center Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Japan Department of Physics University of Florence Italy INFN Sezione di Florence Italy Department of Physics University of Maryland USA Astroparticle Physics Laboratory NASA/GSFC USA Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo Japan Department of Physical Sciences Earth and Environment University of Siena Italy INFN Sezione di Pisa Italy Department of Physics Washington University USA Heliospheric Physics Laboratory NASA/GSFC USA Department of Physics and Astronomy Louisiana State University USA Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC) National Research Council (CNR) Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Padova Italy INFN Sezione di Padova Italy University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' Italy INFN Sezione di Rome 'Tor Vergata' Italy Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Japan CRESST and Astroparticle Physics Laboratory NASA/GSFC USA Kanagawa University Japan Faculty of Science and Technology Graduate School of Science and Technology Hirosaki University Japan Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics Kyoto University Japan National Institute of Polar Research Japan Faculty of Engineering Division of Intelligent Systems Engineering Yokohama National University Japan Faculty of Science Shinshu University Japan Hakubi Center Kyoto University Japan Department of Astronomy Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Japan College of Science and Engineering Department of Physics and Mathematics Aoyama Gakuin University Japan High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Japan University of Pisa Italy Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering National Institute of Technology Ibaraki College Japan Department of Astronomy University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Department of Physical Sciences Co

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics space experiment installed on the International Space Station (ISS), developed and operated by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States. The CALET mission goals include the investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, of the details of galactic particle acceleration and propagation, and of potential signatures of dark matter. CALET measures the cosmic-ray electron+positron flux up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays up to 10 TeV, and nuclei with Z=1 to 40 up to 1, 000 TeV for the more abundant elements during a long-term observation aboard the ISS. Starting science operation in mid-October 2015, CALET performed continuous observation without major interruption with close to 20 million triggered events over 10 GeV per month. Based on the data taken during the first two-years, we present an overview of CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation including a characterization of on-orbit performance. Results of the electromagnetic counterpart search for LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are discussed as well.

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quantum processor-inspired machine learning in the biomedical sciences

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2019年

作者： Li, Richard Y. Gujja, Sharvari Bajaj, Sweta R. Gamel, Omar E. Cilfone, Nicholas Gulcher, Jeffrey R. Lidar, Daniel A. Chittenden, Thomas W. Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los AngelesCA United States Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los AngelesCA United States Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology University of Southern California Los AngelesCA United States Computational Statistics and Bioinformatics Group Advanced Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory Genuity Science BostonMA United States Complex Biological Systems Alliance MedfordMA United States Cancer Genetics Group Genuity Science BostonMA United States Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Los AngelesCA United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Southern California Los AngelesCA United States Division of Genetics and Genomics Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School BostonMA United States

Recent advances in high-throughput genomic technologies coupled with exponential increases in computer processing and memory have allowed us to interrogate the complex aberrant molecular underpinnings of human disease from a genome-wide perspective. While the deluge of genomic information is expected to increase, a bottleneck in conventional high-performance computing is rapidly approaching. Inspired in part by recent advances in physical quantum processors, we evaluated several unconventional machine learning (ML) strategies on actual human tumor data;namely "Ising-type" methods whose objective function is formulated identically to simulated annealing and quantum annealing, as well as a restricted Boltzmann machine. Here we show for the first time the efficacy of multiple Ising-type ML algorithms for classification of high-dimensional, multi-omics human cancer data from the Cancer Genome Atlas. To assess algorithm performance, we compared these classifiers to a variety of standard ML methods. Our results indicate the feasibility of using Ising-type ML to provide competitive classification of human cancer types and associated molecular subtypes and superior performance with smaller training datasets, thus providing compelling empirical evidence for the potential future application of unconventional computing approaches in the biomedical sciences. © 2019, CC BY.

关键词： Machine learning

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Topological photonics

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2018年

作者： Ozawa, Tomoki Price, Hannah M. Amo, Alberto Goldman, Nathan Hafezi, Mohammad Lu, Ling Rechtsman, Mikael C. Schuster, David Simon, Jonathan Zilberberg, Oded Carusotto, Iacopo RIKEN Wako Saitama351-0198 Japan Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 231 Campus Plaine BrusselsB-1050 Belgium INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trento PovoI-38123 Italy School of Physics and Astronomy University of Birmingham Edgbaston BirminghamB15 2TT United Kingdom Université de Lille CNRS UMR 8523 PhLAM Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules LilleF-59000 France Joint Quantum Institute Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Beijing100190 China Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong523808 China Department of Physics Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States James Franck Institute Department of Physics University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States Institute for Theoretical Physics ETH Zurich Zurich8093 Switzerland

Topological photonics is a rapidly emerging field of research in which geometrical and topological ideas are exploited to design and control the behavior of light. Drawing inspiration from the discovery of the quantum Hall effects and topological insulators in condensed matter, recent advances have shown how to engineer analogous effects also for photons, leading to remarkable phenomena such as the robust unidirectional propagation of light, which hold great promise for applications. Thanks to the flexibility and diversity of photonics systems, this field is also opening up new opportunities to realize exotic topological models and to probe and exploit topological effects in new ways. This article reviews experimental and theoretical developments in topological photonics across a wide range of experimental platforms, including photonic crystals, waveguides, metamaterials, cavities, optomechanics, silicon photonics, and circuit QED. A discussion of how changing the dimensionality and symmetries of photonics systems has allowed for the realization of different topological phases is offered, and progress in understanding the interplay of topology with non-Hermitian effects, such as dissipation, is reviewed. As an exciting perspective, topological photonics can be combined with optical nonlinearities, leading toward new collective phenomena and novel strongly correlated states of light, such as an analog of the fractional quantum Hall effect. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum Hall effect

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Conditional counting statistics of electrons tunneling through quantum dot systems measured by a quantum point contact

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Physical Review B 2017年第19期96卷 195440-195440页

作者： Yen-Jui Chang Tsung-Kang Yeh Chao-Hung Wan D. Wahyu Utami Gerard J. Milburn Hsi-Sheng Goan Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Sciences National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Center for Quantum Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Research Systems and Reporting Australian Catholic University North Sydney NSW 2060 Australia Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems School of Mathematics and Physics The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia

We theoretically study the conditional counting statistics of electron transport through a system consisting of a single quantum dot (SQD) or coherently coupled double quantum dots (DQD's) monitored by a nearby quantum point contact (QPC) using the generating functional approach with the maximum eigenvalue of the evolution equation matrix method, the quantum trajectory theory method (Monte Carlo method), and an efficient method we develop. The conditional current cumulants that are significantly different from their unconditional counterparts can provide additional information and insight into the electron transport properties of mesoscopic nanostructure systems. The efficient method we develop for calculating the conditional counting statistics is numerically stable, and is capable of calculating the conditional counting statistics for a more complex system than the maximum eigenvalue method and for a wider range of parameters than the quantum trajectory method. We apply our method to investigate how the QPC shot noise affects the conditional counting statistics of the SQD system, going beyond the treatment and parameter regime studied in the literature. We also investigate the case when the interdot coherent coupling is comparable to the dephasing rate caused by the back-action of the QPC in the DQD system, in which there is considerable discrepancy in the calculated conditional current cumulants between the population rate (master-) equation approach of sequential tunneling and the full quantum master-equation approach of coherent tunneling.

关键词： Coulomb blockade quantum transport Point contacts quantum dots Monte Carlo methods

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Chemical and valence reconstruction at the surface of SmB6 revealed by means of resonant soft x-ray reflectometry

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Physical Review B 2018年第20期97卷 205416-205416页

作者： V. B. Zabolotnyy K. Fürsich R. J. Green P. Lutz K. Treiber Chul-Hee Min A. V. Dukhnenko N. Y. Shitsevalova V. B. Filipov B. Y. Kang B. K. Cho R. Sutarto Feizhou He F. Reinert D. S. Inosov V. Hinkov Experimentelle Physik IV and Röntgen Center for Complex Materials Systems (RCCM) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute Department of Physics & Astronomy University of British Columbia 2355 East Mall Vancouver Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Physics & Engineering Physics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5E2 Experimentelle Physik VII and Röntgen Center for Complex Materials Systems (RCCM) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany I. M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NAS 3 Krzhyzhanovsky Street Kiev 03680 Ukraine School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju 500-712 Korea Canadian Light Source Inc. Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada S7N 2V3 Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik TU Dresden D-01069 Dresden Germany

Samarium hexaboride (SmB6), a Kondo insulator with mixed valence, has recently attracted much attention as a possible host for correlated topological surface states. Here, we use a combination of x-ray absorption and reflectometry techniques, backed up with a theoretical model for the resonant M4,5 absorption edge of Sm and photoemission data, to establish laterally averaged chemical and valence depth profiles at the surface of SmB6. We show that upon cleaving, the highly polar (001) surface of SmB6 undergoes substantial chemical and valence reconstruction, resulting in boron termination and a Sm3+ dominated subsurface region. Whereas at room temperature, the reconstruction occurs on a timescale of less than 2 h, it takes about 24 h below 50 K. The boron termination is eventually established, irrespective of the initial termination. Our findings reconcile earlier depth resolved photoemission and scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies performed at different temperatures and are important for better control of surface states in this system.

关键词： Electronic structure Surface reconstruction Surface states Topological materials Crystal-field theory Density functional calculations Photoelectron emission microscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray reflectivity X-ray techniques

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SALMON: Scalable Ab-initio Light-Matter simulator for Optics and Nanoscience

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Noda, Masashi Sato, Shunsuke A. Hirokawa, Yuta Uemoto, Mitsuharu Takeuchi, Takashi Yamada, Shunsuke Yamada, Atsushi Shinohara, Yasushi Yamaguchi, Maiku Iida, Kenji Floss, Isabella Otobe, Tomohito Lee, Kyung-Min Ishimura, Kazuya Boku, Taisuke Bertsch, George F. Nobusada, Katsuyuki Yabana, Kazuhiro Institute for Molecular Science Okazaki Japan Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter Hamburg Germany Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering University of Tsukuba Japan Center for Computational Sciences University of Tsukuba Japan Graduate School of Engineering University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Kyoto Japan Institute for Nuclear Theory and Physics Department University of Washington Seattle United States

SALMON (Scalable Ab-initio Light-Matter simulator for Optics and Nanoscience, http://***) is a software package for the simulation of electron dynamics and optical properties of molecules, nanostructures, and crystalline solids based on first-principles time-dependent density functional theory. The core part of the software is the real-time, real-space calculation of the electron dynamics induced in molecules and solids by an external electric field solving the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation. Using a weak instantaneous perturbing field, linear response properties such as polarizabilities and photoabsorptions in isolated systems and dielectric functions in periodic systems are determined. Using an optical laser pulse, the ultrafast electronic response that may be highly nonlinear in the field strength is investigated in time domain. The propagation of the laser pulse in bulk solids and thin films can also be included in the simulation via coupling the electron dynamics in many microscopic unit cells using Maxwell’s equations describing the time evolution of the electromagnetic fields. The code is efficiently parallelized so that it may describe the electron dynamics in large systems including up to a few thousand atoms. The present paper provides an overview of the capabilities of the software package showing several sample calculations. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Optical properties

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