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arXiv 2025年

作者： Contardo, Gabriella Trotta, Roberto Gioia, Serafina Di Hogg, David W. Villaescusa-Navarro, Francisco Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology University of Nova Gorica Ajdovščina Slovenia Trieste Italy ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing Big Data e Quantum Computing Via Magnanelli 2 Bologna Italy Astrophysics Group Physics Department Blackett Lab Imperial College London Prince Consort Road LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 TriesteI-34143 Italy Trieste Italy Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics Department of Physics New York University New YorkNY United States Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Heidelberg Germany Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute New YorkNY United States Department of Astrophysical Sciences Peyton Hall Princeton University NJ08544-0010 United States

Recent analyses of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations from CAMELS have shown that machine learning models can predict the parameter describing the total matter content of the universe, Ωm, from the features of a single galaxy. We investigate the statistical properties of two of these simulation suites, IllustrisTNG and ASTRID, confirming that Ωm induces a strong displacement on the distribution of galaxy features. We also observe that most other parameters have little to no effect on the distribution, except for the stellar-feedback parameter ASN1, which introduces some near-degeneracies that can be broken with specific features. These two properties explain the predictability of Ωm. We use Optimal Transport to further measure the effect of parameters on the distribution of galaxy properties, which is found to be consistent with physical expectations. However, we observe discrepancies between the two simulation suites, both in the effect of Ωm on the galaxy properties and in the distributions themselves at identical parameter values. Thus, although Ωm’s signature can be easily detected within a given simulation suite using just a single galaxy, applying this result to real observational data may prove significantly more challenging. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Galaxies

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Forecast Measurement of the 21 cm Global Spectrum from Lunar Orbit with the Vari-Zeroth-Order Polynomial (VZOP) Method

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Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 2025年 42卷 e039-e039页

作者： Liu, Tianyang Zhang, Jiajun Shi, Yuan Gu, Junhua Guo, Quan Xu, Yidong Deng, Furen Wu, Fengquan Cong, Yanping Chen, Xuelei Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE)/Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Road DistrictChaoyang Beijing 100101 China Department of Physics College of Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China Center for High Energy Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The cosmic 21 cm signal serves as a crucial probe for studying the evolutionary history of the Universe. However, detecting the 21 cm signal poses significant challenges due to its extremely faint nature. To mitigate the interference from the Earth's radio frequency interference (RFI), the ground and the ionospheric effects, the Discovering the Sky at the Longest Wavelength (DSL) project will deploy a constellation of satellites in lunar orbit, with its high-frequency daughter satellite tasked with detecting the global 21 cm signal from cosmic dawn and reionization era (CD/EoR). We intend to employ the vari-zeroth-order polynomial (VZOP) for foreground fitting and subtracting. We have studied the effect of thermal noise, thermal radiation from the Moon, the lunar reflection, anisotropic frequency-dependent beam, inaccurate antenna beam pattern, and RFI contamination. We discovered that the RFI contamination can significantly affect the fitting process and thus prevent us from detecting the signal. Therefore, experimenting on the far side of the moon is crucial. We also discovered that using VZOP together with DSL, after 1080 orbits around the Moon, which takes about 103 days, we can successfully detect the CD/EoR 21 cm signal. © The Author(s), 2025.

关键词： dark ages methods: statistical reionisation space vehicles: instruments

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Searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 136Xe with PandaX-4T

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science Bulletin 2025年

作者： Zhang, Shu Bo, Zihao Chen, Wei Chen, Xun Chen, Yunhua Cheng, Zhaokan Cui, Xiangyi Fan, Yingjie Fang, Deqing Gao, Zhixing Geng, Lisheng Giboni, Karl Guo, Xunan Guo, Xuyuan Guo, Zichao Han, Chencheng Han, Ke He, Changda He, Jinrong Huang, Di Huang, Houqi Huang, Junting Hou, Ruquan Hou, Yu Ji, Xiangdong Ji, Xiangpan Ju, Yonglin Li, Chenxiang Li, Jiafu Li, Mingchuan Li, Shuaijie Li, Tao Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Qing Liu, Jianglai Lu, Congcong Lu, Xiaoying Luo, Lingyin Luo, Yunyang Ma, Wenbo Ma, Yugang Mao, Yajun Meng, Yue Ning, Xuyang Pang, Binyu Qi, Ningchun Qian, Zhicheng Ren, Xiangxiang Shan, Dong Shang, Xiaofeng Shao, Xiyuan Shen, Guofang Shen, Manbin Sun, Wenliang Tao, Yi Wang, Anqing Wang, Guanbo Wang, Hao Wang, Jiamin Wang, Lei Wang, Meng Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Shaobo Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Xiuli Wang, Xu Wang, Zhou Wei, Yuehuan Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Xiao, Mengjiao Xiao, Xiang Xiong, Kaizhi Xu, Yifan Yao, Shunyu Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yang, Yong Ye, Peihua Yu, Chunxu Yuan, Ying Yuan, Zhe Yun, Youhui Zeng, Xinning Zhang, Minzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Li Zhou, Jifang Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Jiayi Zhou, Ning Zhou, Xiaopeng Zhou, Yubo Zhou, Zhizhen New Cornerstone Science Laboratory Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai201210 China School of Physics Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou510275 China Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology Shanghai200240 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute Chengdu610213 China Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Xichang615000 China Yalong River Hydropower Development Company Chengdu610051 China Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai519082 China Department of Physics Yantai University Yantai264005 China Institute of Modern Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China School of Physics Beihang University Beijing102206 China Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education Beihang University Beijing100191 China Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics Beihang University Beijing102206 China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Huizhou516000 China SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Department of Physics University of Maryland College Park Maryland20742 United States School of Physics Nankai University Tianjin300071 China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Research Center for Particle Science and Technology Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong University Qingdao266237 China Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education Shandong University Qingdao266237 China School of Physics Peking University Beijing100871 China College of Nuclear Technol

We report the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 136Xe from the PandaX-4T experiment with a 3.7-tonne natural xenon target. The data reconstruction and the background modeling are optimized in the MeV energy region. A blind analysis is performed with data from the commissioning run and the first science run. No significant excess of signal over the background is observed. A lower limit on the half-life of 136Xe neutrinoless double-beta decay is established to be 2.1×1024 yr at the 90% confidence level, with a 136Xe exposure of 44.6 kg⋅yr. Our result represents the most stringent constraint from a natural xenon detector to date. © 2025 science China Press

关键词： Majorana neutrino Natural xenon detector Neutrinoless double-beta decay

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Search for lepton portal dark matter in the PandaX-4T experiment

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physics Letters, Section B: Nuclear, Elementary particle and High-Energy physics 2025年 864卷

作者： Ning, Xuyang Bo, Zihao Chen, Wei Chen, Xun Chen, Yunhua Cheng, Zhaokan Cui, Xiangyi Fan, Yingjie Fang, Deqing Gao, Zhixing Geng, Lisheng Giboni, Karl Guo, Xunan Guo, Xuyuan Guo, Zichao Han, Chencheng Han, Ke He, Changda He, Jinrong Huang, Di Huang, Houqi Huang, Junting Hou, Ruquan Hou, Yu Ji, Xiangdong Ji, Xiangpan Ju, Yonglin Li, Chenxiang Li, Jiafu Li, Mingchuan Li, Shuaijie Li, Tao Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Qing Liu, Jianglai Lu, Congcong Lu, Xiaoying Luo, Lingyin Luo, Yunyang Ma, Wenbo Ma, Yugang Mao, Yajun Meng, Yue Pang, Binyu Qi, Ningchun Qian, Zhicheng Ren, Xiangxiang Shan, Dong Shang, Xiaofeng Shao, Xiyuan Shen, Guofang Shen, Manbin Sun, Wenliang Tao, Yi Wang, Anqing Wang, Guanbo Wang, Hao Wang, Jiamin Wang, Lei Wang, Meng Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Shaobo Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Xiuli Wang, Xu Wang, Zhou Wei, Yuehuan Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Xiao, Mengjiao Xiao, Xiang Xiong, Kaizhi Xu, Yifan Yao, Shunyu Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yang, Yong Ye, Peihua Yu, Chunxu Yuan, Ying Yuan, Zhe Yun, Youhui Zeng, Xinning Zhang, Minzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Shu Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Li Zhou, Jifang Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Jiayi Zhou, Ning Zhou, Xiaopeng Zhou, Yubo Zhou, Zhizhen Bai, Yang Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 201210 China School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE) Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology New Cornerstone Science Laboratory Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute Chengdu 610213 China Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Liangshan 615000 China Yalong River Hydropower Development Company Ltd. 288 Shuanglin Road Chengdu 610051 China Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai 519082 China Department of Physics Yantai University Yantai 264005 China Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics Ion-beam Application (MOE) Institute of Modern Physics Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China School of Physics Beihang University Beijing 102206 China Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education Beihang University Beijing 100191 China International Research Center for Nuclei and Particles in the Cosmos Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics Beihang University Beijing 100191 China Southern Center for Nuclear-Science Theory (SCNT) Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Huizhou 516000 China SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Department of Physics University of Maryland College Park 20742 MD United States School of Physics Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China School of Physics Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Department of Mod

We report a search for a lepton-portal dark matter model, where dark matter couples to a charged lepton in the standard model. This simplified model naturally leads to photon-mediated dark matter interactions with nuclei, making it suitable for direct dark matter detection experiments. Matching to the framework of non-relativistic effective field theory for dark matter, we report the first sensitive search for this model using data from the PandaX-4T commissioning run. Our results yield strong constraints on Dirac fermion dark matter but relatively weaker constraints on Majorana dark matter due to the suppression of effective photon interactions. These constraints complement those obtained from the collider and indirect detection experiments. © 2025 The Author(s)

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Quadratic Yukawa coupling and matrix Yukawa coupling in the large N expansion

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Chinese science Bulletin 2014年第5期59卷 484-491页

作者： Song Shi Wei-Min Sun Hong-Shi Zong Department of Physics Nanjing University State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of Science Joint Center for Particle Nuclear Physics and Cosmology

In this article,we study three types of new Yukawa couplings(the boson field is coupled to the fermion field).Two of them are quadratic Yukawa couplings(the boson field is in the form of a vector),and the other one is the matrix Yukawa coupling(the boson field is in the form of a matrix).Based on the above three couplings,we introduce the Higgs mechanism,and find out the properties of the generated mass for the fermions with multiple *** the matrix boson,we introduce its coupling with non-Abelian gauge *** turns out that the generated mass of the gauge field through the Higgs mechanism is *** the large N limit,using the method of auxiliary field,we study the dynamical behaviors of the quadratic Yukawa couplings,including the poles of some dressed propagators.

关键词：场耦合矩阵希格斯机制玻色子场费米子场动力学行为联轴器规范场

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New insight into the hard X-ray emission influenced by the type-I bursts observed by Insight-HXMT during outburst of 4U 1636–536

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Peng, J.Q. Zhang, S. Chen, Y.P. Kong, L.D. Wang, P.J. Zhang, S.N. Shui, Q.C. Ji, L. Zhang, G.B. Yan, Z. Tao, L. Qu, J.L. Ge, M.Y. Yu, Z.L. Li, J. Chang, Z. Li, Z.S. Zhang, P. Xiao, Y.X. Zhao, S.J. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Institute für Astronomie und Astrophysik Kepler Center for Astro and Particle Physics Eberhard Karls Universität Sand 1 TübingenD-72076 Germany School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai519082 China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650216 China Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution Celestial Objects Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650216 China Center for Astronomical Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100012 China CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Key Laboratory of Stars and Interstellar Medium Xiangtan University Hunan Xiangtan411105 China College of Science China Three Gorges University Yichang443002 China Center for Astronomy and Space Sciences China Three Gorges University Yichang443002 China

Context. Thermonuclear bursts, also known as type-I X-ray bursts, result from unstable nuclear burning of H/He accreted to the surface of neutron stars, lasting from tens of seconds to hundreds of seconds. Thermonuclear bursts have an important impact on accretion environments around the neutron stars, such as their disks and corona, and are therefore a subject of extensive research. Thermonuclear bursts can be used as probes to gain a deeper understanding of the properties of their disks and corona. Aims. By analyzing the data from Insight-HXMT and NICER, we can determine the evolution of the significance of the hard shortage in 4U 1636–536 with its spectral state, as well as the evolution of the fraction of deficit with energy. Additionally, we investigate the possible geometry and evolution of the corona in 4U 1636–536 by combining our findings with the results of spectral analysis. Methods. Extracting the light curves from the Insight-HXMT LE, ME, and HE data and subtracting their pre-burst emission allows us to estimate the significance of the hard shortages during the bursts. By fitting the spectra, the correlation between the persistent spectral parameters and the significance of the hard shortages can be established. The bursts are then grouped according to the spectral state in which they occurred, and the significance of the hard shortages is estimated. These in turn help to investigate the evolution of the fraction of deficit with energy. Results. We find that during the soft state, the significance of possible hard X-ray shortage in bursts is almost zero. However, in the hard state, some bursts exhibit significant shortages (>3 σ), while others do not. We attempt to establish a correlation between the significance of the hard X-ray shortage and the spectral parameters, but the data quality and the limited number of bursts prevent us from finding a strong correlation. For bursts with insignificant shortages in the soft state, their fraction of the deficit

关键词： Stars

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Back to business: SLX 1746–331 after 13 years of silence

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Peng, Jing-Qiang Zhang, Shu Wang, Peng-Ju Zhang, Shuang-Nan Kong, Ling-Da Chen, Yu-Peng Shui, Qing-Cang Ji, Long Qu, Jin-Lu Tao, Lian Ge, Ming-Yu Ma, Rui-Can Chang, Zhi Li, Jian Li, Zhao-Sheng Yu, Zhuo-Li Yan, Zhe Zhang, Peng Xiao, Yun-Xiang Zhao, Shu-Jie Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Institute für Astronomie und Astrophysik Kepler Center for Astro and Particle Physics Eberhard Karls Universität Sand 1 TübingenD-72076 Germany School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai519082 China CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Key Laboratory of Stars and Interstellar Medium Xiangtan University Hunan Xiangtan411105 China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650216 China Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution Celestial Objects Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650216 China Center for Astronomical Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100012 China College of Science China Three Gorges University Yichang443002 China Center for Astronomy and Space Sciences China Three Gorges University Yichang443002 China

The black hole candidate system SLX 1746–331 was back to business in 2023, after a long silence of roughly 13 years. An outburst was observed thoroughly by Insight-HXMT and NICER. The outburst is characterized by spectral dominance of the soft state, where the joint Insight-HXMT and NICER spectral analysis shows the temperature dependence of the disk flux follows Tin3.98, and thus suggests that the inner disk reaches to ISCO during almost the entire outburst. By assuming 0.3 LEdd for the peak flux and an inclination angle of zero degrees, the lower limit of the compact object hosted in this system is estimated as 3.28±2.14M☉. We also look into the relation of the disk temperature and disk flux for a sample of black hole systems, and by taking the disk temperature derived in the outburst of SLX 1746–331, such a relation results in a mass estimation of 5.2 ± 4.5M☉. Finally, the spin of the compact object is constrained to larger than 0.8 with a spectral model of kerrbb. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Black holes

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NICER, NuSTAR and Insight-HXMT views to the newly discovered black hole X-ray binary Swift J1727.8–1613

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Peng, Jing-Qiang Zhang, Shu Shui, Qing-Cang Zhang, Shuang-Nan Kong, Ling-Da Chen, Yu-Peng Wang, Peng-Ju Ji, Long Qu, Jin-Lu Tao, Lian Ge, Ming-Yu Chang, Zhi Li, Jian Li, Zhao-Sheng Yu, Zhuo-Li Yan, Zhe Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Institute für Astronomie und Astrophysik Kepler Center for Astro and Particle Physics Eberhard Karls Universität Sand 1 TübingenD-72076 Germany School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai519082 China CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Key Laboratory of Stars and Interstellar Medium Xiangtan University Hunan Xiangtan411105 China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650216 China Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution Celestial Objects Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650216 China Center for Astronomical Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100012 China

Swift J1727.8–1613 is a black hole X-ray binary newly discovered in 2023. We perform spectral analysis with simultaneous Insight-HXMT, NICER and NuSTAR observations when the source was approaching to the hard intermediate state. Such a joint view reveals an additional hard component apart from the normally observed hard component with reflection in the spectrum, to be distinguished from the usual black hole X-ray binary systems. By including this extra component in the spectrum, we have measured a high spin of 0.98+0.02−0.07 and an inclination of around 40+1.2−0.8 degrees, which is consistent with NICER results reported before. However, we find that the additional spectral component can not be exclusively determined due to the model degeneracy. Accordingly, a possible jet/corona configuration is adjusted to account for the spectral fitting with different model trials. The extra component may originate either from a relativistic jet or a jet base/corona underneath a slow jet. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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NICER, NuSTAR and Insight-HXMT views to black hole X-ray binary SLX 1746–331

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

We study the spectral and temporal properties of the black hole X-ray transient binary SLX 1746–331 during the 2023 outburst with NICER, NuSTAR, and Insight-HXMT observations. Through the joint fitting of the spectra from NICER, NuSTAR, and Insight-HXMT, the spin and inclination angles are measured for the first time as 0.85 ± 0.03 and 53 ± 0.5°, respectively. Accordingly, the mass of the compact star is updated from the previous lower limit of 3.3±2.1M☉ to 5.5 ± 3.6M☉, which is consistent with 5.2 ± 4.5M☉ measured with an empirical mass-luminosity correlation of BH samples. With more NICER observations covering the later decay of the outburst, we confirm that the entire outburst was dominated by the disk emissions, and the thermal spectrum follows F ∝ Tin3.974±0.003, till a luminosity of over than two magnitudes lower than the maximum of the outburst. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Black holes

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Position reconstruction and surface background model for the PandaX-4T detector

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Qian, Zhicheng Gu, Linhui Cheng, Chen Bo, Zihao Chen, Wei Chen, Xun Chen, Yunhua Cheng, Zhaokan Cui, Xiangyi Fan, Yingjie Fang, Deqing Gao, Zhixing Geng, Lisheng Giboni, Karl Guo, Xunan Guo, Xuyuan Guo, Zichao Han, Chencheng Han, Ke He, Changda He, Jinrong Huang, Di Huang, Houqi Huang, Junting Hou, Ruquan Hou, Yu Ji, Xiangdong Ji, Xiangpan Ju, Yonglin Li, Chenxiang Li, Jiafu Li, Mingchuan Li, Shuaijie Li, Tao Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Qing Liu, Jianglai Lu, Congcong Lu, Xiaoying Luo, Lingyin Luo, Yunyang Ma, Wenbo Ma, Yugang Mao, Yajun Meng, Yue Ning, Xuyang Pang, Binyu Qi, Ningchun Ren, Xiangxiang Shan, Dong Shang, Xiaofeng Shao, Xiyuan Shen, Guofang Shen, Manbin Sun, Wenliang Tao, Yi Wang, Anqing Wang, Guanbo Wang, Hao Wang, Jiamin Wang, Lei Wang, Meng Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Shaobo Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Xiuli Wang, Xu Wang, Zhou Wei, Yuehuan Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Xiao, Mengjiao Xiao, Xiang Xiong, Kaizhi Xu, Yifan Yao, Shunyu Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yang, Yong Ye, Peihua Yu, Chunxu Yuan, Ying Yuan, Zhe Yun, Youhui Zeng, Xinning Zhang, Minzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Shu Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Li Zhou, Jifang Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Jiayi Zhou, Ning Zhou, Xiaopeng Zhou, Yubo Zhou, Zhizhen Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology Shanghai200240 China School of Physics Beihang University Beijing102206 China New Cornerstone Science Laboratory Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai201210 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute Chengdu610213 China Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China Yalong River Hydropower Development Company Ltd. 288 Shuanglin Road Chengdu610051 China Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai519082 China Department of Physics Yantai University Yantai264005 China Institute of Modern Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education Beihang University Beijing100191 China International Research Center for Nuclei and Particles in the Cosmos "& Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics Beihang University Beijing100191 China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Huizhou516000 China SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Department of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States School of Physics Nankai University Tianjin300071 China School of Physics Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou510275 China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Research Center for Particle Science and Technology Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong University Qingdao266237 China Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education Shandong University Qingdao266237 China School of Physics Peking University Beiji

We report the position reconstruction methods and surface background model for the PandaX-4T dark matter direct search experiment. This work develops two position reconstruction algorithms: template matching (TM) method and photon acceptance function (PAF) method. Both methods determine the horizontal position of events based on the light pattern of secondary scintillation collected by the light sensors. After a comprehensive evaluation of resolution, uniformity, and robustness, the PAF method was selected for position reconstruction, while the TM method was employed for verification. The PAF method achieves a bulk event resolution of 1.0 mm and a surface event resolution of 4.4 mm for a typical S2 signal with a bottom charge of 1500 PE (about 14 keV). The uniformity is around 20%. Robustness studies reveal average deviations of 5.1 mm and 8.8 mm for the commissioning run (Run0) and the first science run (Run1), respectively, due to the deactivation of certain PMTs. A data-driven surface background model is developed based on the PAF method. The surface background is estimated to be 0.09 ± 0.06 events for Run0 (0.54 tonne·year) and 0.17 ± 0.11 events for Run1 (1.00 tonne·year). © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Template matching

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