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arXiv 2023年

作者： Pignatari, Marco Trueman, Thomas C.L. Womack, Kate A. Gibson, Brad K. Côté, Benoit Turrini, Diego Sneden, Christopher Mojzsis, Stephen J. Stancliffe, Richard J. Fong, Paul Lawson, Thomas V. Keegans, James D. Pilkington, Kate Passy, Jean-Claude Beers, Timothy C. Lugaro, Maria ELKH Konkoly Thege M. út 15–17 BudapestH-1121 Hungary CSFK MTA Centre of Excellence Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17. BudapestH-1121 Hungary E. A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics Department of Physics and Mathematics University of Hull HU6 7RX United Kingdom INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory Via Osservatorio 20 Pino Torinese10025 Italy INAF - Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 Rome00133 Italy ICSC National Research Centre for High Performance Computing Big Data and Quantum Computing Via Magnanelli 2 Casalecchio di Reno40033 Italy Department of Astronomy and McDonald Observatory The University of Texas AustinTX78712 United States NuGrid Collaboration Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics Center for the Evolution of the Elements United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Victoria VictoriaBCV8P 5C2 Canada Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c BudapestH-1117 Hungary H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol Tyndall Avenue BristolBS8 1TL United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Data Science Artificial Intelligence and Modelling University of Hull HU6 7RX United Kingdom Astrophysics Group Lennard-Jones Laboratories Keele University KeeleST5 5BG United Kingdom School of Physical Sciences The Open University Milton KeynesMK7 6AA United Kingdom Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Tübingen Germany Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Notre Dame Notre DameIN46556 United States ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Institute of Physics Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A Budapest1117 Hungary School of Physics and Astronomy Monash University VIC3800 Australia

Theoretical physical-chemical models for the formation of planetary systems depend on data quality for the Sun’s composition, that of stars in the solar neighbourhood, and of the estimated "pristine" compositions for stellar systems. The effective scatter and the observational uncertainties of elements within a few hundred parsecs from the Sun, even for the most abundant metals like carbon, oxygen and silicon, are still controversial. Here we analyse the stellar production and the chemical evolution of key elements that underpin the formation of rocky (C, O, Mg, Si) and gas/ice giant planets (C, N, O, S). We calculate 198 galactic chemical evolution (GCE) models of the solar neighbourhood to analyse the impact of different sets of stellar yields, of the upper mass limit for massive stars contributing to GCE (Mup) and of supernovae from massive-star progenitors which do not eject the bulk of the iron-peak elements (faint supernovae). Even considering the GCE variation produced via different sets of stellar yields, the observed dispersion of elements reported for stars in the Milky Way disk is not reproduced. Among others, the observed range of super-solar [Mg/Si] ratios, sub-solar [S/N], and the dispersion of up to 0.5 dex for [S/Si] challenge our models. The impact of varying Mup depends on the adopted supernova yields. Thus, observations do not provide a constraint on the Mup parametrization. When including the impact of faint supernova models in GCE calculations, elemental ratios vary by up to 0.1-0.2 dex in the Milky Way disk;this modification better reproduces observations. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dispersions

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Biomedical image analysis competitions: The state of current participation practice

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Eisenmann, Matthias Reinke, Annika Weru, Vivienn Tizabi, Minu Dietlinde Isensee, Fabian Adler, Tim J. Godau, Patrick Cheplygina, Veronika Kozubek, Michal Maier-Hein, Klaus Jäger, Paul F. Kopp-Schneider, Annette Maier-Hein, Lena Ali, Sharib Gupta, Anubha Kybic, Jan Noble, Alison de Solórzano, Carlos Ortiz Pachade, Samiksha Petitjean, Caroline Sage, Daniel Wei, Donglai Wilden, Elizabeth Alapatt, Deepak Andrearczyk, Vincent Baid, Ujjwal Bakas, Spyridon Balu, Niranjan Bano, Sophia Bawa, Vivek Singh Bernal, Jorge Bodenstedt, Sebastian Casella, Alessandro Choi, Jinwook Commowick, Olivier Daum, Marie Depeursinge, Adrien Dorent, Reuben Egger, Jan Eichhorn, Hannah Engelhardt, Sandy Ganz, Melanie Girard, Gabriel Hansen, Lasse Heinrich, Mattias Heller, Nicholas Hering, Alessa Huaulmé, Arnaud Kim, Hyunjeong Li, Hongwei Bran Landman, Bennett Li, Jianning Ma, Jun Martel, Anne Martín-Isla, Carlos Menze, Bjoern Nwoye, Chinedu Innocent Oreiller, Valentin Padoy, Nicolas Pati, Sarthak Payette, Kelly Sudre, Carole van Wijnen, Kimberlin Vardazaryan, Armine Vercauteren, Tom Wagner, Martin Wang, Chuanbo Yap, Moi Hoon Yu, Zeyun Yuan, Chun Zenk, Maximilian Zia, Aneeq Zimmerer, David Bao, Rina Choi, Chanyeol Cohen, Andrew Dzyubachyk, Oleh Galdran, Adrian Gan, Tianyuan Guo, Tianqi Gupta, Pradyumna Haithami, Mahmood Ho, Edward Jang, Ikbeom Li, Zhili Luo, Zhengbo Lux, Filip Makrogiannis, Sokratis Müller, Dominik Oh, Young-Tack Pang, Subeen Pape, Constantin Polat, Gorkem Reed, Charlotte Rosalie Ryu, Kanghyun Scherr, Tim Thambawita, Vajira Wang, Haoyu Wang, Xinliang Xu, Kele Yeh, Hung Yeo, Doyeob Yuan, Yixuan Zeng, Yan Zhao, Xin Abbing, Julian Adam, Jannes Adluru, Nagesh Agethen, Niklas Ahmed, Salman Al Khalil, Yasmina Alenyà, Mireia Alhoniemi, Esa An, Chengyang Arega, Tewodros Weldebirhan Avisdris, Netanell Aydogan, Dogu Baran Bai, Yingbin Calisto, Maria Baldeon Basaran, Berke Doga Beetz, Marcel Bian, Hao Blansit, Kevin Bloch, Louise Bohnsack, Robert Bosticardo, Sara Breen, Jack Brudfors, Mikael Brüngel, Raphael Cabezas, Mariano Cacciola, Alb Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany Heidelberg HI Helmholtz Imaging Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Biostatistics Germany Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Heidelberg HI Applied Vision Lab Germany IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic Heidelberg Interactive Machine Learning Group Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science and Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg DKFZ University Hospital Heidelberg Germany School of Computing University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom SBILab Department of ECE IIIT-Delhi India Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Czech Republic Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Oxford United Kingdom Center for Applied Medical Research Pamplona Spain Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology Maharashtra Nanded India Université de Rouen Normandie France Lausanne Switzerland School of Engineering and Applied Science Harvard University United States ICube University of Strasbourg CNRS France Institute of Informatics School of Management HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Techno-Pôle 3 Sierre3960 Switzerland Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Lausanne University Hospital Rue du Bugnon 46 LausanneCH-1011 Switzerland University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Radiology University of Washington United States Wellcome EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences University College London London United Kingdom Visual Artificial Intelligence Lab Oxford Brookes University Oxford United Kingdom Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona & Computer Vision Center Spain Dresden Fetscherstraße 74 PF 64 Dresden01307 Germany

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Radio detection of an elusive millisecond pulsar in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhang, Lei Ridolfi, Alessandro Blumer, Harsha Freire, Paulo C.C. Manchester, Richard N. McLaughlin, Maura Kremer, Kyle Cameron, Andrew D. Zhang, Zhiyu Behrend, Jan Burgay, Marta Buchner, Sarah Champion, David J. Chen, Weiwei Dai, Shi Feng, Yi Fu, Xiaoting Guo, Meng Hobbs, George Keane, Evan F. Kramer, Michael Levin, Lina Li, Xiangdong Ni, Mengmeng Pan, Jingshan Padmanabh, Prajwal V. Possenti, Andrea Ransom, Scott M. Tsai, Chao-Wei Krishnan, Vivek Venkatraman Wang, Pei Zhang, Jie Zhi, Qijun Zhang, Yongkun Li, Di National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Road Chaoyang District Beijing100101 China Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing Swinburne University of Technology P.O. Box 218 HawthornVIC3122 Australia SelargiusI-09047 Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy West Virginia University MorgantownWV26506 United States Max-Planck Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany CSIRO Space and Astronomy Australia Telescope National Facility PO Box 76 EppingNSW1710 Australia TAPIR California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science PasadenaCA91101 United States Swinburne University of Technology Mail H74 PO Box 218 VIC3122 Australia School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China Ministry of Education Nanjing210093 China South African Radio Astronomy Observatory Fir Street Black River Park Cape Town7925 South Africa School of Science Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 PenrithNSW2751 Australia Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210023 China National Supercomputing Center in Jinan Qilu University of Technology 28666 East Jingshi Road Licheng Distrist Jinan250103 China Jinan Institute of Supercomputing Technology 28666 East Jingshi Road Licheng Distrist Jinan250103 China School of Physics Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin Ireland Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Manchester ManchesterM13 9PL United Kingdom HannoverD-30167 Germany MonserratoI-09042 Italy NRAO 520 Edgemont Road CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Qilu Normal University 2 Wenbo Road Zhangqiu District Jinan250200 China Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Radio

We report the discovery of a new 5.78 ms-period millisecond pulsar (MSP), PSR J1740−5340B (NGC 6397B), in an eclipsing binary system discovered with the Parkes radio telescope (now also known as Murriyanga), Australia, and confirmed with the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa. The measured orbital period, 1.97 days, is the longest among all eclipsing binaries in globular clusters (GCs) and consistent with that of the coincident X-ray source U18, previously suggested to be a ‘hidden MSP’. Our XMM-Newton observations during NGC 6397B’s radio quiescent epochs detected no X-ray flares. NGC 6397B is either a transitional MSP or an eclipsing binary in its initial stage of mass transfer after the companion star left the main sequence. The discovery of NGC 6397B potentially reveals a subgroup of extremely faint and heavily obscured binary pulsars, thus providing a plausible explanation to the apparent dearth of binary neutron stars in core-collapsed GCs as well as a critical constraint on the evolution of GCs. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mass transfer

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Author Correction: Why rankings of biomedical image analysis competitions should be interpreted with care

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Nature communications 2019年第1期10卷 588页

作者： Lena Maier-Hein Matthias Eisenmann Annika Reinke Sinan Onogur Marko Stankovic Patrick Scholz Tal Arbel Hrvoje Bogunovic Andrew P Bradley Aaron Carass Carolin Feldmann Alejandro F Frangi Peter M Full Bram van Ginneken Allan Hanbury Katrin Honauer Michal Kozubek Bennett A Landman Keno März Oskar Maier Klaus Maier-Hein Bjoern H Menze Henning Müller Peter F Neher Wiro Niessen Nasir Rajpoot Gregory C Sharp Korsuk Sirinukunwattana Stefanie Speidel Christian Stock Danail Stoyanov Abdel Aziz Taha Fons van der Sommen Ching-Wei Wang Marc-André Weber Guoyan Zheng Pierre Jannin Annette Kopp-Schneider Division of Computer Assisted Medical Interventions (CAMI) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg Germany. l.maier-hein@dkfz.de. Division of Computer Assisted Medical Interventions (CAMI) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg Germany. Centre for Intelligent Machines McGill University Montreal QC H3A0G4 Canada. Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis Department of Ophthalmology Medical University Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria. Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA. CISTIB - Center for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine The University of Leeds Leeds Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Medical Image Analysis Radboud University Center 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands. Institute of Information Systems Engineering TU Wien 1040 Vienna Austria. Complexity Science Hub Vienna 1080 Vienna Austria. Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI Heidelberg University 69120 Heidelberg Germany. Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis Masaryk University 60200 Brno Czech Republic. Electrical Engineering Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1679 USA. Institute of Medical Informatics Universität zu Lübeck 23562 Lübeck Germany. Division of Medical Image Computing (MIC) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg Germany. Institute for Advanced Studies Department of Informatics Technical University of Munich 80333 Munich Germany. Information System Institute HES-SO Sierre 3960 Switzerland. Departments of Radiology Nuclear Medicine and Medical Informatics Erasmus MC 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands. Department of Computer Science University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK. Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA

In the original version of this Article the values in the rightmost column of Table 1 were inadvertently shifted relative to the other columns. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

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Author Correction: BigNeuron: a resource to benchmark and predict performance of algorithms for automated tracing of neurons in light microscopy datasets

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Nature methods 2024年第10期21卷 1959页

作者： Linus Manubens-Gil Zhi Zhou Hanbo Chen Arvind Ramanathan Xiaoxiao Liu Yufeng Liu Alessandro Bria Todd Gillette Zongcai Ruan Jian Yang Miroslav Radojević Ting Zhao Li Cheng Lei Qu Siqi Liu Kristofer E Bouchard Lin Gu Weidong Cai Shuiwang Ji Badrinath Roysam Ching-Wei Wang Hongchuan Yu Amos Sironi Daniel Maxim Iascone Jie Zhou Erhan Bas Eduardo Conde-Sousa Paulo Aguiar Xiang Li Yujie Li Sumit Nanda Yuan Wang Leila Muresan Pascal Fua Bing Ye Hai-Yan He Jochen F Staiger Manuel Peter Daniel N Cox Michel Simonneau Marcel Oberlaender Gregory Jefferis Kei Ito Paloma Gonzalez-Bellido Jinhyun Kim Edwin Rubel Hollis T Cline Hongkui Zeng Aljoscha Nern Ann-Shyn Chiang Jianhua Yao Jane Roskams Rick Livesey Janine Stevens Tianming Liu Chinh Dang Yike Guo Ning Zhong Georgia Tourassi Sean Hill Michael Hawrylycz Christof Koch Erik Meijering Giorgio A Ascoli Hanchuan Peng Institute for Brain and Intelligence Southeast University Nanjing China. Microsoft Corporation Redmond WA USA. Tencent AI Lab Bellevue WA USA. Computing Environment and Life Sciences Directorate Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA. Kaya Medical Seattle WA USA. University of Cassino and Southern Lazio Cassino Italy. Center for Neural Informatics Structures and Plasticity Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study George Mason University Fairfax VA USA. Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing China. Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services Beijing China. Nuctech Netherlands Rotterdam the Netherlands. Janelia Research Campus Howard Hughes Medical Institute Ashburn VA USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing Anhui University Hefei China. Paige AI New York NY USA. Scientific Data Division and Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA. Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience UC Berkeley Berkeley CA USA. RIKEN AIP Tokyo Japan. Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan. School of Computer Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia. Texas A&M University College Station TX USA. Cullen College of Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan. National Centre for Computer Animation Bournemouth University Poole UK. PROPHESEE Paris France. Department of Neuroscience Columbia University New York NY USA. Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute Columbia University New York NY USA. Department of Computer Science Northern Illinois Universit

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Ordered magnetic fields around the 3C 84 central black hole

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Kim, J.-Y. Wielgus, M. Röder, J. Krichbaum, T.P. Ros, E. Agudo, I. Myserlis, I. Moscibrodzka, M. Traianou, E. Zensus, J.A. Blackburn, L. Chan, C.-K. Issaoun, S. Janssen, M. Johnson, M.D. Fish, V.L. Akiyama, K. Alberdi, A. Alef, W. Algaba, J.C. Anantua, R. Asada, K. Azulay, R. Bach, U. Baczko, A.-K. Ball, D. Baloković, M. Barrett, J. Bauböck, M. Benson, B.A. Bintley, D. Blundell, R. Bouman, K.L. Bower, G.C. Boyce, H. Bremer, M. Brinkerink, C.D. Brissenden, R. Britzen, S. Broderick, A.E. Broguiere, D. Bronzwaer, T. Bustamante, S. Byun, D.-Y. Carlstrom, J.E. Ceccobello, C. Chael, A. Chang, D.O. Chatterjee, K. Chatterjee, S. Chen, M.T. Chen, Y. Cheng, X. Cho, I. Christian, P. Conroy, N.S. Conway, J.E. Cordes, J.M. Crawford, T.M. Crew, G.B. Cruz-Osorio, A. Cui, Y. Dahale, R. Davelaar, J. De Laurentis, M. Deane, R. Dempsey, J. Desvignes, G. Dexter, J. Dhruv, V. Doeleman, S.S. Dougal, S. Dzib, S.A. Eatough, R.P. Emami, R. Falcke, H. Farah, J. Fomalont, E. Ford, H.A. Foschi, M. Fraga-Encinas, R. Freeman, W.T. Friberg, P. Fromm, C.M. Fuentes, A. Galison, P. Gammie, C.F. García, R. Gentaz, O. Georgiev, B. Goddi, C. Gold, R. Gómez-Ruiz, A.I. Gómez, J.L. Gu, M. Gurwell, M. Hada, K. Haggard, D. Haworth, K. Hecht, M.H. Hesper, R. Heumann, D. Ho, L.C. Ho, P. Honma, M. Huang, C.L. Huang, L. Hughes, D.H. Ikeda, S. Impellizzeri, C.M.V. Inoue, M. James, D.J. Jannuzi, B.T. Jeter, B. Jaing, W. Jiménez-Rosales, A. Jorstad, S. Joshi, A.V. Jung, T. Karami, M. Karuppusamy, R. Kawashima, T. Keating, G.K. Kettenis, M. Kim, D.-J. Kim, J. Kim, J. Kino, M. Koay, J.Y. Kocherlakota, P. Kofuji, Y. Koch, P.M. Koyama, S. Kramer, C. Kramer, J.A. Kramer, M. Kuo, C.-Y. La Bella, N. Lauer, T.R. Lee, D. Lee, S.-S. Leung, P.K. Levis, A. Li, Z. Lico, R. Lindahl, G. Lindqvist, M. Lisakov, M. Liu, J. Liu, K. Liuzzo, E. Lo, W.-P. Lobanov, A.P. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu702-701 Korea Republic of Institute of Physics Silesian University in Opava Bezručovo nám. 13 OpavaCZ-746 01 Czech Republic Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Avenida Divina Pastora 7 Local 20 GranadaE-18012 Spain Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 Nijmegen6500 GL Netherlands Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States NASA Hubble Fellowship Program Einstein Fellow United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 València PaternaE-46980 Spain Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-43992 Sweden Yale C

Context. 3C 84 is a nearby radio source with a complex total intensity structure, showing linear polarisation and spectral patterns. A detailed investigation of the central engine region necessitates the use of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) above the hitherto available maximum frequency of 86 GHz. Aims. Using ultrahigh resolution VLBI observations at the currently highest available frequency of 228 GHz, we aim to perform a direct detection of compact structures and understand the physical conditions in the compact region of 3C 84. Methods. We used Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 228 GHz observations and, given the limited (u, v)-coverage, applied geometric model fitting to the data. Furthermore, we employed quasi-simultaneously observed, ancillary multi-frequency VLBI data for the source in order to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the core structure. Results. We report the detection of a highly ordered, strong magnetic field around the central, supermassive black hole of 3C 84. The brightness temperature analysis suggests that the system is in equipartition. We also determined a turnover frequency of νm = (113 ± 4) GHz, a corresponding synchrotron self-absorbed magnetic field of BSSA = (2.9 ± 1.6) G, and an equipartition magnetic field of Beq = (5.2 ± 0.6) G. Three components are resolved with the highest fractional polarisation detected for this object (mnet = (17.0 ± 3.9)%). The positions of the components are compatible with those seen in low-frequency VLBI observations since 2017-2018. We report a steeply negative slope of the spectrum at 228 GHz. We used these findings to test existing models of jet formation, propagation, and Faraday rotation in 3C 84. Conclusions. The findings of our investigation into different flow geometries and black hole spins support an advection-dominated accretion flow in a magnetically arrested state around a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole as a model of the jet-launching system in the core of 3C 84. However,

关键词： Magnetic fields

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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results IX: Detection of Near-Horizon Circular Polarization

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yut Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna ValènciaE-46980 Spain Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-43992 Sweden Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale University 52 Hillhouse Avenue New HavenCT06511 United States Astronomy Department Universidad de Concepción Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile Department of Physics University of Illinois 1110 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory MS209 P.O. Box 500 BataviaIL60510 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States East Asian Observatory 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI

Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations have revealed a bright ring of emission around the supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. EHT images in linear polarization have further identified a coherent spiral pattern around the black hole, produced from ordered magnetic fields threading the emitting plasma. Here, we present the first analysis of circular polarization using EHT data, acquired in 2017, which can potentially provide additional insights into the magnetic fields and plasma composition near the black hole. Interferometric closure quantities provide convincing evidence for the presence of circularly polarized emission on event-horizon scales. We produce images of the circular polarization using both traditional and newly developed methods. All methods find a moderate level of resolved circular polarization across the image (〈|v|〉 int| ∗ © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Circular polarization

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The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis*

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Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年 681卷

作者： Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Violette Impellizzeri, C.M. Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 Bonn53121 Germany Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 València Burjassot46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 València Paterna46980 Spain Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory Onsala43992 Sweden Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale University 52 Hillhouse Avenue New HavenCT06511 United States Astronomy Department Universidad de Concepción Casilla 160 Concepción Chile Department of Physics University of Illinois 1110 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory MS209 PO Box 500 BataviaIL60510 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States East Asian Observatory 660 N. A'ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States 660 N. A'ohoku Place HiloHI96720 Uni

In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of 43.3-3.1+1.5 μas. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30 relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5× 109M. The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet. © 2023 The Author(s).

关键词： Gravitation

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Polarimetric geometric modeling for mm-VLBI observations of black holes

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Roelofs, Freek Johnson, Michael D. Chael, Andrew Janssen, Michael Wielgus, Maciek Broderick, Avery E. Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 Nijmegen6500 GL Netherlands Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Princeton Gravity Initiative Princeton University Jadwin Hall PrincetonNJ08544 United States Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North WaterlooONN2L 2Y5 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 València BurjassotE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 València PaternaE-46980 Spain Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-43992 Sweden Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale Universit

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a millimeter very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) array which has imaged the apparent shadows of the supermassive black holes M87∗ and Sagittarius A∗. Polarimetric data from these observations contain a wealth of information on the black hole and accretion flow properties. In this work, we develop polarimetric geometric modeling methods for mm-VLBI data, focusing on approaches that fit data products with differing degrees of invariance to broad classes of calibration errors. We establish a fitting procedure using a polarimetric "m-ring" model to approximate the image structure near a black hole. By fitting this model to synthetic EHT data from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models, we show that the linear and circular polarization structure can be successfully approximated with relatively few model parameters. We then fit this model to EHT observations of M87∗ taken in 2017. In total intensity and linear polarization, the m-ring fits are consistent with previous results from imaging methods. In circular polarization, the m-ring fits indicate the presence of event-horizon-scale circular polarization structure, with a persistent dipolar asymmetry and orientation across several days. The same structure was recovered independently of observing band, used data products, and model assumptions. Despite this broad agreement, imaging methods do not produce similarly consistent results. Our circular polarization results, which imposed additional assumptions on the source structure, should thus be interpreted with some caution. Polarimetric geometric modeling provides a useful and powerful method to constrain the properties of horizon-scale polarized emission, particularly for sparse arrays like the EHT. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Polarimeters

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Ordered magnetic fields around the 3C 84 central black hole

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Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年 682卷

作者： Paraschos, G.F. Kim, J.-Y. Wielgus, M. Röder, J. Krichbaum, T.P. Ros, E. Agudo, I. Myserlis, I. Moscibrodzka, M. Traianou, E. Zensus, J.A. Blackburn, L. Chan, C.-K. Issaoun, S. Janssen, M. Johnson, M.D. Fish, V.L. Akiyama, K. Alberdi, A. Alef, W. Algaba, J.C. Anantua, R. Asada, K. Azulay, R. Bach, U. Baczko, A.-K. Ball, D. Baloković, M. Barrett, J. Bauböck, M. Benson, B.A. Bintley, D. Blundell, R. Bouman, K.L. Bower, G.C. Boyce, H. Bremer, M. Brinkerink, C.D. Brissenden, R. Britzen, S. Broderick, A.E. Broguiere, D. Bronzwaer, T. Bustamante, S. Byun, D.-Y. Carlstrom, J.E. Ceccobello, C. Chael, A. Chang, D.O. Chatterjee, K. Chatterjee, S. Chen, M.T. Chen, Y. Cheng, X. Cho, I. Christian, P. Conroy, N.S. Conway, J.E. Cordes, J.M. Crawford, T.M. Crew, G.B. Cruz-Osorio, A. Cui, Y. Dahale, R. Davelaar, J. De Laurentis, M. Deane, R. Dempsey, J. Desvignes, G. Dexter, J. Dhruv, V. Doeleman, S.S. Dougal, S. Dzib, S.A. Eatough, R.P. Emami, R. Falcke, H. Farah, J. Fomalont, E. Ford, H.A. Foschi, M. Fraga-Encinas, R. Freeman, W.T. Friberg, P. Fromm, C.M. Fuentes, A. Galison, P. Gammie, C.F. García, R. Gentaz, O. Georgiev, B. Goddi, C. Gold, R. Gómez-Ruiz, A.I. Gómez, J.L. Gu, M. Gurwell, M. Hada, K. Haggard, D. Haworth, K. Hecht, M.H. Hesper, R. Heumann, D. Ho, L.C. Ho, P. Honma, M. Huang, C.L. Huang, L. Hughes, D.H. Ikeda, S. Impellizzeri, C.M.V. Inoue, M. James, D.J. Jannuzi, B.T. Jeter, B. Jaing, W. Jiménez-Rosales, A. Jorstad, S. Joshi, A.V. Jung, T. Karami, M. Karuppusamy, R. Kawashima, T. Keating, G.K. Kettenis, M. Kim, D.-J. Kim, J. Kim, J. Kino, M. Koay, J.Y. Kocherlakota, P. Kofuji, Y. Koch, P.M. Koyama, S. Kramer, C. Kramer, J.A. Kramer, M. Kuo, C.-Y. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 Bonn53121 Germany Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu702-701 Korea Republic of Institute of Physics Silesian University in Opava Bezručovo nám. 13 Opava746 01 Czech Republic Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Avenida Divina Pastora 7 Local 20 Granada18012 Spain Radboud University PO Box 9010 Nijmegen6500 GL Netherlands Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Center for Astrophysics Harvard and Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States Nasa Hubble Fellowship Program Einstein Fellow United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One Utsa Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot València46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna València46980 Spain Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory Onsala43992 Sweden Yale Center for

关键词： Magnetic fields

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