Animal feed is the most significant component of production cost in livestock cultivation, and its quality determines livestock productivity. Corn cobs are one alternative feed source containing high fiber and are rel...
Animal feed is the most significant component of production cost in livestock cultivation, and its quality determines livestock productivity. Corn cobs are one alternative feed source containing high fiber and are relatively inexpensive. To utilize corn cobs as animal feed, they must be crushed into small particles to increase digestibility. This research aimed to design, manufacture, and test a prototype of a hammer mill suitable for small and medium enterprises. The hammer mill was designed and fabricated from locally available materials to grind feed raw materials such as corn cobs and corn kernels. The machine was driven using a diesel engine of 11 hp and equipped with two types of screens, with different size holes of 3 mm and 5 mm. The grinding process was achieved using a set of hammers in the crushing chamber. The material is crushed into small particles to pass through a semicircular screen hole under the crushing chamber. The results showed that the working capacity was in the range of 220 to 510 kg/h, depending on the kind of raw materials and the diameter of the screen used. The milling speed was in the range of 1954–1992 rpm. The fineness of the milled corn kernels and corn cobs were in the field of 0.105–2.380 mm and 0.125–2.380 mm, respectively. The fineness of the milled material depends on the size of the screen hole used. The fuel consumption for the grinding process was 1.10 l/h.
The application of mechanization for waste handling in oil palm plantations should be done due to abundant waste of oil palm fronds (OPF). This study aims to examine the feasibility of applying mechanization in the ha...
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The study aimed to determine the effect of drying time on the quality characteristics of the double-layer starch-based film and to evaluate the efficacy of citronella oil as a bioactive agent. The double-layered starc...
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The study aimed to determine the effect of drying time on the quality characteristics of the double-layer starch-based film and to evaluate the efficacy of citronella oil as a bioactive agent. The double-layered starch-based composite film was developed using a layer-by-layer solution casting method and dried for 15, 20, or 25 h. The citronella oil as an emulsion was added as a bioactive agent to one layer (food contact surface) at different levels (0, 1, 3, and 5 %, w/w). The film was evaluated for various physico-mechanical characteristics, thermal stability and bioactive properties. The results showed a significant impact of the drying time on the physical characteristics of the film and the most optimum results were found for the film dried for 20 h. The addition of citronella oil increased the thickness, water solubility, tensile strength, Young’s modulus and heat absorption of the film and decreased the WVTR and elongation at break. An effect of the concentration was found and the film containing the highest concentration (5 %) of citronella oil showed bigger-sized inhibitory halos and lower IC 50 values. Overall, this film proved to be effective in releasing citronella oil specifically on its inner active layer to inhibit microbial growth.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is a major public health problem in several areas of the world, especially in developing countries. Iodine deficiency can cause goitre, cretinism, decrease of intelligence, mental ret...
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is a major public health problem in several areas of the world, especially in developing countries. Iodine deficiency can cause goitre, cretinism, decrease of intelligence, mental retardation, brain damage, deaf-mutism, and cause miscarriage in pregnant women and stillbirth as well. The purpose of this research was to determine the stability of the iodine content and determine the kinetics of reaction rate of iodine content decrease in fortified rice during storage. The research was carried out in several steps, i.e. preparation of microcapsules containing iodine, fortification of microencapsulated iodine into rice, determination of iodine content in fortified riceand determination of the kinetics of iodine content decrease in fortified rice during storage. The determination of the kinetics of iodine content decrease in fortified rice was carried out using accelerated self-life test (ASLT) by Arrhenius equation *** that the average of kineticsrateofiodine content decrease in fortified rice (k) was 0.0141 mg kg−1hour−1 and 1.692 kcal mol−1K−1 of activation energy (Ea), which indicated that iodine content (as KIO3) in fortified rice was fairly stable during storage, although there was still a decrease in iodine content caused by several factors (i.e. temperature, atmosphere, humidity, oxygen and moisture content). The results showed also that the increase in storage temperature can cause the increment of the kinetics value (rate constant) of iodine content decrease. The longest shelf life of fortified rice was 92 days at storage temperature of 25°C.
Soy sauce is one type of dark brown condiment, distinctive smell, salty or sweet taste, lumpy, and contains protein produced from fermented. One of the machines that can be used for cooking soy sauce is a pressure ves...
Soy sauce is one type of dark brown condiment, distinctive smell, salty or sweet taste, lumpy, and contains protein produced from fermented. One of the machines that can be used for cooking soy sauce is a pressure vessel as cooking pan with an agitator. Agitation is a process of mixing and stirring and are carried out by heat transfer and mass inter-phases or with external surfaces (due to outside influences). The agitator is a system used for mixing and stirring accompanied by a phase change. In the design of rotating machinery, it is necessary to predict the dynamic characteristic in bending and in torsion to avoid failure. Dynamic characteristics analysis of agitator design for soy sauce cooking process consists of mechanical vibration analysis and mass unbalance response. The stiffness method for the agitator shaft by dividing the shaft element into two elements based on the bearing position. The bearing is assumed to be roller supports and only moves in the direction of translation and rotation. Based on the dynamic characteristics of rotordynamics prediction by using finite element method both theoretical and software, the agitator in operating conditions with the rotation speed of 5 RPM according to Campbell diagram will not fail. The highest amplitude of the mass unbalance response is less than 2.5×10−2 mm.
Shelf life is very crucial information mentioned such as in food packages due to safety of food products when they reach their valid period to consume. The objectives of this study were to know shelf life of biscuit m...
Shelf life is very crucial information mentioned such as in food packages due to safety of food products when they reach their valid period to consume. The objectives of this study were to know shelf life of biscuit made of wheat flour and modified cassava flour with and without modified suweg flour and to know suitable packages for Shelf life prediction was based on moisture content and peroxide number in different packages: aluminium foil and metalized. This study showed that suitable packages for modified suweg biscuit were metalized package. According to the study, prediction of shelf life using the Arrhenius method with different shelf temperature resulted in modified suweg biscuit and blank biscuit (without modified flour suweg). To conclude, shelf life was determined by peroxide value for modified suweg biscuit in the temperature of 15 °C, 30 °C and 45 °C with metalized package resulting in 217, 172, and 137 days, respectively. While shelf life study of blank biscuit was done at 15 °C, 30 °C and 45 °C in a metalized package and resulted in 333, 250, and 192 days of shelf life, respectively.
The application of mechanization for waste handling in oil palm plantations should be done due to abundant waste of oil palm fronds (OPF). This study aims to examine the feasibility of applying mechanization in the ha...
The application of mechanization for waste handling in oil palm plantations should be done due to abundant waste of oil palm fronds (OPF). This study aims to examine the feasibility of applying mechanization in the handling of oil palm fronds with a dynamic model approach in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. The mechanization implementation model is designed with the placement scenario of its centralized and decentralized processing equipment. The results show that the mechanization system approach can be implemented in handle oil palm fronds waste. The management of the equipment with the current centralization shows the best scenario model. The results are expected to be a reference for oil palm planters to be able to apply their waste treatment with a mechanized approach of centralization.
The research aimed to study the influence of the use of solvent type with the addition of maltodextrin on various concentration on the physalis angulata leaves to obtain the maximal amount of flavonoid, polyphenol, an...
The research aimed to study the influence of the use of solvent type with the addition of maltodextrin on various concentration on the physalis angulata leaves to obtain the maximal amount of flavonoid, polyphenol, and alkaloid. The Physalis angulata L leaf was extracted using a solvent of 70% ethanol, 100% distilled water and maltodextrin with concentrations of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%. The UV-VIS spectrophotometric method was used to analyze the quality of flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The gravimetric method was used to analyze the alkaloid compounds. Results of analysis of Physalis angulata leaf extract showed that the treatment of 70% ethanol added with 9% maltodextrin obtained the highest average value of flavonoid. The average amount of flavonoid was 3268.20 mg GAE/g extract. The treatment of 70% ethanol added with 6% maltodextrin produced the highest average value of alkaloid. The average amount of alkaloid was 53.16%. Results of advanced Duncan's test showed that the highest average value of all parameters analyzed appeared that the best treatment was a solvent of 70% ethanol added with 9% maltodextrin.
This research is conducted to study the effects of the concentration and soaking time of inhibitor solution on the storability of guava using various concentrations (0, 10, 30, and 50 ppm) and soaking time (4, 8, and ...
This research is conducted to study the effects of the concentration and soaking time of inhibitor solution on the storability of guava using various concentrations (0, 10, 30, and 50 ppm) and soaking time (4, 8, and 12 hours). The estimation of guava storability uses simple linear regression. Results show that an AgNO3 10 ppm solution with 4 to 12 hours of soaking time can reduce the effect of storability with the following parameters: weight decrease, hardness level, vitamin C content, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Guava that is stored at room temperature is expected to have a storability that lasts for 29 days for the responses of weight decrease, hardness level, vitamin C, and TPI or it can reach around 2.5 to 3 times longer compared to the controls only stored for 9 days at room temperature. The treatment using AgNO3 solution for 4 hours can suppress the effect of storage on the response parameters; the hardness level with storability reaching 28 days, and vitamin C content with storability reaching 12 days. Meanwhile, the treatment using the AgNO3 solution for 12 hours can suppress the effects of storage on the response parameters; weight decrease with storability that reaches 12 days, TDS with storability that reaches 63 days.
Vaccine is one of the biggest problem that happen in Indonesia. Almost 75% vaccine is frozen on shipment process from Province to healthcare in district. Vaccine usually is transferred using a vaccine box whose the te...
Vaccine is one of the biggest problem that happen in Indonesia. Almost 75% vaccine is frozen on shipment process from Province to healthcare in district. Vaccine usually is transferred using a vaccine box whose the temperature has to be maintained at 2-8°C. The newest technology of vaccine box uses adsorption cooling and solar energy to keep the cold chain. This technology is separated into 3 modules which are cooling module (contain zeolite and water), vaccine box, and solar heater. The cooling module using adsorption as the cooling process, where the adsorption makes a pressure drop and causes the decrease of the temperature. The decrease temperature will be used as source of the cooling in the vaccine box. After the zeolite in cooling module reach the saturation because of adsorption process, it has to be heated up using solar cooker as the media. The solar cooker collects the energy from the sun using the principle of greenhouse effect. This study aimed to analyze if the design of vaccine box using adsorption cooling system and 13x/cacl2 composite zeolite as the adsorbent is suitable or not for holding the optimum temperature for vaccines. From simulation using MATLAB, an integrated technical computing including computation, visualization, and programming, the vaccine box could reach temperature 5°C and can be maintained for 12 hours with COP is 0.146. For the desorption process, it needs heat 150 KW and 23 minutes to complete the process.
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