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arXiv 2025年

作者： Tscheschner, Benedikt Veas, Eduardo Masana, Marc Know-Center Research GmbH Austria Institute of Visual Computing TU Graz Austria SAL Dependable Embedded Systems Silicon Austria Labs Austria

Incremental Learning scenarios do not always represent real-world inference use-cases, which tend to have less strict task boundaries, and exhibit repetition of common classes and concepts in their continual data stream. To better represent these use-cases, new scenarios with partial repetition and mixing of tasks are proposed, where the repetition patterns are innate to the scenario and unknown to the strategy. We investigate how exemplar-free incremental learning strategies are affected by data repetition, and we adapt a series of state-of-the-art approaches to analyse and fairly compare them under both settings. Further, we also propose a novel method (Horde), able to dynamically adjust an ensemble of self-reliant feature extractors, and align them by exploiting class repetition. Our proposed exemplar-free method achieves competitive results in the classic scenario without repetition, and state-of-the-art performance in the one with repetition. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Formal Timing Analysis and Verification of the Interrupt-driven Programs for ISO26262

Formal Timing Analysis and Verification of the Interrupt-dri...

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2025 2nd International Conference on Algorithms, Software Engineering and Network Security (ASENS)

作者： Qing She He Huang Shenglin Bao Xin Guo National Trusted Embedded Software Engineering Technology Research Center East China Normal University / Shanghai Huayuan Chuangxin Software Co. Ltd China High end Equipment Systems Department Shanghai Huayuan Chuangxin Software Co. Ltd China Basic Software Department East China Institute of Computing Technology China National Trusted Embedded Software Engineering Technology Research Center East China Normal University China

ISBN: (数字)9798331520298

ISBN: (纸本)9798331520304

Safety-critical systems refer to software systems whose operation can affect the safety of people and facilities used in the automotive industry, aerospace, and hospital health care systems. The high level of safety of software in the aforementioned fields has often drawn attention. ISO26262 has been issued for the automotive industry, which defines standards and procedures, including software level, software development standards, and software validation standards to ensure the high level of safety of software. In high-safety automotive software, a real-time safeguard requires the analysis of interrupt-driven programming. Such analysis presents a challenging and complex task because of the uncertainty of interrupts. In ISO26262, the formalized method is suggested to verify the process of software development. To achieve the verification goals defined in ISO26262, we use a formal method instead of traditional verification methods to analyze worst-case execution time. We analyze interrupt-driven programs from the perspective of timeliness and present the Interrupt Control Flow Graph (ICFG), which is used to describe the control flow of interrupt-driven programs. The execution of interrupts may largely increase the number of program states, potentially leading to state explosion, resulting in a sizable ICFG. To solve this problem, we propose an algorithm for reducing the size of ICFG. On the basis of the reduced ICFG, the worst-case execution path can be determined and thus be used to verify whether the program execution time exceeds the expected time and identify the execution path that may cause a timeout problem.

关键词： Industries Uncertainty Software algorithms Software systems Timing Flow graphs Standards Automotive engineering Software development management Software engineering

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Watermarking

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IEEE Potentials 2003年第4期22卷 37-40页

作者： Kejariwal, Arun Center for Embedded Computing Systems University of California Irvine United States IEEE United States

No abstract available

关键词： Watermarking Frequency Discrete wavelet transforms Discrete cosine transforms Humans Steganography Pixel Robustness Image coding Quantization

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Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications: The InSecTT perspective

IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society

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IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society 2025年

作者： Robles, Ramiro Samano Javanmardi, Gowhar Pilz, Christoph Kwapisiewicz, Przemyslaw Rzymowski, Mateusz Kulas, Lukasz Davoli, Luca Belli, Laura Ferrari, Gianluigi Wenning, Bernd-Ludwig Gonca, Bugra Prasad, R. Venkatesha Simha, Ashutosh Kiviranta, Markku Moilanen, Ilkka Robinson, Sean Cirill, Gennaro Soyturk, Mujdat Bostanci, Yavuz Selim Hormann, Leander B. Research Centre in Real-time and Embedded Computing Systems Porto Portugal University of Porto Faculty of Engineering Portugal Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH Graz Austria Gdansk University of Technology Poland Lab Department of Engineering and Architecture Parma Italy Rome Italy Munster Technological University Cork Ireland NuRD Innovation Center Turkey Technical University of Delft Netherlands VTT Research Corporation Finland F-Secure Corporation Finland Marmara University Istanbul Turkey 1Linz Center of Mechatronics GmbH Linz Austria

This paper presents an overview of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and edge technology have been used to improve wireless connectivity in multiple industrial Use Cases (UCs) of the EU project "Intelligent Secure Trustable Things"(InSecTT). We present a brief introduction of the InSecTT framework for crossdomain architecture design, which targets UCs assisted by reusable and-or interoperable technical Building Blocks (BBs). These BBs constitute the construction bricks containing AI and supporting components that were used to build different UCs. The framework consists of multiple stages based on the processing of UC-BB requirements (RQs). These stages include: i) collection, ii) harmonization, iii) refinement, iv) classification, v) architecture alignment, and vi) functionality modeling of RQs. The most relevant results of these stages are discussed here, with emphasis on the need for a refined granularity of technical components with common functionalities named sub-building blocks (SBBs), where collaboration and cross-domain reusability were optimized. The design process shed light on how AI and SBBs were implemented across different layers and entities of our reference architecture for the Internet-of-Things (IoT), including the interfaces used for information exchange. This detailed interface analysis is expected to reveal issues such as bottlenecks, constraints, vulnerabilities, scalability problems, security threats, etc. This will, in turn, contribute to identifying design gaps in AI-enabled IoT systems. The paper summarizes the SBBs related to wireless connectivity, including a general description, implementation issues, comparison of results, adopted interfaces, and conclusions across domains. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Reusability

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Cryptic primes

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IEEE Potentials 2004年第1期23卷 43-45页

作者： Kejariwal, Arun Center for Embedded Computing Systems University of California Irvine United States IEEE United States IEEE Computer Society United States

No abstract available

关键词： Public key Public key cryptography Internet Security Computational complexity Equations Transmitters

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Design and performance analysis of 10 Mbit/s CAN

Design and performance analysis of 10 Mbit/s CAN

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作者： Kurachi, Ryo Takada, Hiroaki Teshima, Shigeharu Miyashita, Yukihiro Center for Embedded Computing Systems Nagoya University Japan AutoNetworks Technologies Ltd Japan

In this paper, we propose a new automotive network protocol which can transmit data at a speed of 10 Mbit/s. The new automotive protocol "10 Mbit/s CAN" is based on two changes to CAN;a star topology, in which nodes are physically connected using a multi-port gateway, and a new collision resolution algorithm which guarantees delivery of a message within a finite period of time. According to our analysis using a simulator, the "10 Mbit/s CAN" protocol demonstrated several advantages over throughput performance of a conventional CAN, including a maximum possible data transmission speed, high scalability, and reduction of priority inversion. The implementation considerations of "10 Mbit/s CAN" are also reviewed briefly. Copyright © 2009 SAE International.

关键词： Network protocols

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Partial product generation utilizing the sum of operands for reduced area parallel multipliers

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IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology 2011年 4卷 131-139页

作者： Kawashima, Hirotaka Takagi, Naofumi Center for Embedded Computing Systems School of Information Science Nagoya University Japan Department of Communications and Computer Engineering School of Informatics Kyoto University Japan

We propose a novel method to generate partial products for reduced area parallel multipliers. Our method reduces the total number of partial product bits of parallel multiplication by about half. We call partial products generated by our method Compound Partial Products (CPPs). Each CPP has four candidate values: zero, a part of the multiplicand, a part of the multiplier and a part of the sum of the operands. Our method selects one from the four candidates according to a pair of a multiplicand bit and a multiplier bit. Multipliers employing the CPPs are approximately 30% smaller than array multipliers without radix-4 Booth's method, and approximately up to 10% smaller than array multipliers with radix-4 Booth's method. We also propose an acceleration method of the multipliers using CPPs. © 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan.

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ADVISE: Autonomous driving vehicle for individuality in a stream environment

ADVISE: Autonomous driving vehicle for individuality in a st...

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6th Biennial Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for In-Vehicle systems and Safety 2013, DSP 2013

作者： Yamaguchi, Akihiro Sato, Kenya Shiba, Naoyuki Honda, Shinya Takada, Hiroaki Center for Embedded Computing Systems Nagoya University Japan Mobility Research Center Doshisha University Japan

In recent years, the number of elderly people driving cars has increased and because many elderly people are less able, this may have contributed to an increase in traffic accidents. Significantly, autonomous driving is now becoming the focus of increasing ***, full autonomous driving removes the pleasure of driving, and places a great responsibility on the manufacturers of such systems. In particular, because it is now possible to obtain various data about a driving environment, it has enabled research on autonomous driving that takes into account the characteristics of an individual driver, by generating a data-centric driver model. Our approach is to take advantage of autonomous driving technology and use it to assist the driver. The proposed method achieves autonomous driving according to the preferences of a driver, by stochastically generating a driver model which matches these preferences. Furthermore, depending on the characteristics and status of the driver, the driver model properly fuses the driver's operation of steering and brake/gas pedal movement into the driver model, which then subsequently implements an optimum control strategy. The main contributions of this study are: (1) to propose a driver assist model that integrates the driver's operation into a stochastic driver model;(2) to propose control data fusion that takes advantage of the statistical characteristics of the driver model;and (3) to implement the model using stream processing. We have established that the maximum/average latency is acceptable at high-speed for a period of 0.1 s in the embedded system operated by car navigation systems, using the data stream management system that we have been developing for automotive embedded systems.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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A Novel Framework of Horizontal-Vertical Hybrid Federated Learning for EdgeIoT

IEEE Networking Letters

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IEEE Networking Letters 2025年

作者： Li, Kai Liang, Yilei Yuan, Xin Ni, Wei Crowcroft, Jon Yuen, Chau Akan, Ozgur B. Group Department of Engineering University of Cambridge CambridgeCB3 0FA United Kingdom Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Research Centre CISTER Porto4249-015 Portugal The Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Cambridge CambridgeCB3 0FA United Kingdom Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO SydneyNSW2122 Australia The School of Computing Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Australia Nanyang Technological University SG 639798 Singapore Group Division of Electrical Engineering Department of Engineering University of Cambridge CambridgeCB3 0FA United Kingdom The Center for neXt-generation Communications CXC Koç University Istanbul34450 Turkey

This letter puts forth a new hybrid horizontal-vertical federated learning (HoVeFL) for mobile edge computing-enabled Internet of Things (EdgeIoT). In this framework, certain EdgeIoT devices train local models using the same data samples but analyze disparate data features, while the others focus on the same features using non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data samples. Thus, even though the data features are consistent, the data samples vary across devices. The proposed HoVeFL formulates the training of local and global models to minimize the global loss function. Performance evaluations on CIFAR-10 and SVHN datasets reveal that the testing loss of HoVeFL with 12 horizontal FL devices and six vertical FL devices is 5.5% and 25.2% higher, respectively, compared to a setup with six horizontal FL devices and 12 vertical FL devices. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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PFV2: Packet fragmentation with variable size and vigorous mapping in time-sensitive networking

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Journal of systems Architecture 2025年 166卷

作者： Wenyan Yan Bin Fu Dongsheng Wei Renfa Li Yixue Lei Yuhang Jia Guoqi Xie Key Laboratory for Embedded and Network Computing of Hunan Province College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 Hunan China Center for Convergence of Automobile and Cyberspace Research Institute of Hunan University in Chongqing Chongqing 401120 China Hunan Engineering Research Center of Advanced Embedded Computing and Intelligent Medical Systems School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence Xiangnan University Chenzhou 423000 Hunan China Future Network Laboratory Tencent Beijing 100080 China

With the rapid advancement of intelligent automobiles, the ever-growing communication data put forward high bandwidth and low latency requirements. To meet these requirements, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) widely adopt domain-centralized Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture. In this architecture, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is expected to serve as the backbone network because of its high bandwidth and deterministic communication. TSN uses the Gate Control List (GCL) to divide its time length into multiple time slots, and the time intervals of these time slots are non-uniform (equal or unequal). Different flows have varying requirements for time slot sizes. To enhance the acceptance ratio of Time-Triggered (TT) flows through GCL time slot allocation, packet fragmentation (i.e., flow fragmentation) is introduced into TSN in the recent study. The state-of-the-art packet fragmentation solution divides one un-schedulable TT flow into multiple equal-sized packets (i.e., equal-sized time slots). In other words, these fixed-size packets are difficult to be mapped into the time slots with different sizes. This study develops a Packet Fragmentation with Variable-size and Vigorous-mapping (PFV2) technique based on the following three innovations: (1) we implement variable-size packet fragmentation, which iteratively divides the un-schedulable TT flow into smaller packets and then dynamically reschedules these packets; (2) we implement the vigorous mapping solution from packets to time slots by deeply searching for available time slots within the flow’s deadline; and (3) we verify PFV2 based on the LS1028A with Cortex-A72 (i.e., the NXP automotive-grade development board). PFV2 improves the acceptance ratio by up to 20.18% and bandwidth utilization by up to 7.024% compared with the state-of-the-art solution. The theoretical and practical co-verification experiments demonstrate that the PFV2 can effectively improve the flow acceptance ratio and outpe

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