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arXiv 2020年

作者： Everts, Jeffrey C. Senyuk, Bohdan Mundoor, Haridas Ravnik, Miha Smalyukh, Ivan I. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics University of Ljubljana Jadranska 19 Ljubljana1000 Slovenia Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States Jozef Stefan Institute Jamova 39 Ljubljana1000 Slovenia Department of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute National Renewable Energy Laboratory University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States

Charged systems where ions, DNA, proteins and/or charged colloidal particles are dispersed in an isotropic uid, are found in a range of prominent materials and biological systems. However, generally the role of the host material dielectric anisotropy in charged colloidal materials is ignored, despite frequent relevance in defining colloidal self-Assembly, biological function and outof-equilibrium behaviour. In this work, we formulate and experimentally demonstrate anisotropic electrostatic interactions in a system of charged colloidal particles in a nematic electrolyte. Experimentally, charged dumpling-shaped near-spherical colloidal particles are used as a model system of charged colloidal particles in a nematic medium, demonstrating anisotropic elastic and electrostatic effective pair interactions for colloidal surface charges tunable from neutral to high. Theoretically, we derive asymptotic expressions for (i) the anisotropic electrostatic potential on the single-particle level and (ii) the effective pair interaction in the system, under the assumption of spherical charged particles in a uniform nematic director field. The analytical expressions for the pair interactions are compared with experiments, demonstrating good qualitative agreement within an experimentally accessible parameter range. More generally, our work extends the traditional Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory for charge-stabilised colloidal suspensions in isotropic solvents, to dielectric anisotropic host media with orientational elasticity. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electrostatics

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Corrigendum for “Review—Latest Trends and Advancement in Porous Carbon for Biowaste Organization and Utilization” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 11 011003 2022

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ECS Journal of Solid State science and Technology 2023年第11期12卷 119001-119001页

作者： Kunal Kulkarni Utkarsh Chadha Shreya Yadav D. M. Tarun K. G. Thenmukilan Preetam Bhardwaj Shalu Singh Arghya Chakravorty Chirag Ahuja Srinivasan Latha Arun Kumar Ray Badrish Badoni Nalamala Srinivasa Rao Charanjeet Madan Murali Banavoth Prashant Sonar Department of Analytics School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE) Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Tamil Nadu-632014 India Department of manufacturing School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC) Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Tamil Nadu-632014 India School of Bio Sciences & Technology (SBST) Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Tamil Nadu-632014 India School of Engineering Presidency University Bengaluru-560064 India Mechanical Department Panimalar Engineering College Chennai-600069 India Center for Nanotechnology Research (CNR) School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE) Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Tamil Nadu-632014 India Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Tamilnadu—632014 India Department of Biotechnology Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar Haryana-125001 India Department of Mechanical Engineering Hindu College of Engineering Sonipat Haryana-131001 India Department of Physics Bal Ganga Degree College Sendul Kemar Tehri Garhwal Uttrakhand- 249155 India Department of Chemistry M.R.R. Govt. Degree College Udayagiri SPSR Nellore Andhra Pradesh-524226 India Department of Electrical Engineering Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar Haryana-125001 India Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana—500046 India School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 4001 Brisbane Australia

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Phase behavior of disk-coil block copolymers under cylindrical confinement: Curvature-induced structural frustrations

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Physical Review E 2019年第5期100卷 052502-052502页

作者： Min Young Ha Ji Ho Ryu Eugene N. Cho Junwon Choi YongJoo Kim Won Bo Lee School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea KAIST Institute for NanoCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea Chemical Kinomics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea Bio-Med Division KIST-School UST Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea

In this paper, we explore the self-assembly behavior of disk-coil block copolymers (BCPs) confined within a cylinder using molecular dynamics simulations. As functions of the diameter of the confining cylinder and the number of coil beads, concentric lamellar structures are obtained with a different number of alternating disk-rich and coil-rich bilayers. Our paper focuses on the curvature-induced structural behavior in the disk-rich domain of a self-assembled structure, which is investigated by calculating the local density distribution P(r) and the orientational distribution G(r,θ). In the inner layers of cylinder-confined disk-coil BCPs, both P(r) and G(r,θ) show characteristic asymmetry within a bilayer which is directly contrasted with the bulk and slab-confined disk-coil BCPs. We successfully explain the structural frustration of disks arising from the curved structure due to packing frustration of disks and asymmetric stretching of coils to the regions with different curvatures in a bilayer. Our results are important to understand the self-assembly behavior of BCPs containing a rigid motif in a confined structure, such as a self-assembled structure of bacteriochlorophyll molecules confined by a lipid layer to form a chlorosome, the photosynthetic antennae complex found in nature.

关键词： Biomimetic & bio-inspired materials Confinement Polymer behavior Self-assembly

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Visualizing Interfacial Jamming Using an Aggregation-Induced-Emission Molecular Reporter

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Angewandte Chemie 2021年第16期133卷

作者： Dr. Pei-Yang Gu Dr. Feng Zhou Dr. Ganhua Xie Dr. Paul Y. Kim Dr. Yu Chai Dr. Qin Hu Dr. Shaowei Shi Prof. Qing-Feng Xu Dr. Feng Liu Prof. Jian-Mei Lu Prof. Thomas P. Russell College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Kowloon China School of Microelectronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China Department of Physics and Astronomy Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR) Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan

With the interfacial jamming of nanoparticles (NPs), a load-bearing network of NPs forms as the areal density of NPs increases, converting the assembly from a liquid-like into a solid-like assembly. Unlike vitrification, the lineal packing of the NPs in the network is denser, while the remaining NPs can remain in a liquid-like state. It is a challenge to determine the point at which the assemblies jam, since both jamming and vitrification lead to a solid-like behavior of the assemblies. Herein, we show a real-time fluorescence imaging method to probe the evolution of the interfacial dynamics of NP surfactants at the water/oil interface using aggregation-induced emission (AIE) as a reporter for the transition of the assemblies into the jammed state. The AIEgens show typical fluorescence behavior at densities at which they can move and rotate. However, when aggregation of these fluorophores occurs, the smaller intermolecular separation distance arrests rotation, and a significant enhancement in the fluorescence intensity occurs.

关键词： 3D printing aggregation-induced emission interfaces interfacial jamming structured liquids

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Constraining the Cosmic-ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Cao, Zhen Aharonian, F. Bai, Y.X. Bao, Y.W. Bastieri, D. Bi, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Bian, W. Bukevich, A.V. Cai, C.M. Cao, W.Y. Cao, Zhe Chang, J. Chang, J.F. Chen, A.M. Chen, E.S. Chen, H.X. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, X.B. Chen, X.J. Chen, Y. Cheng, N. Cheng, Y.D. Chu, M.C. Cui, M.Y. Cui, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. Dai, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Danzengluobu Diao, Y.X. Dong, X.Q. Duan, K.K. Fan, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fang, J. Fang, J.H. Fang, K. Feng, C.F. Feng, H. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, X.T. Feng, Y. Feng, Y.L. Gabici, S. Gao, B. Gao, C.D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W.K. Ge, M.M. Ge, T.T. Geng, L.S. Giacinti, G. Gong, G.H. Gou, Q.B. Gu, M.H. Guo, F.L. Guo, J. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Han, Y.A. Hannuksela, O.A. Hasan, M. He, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.Y. He, X.Y. He, Y. Hernández-Cadena, S. Hor, Y.K. Hou, B.W. Hou, C. Hou, X. Hu, H.B. Hu, S.C. Huang, C. Huang, D.H. Huang, J.J. Huang, T.Q. Huang, W.J. Huang, X.T. Huang, X.Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Y.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, H.Y. Jia, K. Jiang, H.B. Jiang, K. Jiang, X.W. Jiang, Z.J. Jin, M. Kaci, S. Kang, M.M. Karpikov, I. Khangulyan, D. Kuleshov, D. Kurinov, K. Li, B.B. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, D. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, Jian Li, Jie Li, K. Li, L. Li, R.L. Li, S.D. Li, T.Y. Li, W.L. Li, X.R. Li, Xin Li, Y.Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Liang, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Lin, S.J. Liu, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, D.B. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, J.R. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.N. Lou, Y.Q. Luo, Q. Luo, Y. Lv, H.K. Ma, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Mao, J.R. Min, Z. Mitthumsiri, W. Mou, G.B. Mu, H.J. Nan, Y.C. Neronov, A. Ng, K.C.Y. Ni, M.Y. Nie, L. Ou, L.J. Pattarakijwanich, P. Pei, Z.Y. Qi, J.C. Key Laboratory of Particle Experimental Physics Division Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu China University of Science and Technology of China Anhui Hefei230026 China Yerevan State University 1 Alek Manukyan Street Yerevan0025 Armenia Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics P.O. Box 103980 Heidelberg69029 Germany Tsung-Dao Lee Institute School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Center for Astrophysics Guangzhou University Guangdong Guangzhou510006 China Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow117312 Russia School of Physical Science and Technology School of Information Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Chengdu610031 China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Jiangsu Nanjing210023 China Research Center for Astronomical Computing Zhejiang Laboratory Zhejiang Hangzhou311121 China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200030 China School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Yunnan Kunming650091 China Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays Tibet University Ministry of Education Tibet Lhasa850000 China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing210023 China Department of Physics The Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories Shatin Hong Kong Hebei Normal University Hebei Shijiazhuang050024 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai519000 China Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Guangzhou510275

Galaxy clusters act as reservoirs of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs). As CRs propagate through the intracluster medium, they generate diffuse γ-rays detectable by arrays such as LHAASO. These γ-rays result from proton-proton (pp) collisions of very high-energy cosmic rays (VHECRs) or inverse Compton (IC) scattering of positron-electron pairs created by pγ interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We analyzed diffuse γ-ray emission from the Coma, Perseus, and Virgo clusters using LHAASO data. Diffuse emission was modeled as a disk of radius R500 for each cluster while accounting for point sources. No significant diffuse emission was detected, yielding 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limits on the γ-ray flux: for WCDA (1–25 TeV) and KM2A (>25 TeV), less than (49.4, 13.7, 54.0) and (1.34, 1.14, 0.40) ×10−14 ph cm−2 s−1 for Coma, Perseus, and Virgo, respectively. The γ-ray upper limits can be used to derive model-independent constraints on the integral energy of CRp above 10 TeV (corresponding to the LHAASO observational range > 1 TeV under the pp scenario) to be less than (1.96, 0.59, 0.08) × 1061 erg. The absence of detectable annuli/ring-like structures, indicative of cluster accretion or merging shocks, imposes further constraints on models in which the UHECRs are accelerated in the merging shocks of galaxy clusters. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cosmic rays

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Preface

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing

引用

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing 2020年 vii页

作者： Shandilya, Shishir K. Nagar, Atulya K. Wagner, Neal School of Computing Science & Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology VIT Bhopal University BhopalMadhya Pradesh India School of Mathematics Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Science Liverpool Hope University Liverpool United Kingdom Analytics and Intelligence Division Systems and Technology Research WoburnMA United States

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A multi-task learning approach for meal assessment 18

A multi-task learning approach for meal assessment

引用

4th Joint Workshop on Multimedia for Cooking and Eating Activities and Multimedia Assisted Dietary Management, MADiMa 2018

作者： Lu, Ya Allegra, Dario Anthimopoulos, Marios Stanco, Filippo Farinella, Giovanni Maria Mougiakakou, Stavroula ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern Switzerland Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Catania Italy Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition Bern University Hospital "Inselpital" Bern Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450365376

Key role in the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases plays the balanced nutrition together with a proper diet. The conventional dietary assessment methods are time-consuming, expensive and prone to errors. New technology-based methods that provide reliable and convenient dietary assessment, have emerged during the last decade. The advances in the field of computer vision permitted the use of meal image to assess the nutrient content usually through three steps: food segmentation, recognition and volume estimation. In this paper, we propose a use one RGB meal image as input to a multi-task learning based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The proposed approach achieved outstanding performance, while a comparison with state-of-the-art methods indicated that the proposed approach exhibits clear advantage in accuracy, along with a massive reduction of processing time. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.

关键词： Convolution

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Depinning dynamics of two-dimensional dusty plasmas on a one-dimensional periodic substrate

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Physical Review E 2019年第3期100卷 033207-033207页

作者： W. Li K. Wang C. Reichhardt C. J. O. Reichhardt M. S. Murillo Yan Feng Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research School of Physical Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA Department of Computational Mathematics Science and Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

We investigate the depinning dynamics of two-dimensional dusty plasmas driven over one-dimensional periodic substrates using Langevin dynamical simulations. We find that, for a specific range of substrate strengths, as the external driving force increases from zero, there are three different states, which are the pinned, the disordered plastic flow, and the moving ordered states, respectively. These three states are clearly observed using different diagnostics, including the collective drift velocity, static structural measures, the particle trajectories, the mean-squared displacements, and the kinetic temperature. We compare the observed depinning dynamics here with the depinning dynamics in other systems.

关键词： Dusty or complex plasma Plasma crystals Strongly-coupled plasmas

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2024 Roadmap on Magnetic Microscopy Techniques and Their Applications in Materials science

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Christensen, Dennis V. Staub, Urs Devidas, T.R. Kalisky, B. Nowack, K.C. Webb, J.L. Andersen, U.L. Huck, A. Broadway, David A. Wagner, Kai Maletinsky, Patrick van der Sar, Toeno Du, Chunhui Rita Yacoby, Amir Collomb, David Bending, Simon Oral, Ahmet Hug, Hans J. Mandru, Andrada-Oana Neu, Volker Schumacher, Hans Werner Sievers, Sibylle Saito, Hitoshi Khajetoorians, A.A. Hauptmann, N. Baumann, S. Eichler, Alexander Degen, Christian L. McCord, Jeffrey Vogel, Michael Fiebig, Manfred Fischer, Peter Hierro-Rodriguez, Aurelio Finizio, Simon Dhesi, Sarnjeet S. Donnelly, Claire Büttner, Felix Kfir, Ofer Hu, Wen Zayko, Sergey Eisebitt, Stefan Pfau, Bastian Frömter, Robert Kläui, Mathias Yasin, Fehmi S. McMorran, Benjamin J. Seki, Shinichiro Yu, Xiuzhen Lubk, Axel Wolf, Daniel Pryds, Nini Makarov, Denys Poggio, Martino Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Kgs. LyngbyDK-2800 Denmark Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen PSI5232 Switzerland Department of Physics Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan5290002 Israel Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Kavli Institute Cornell for Nanoscale Science IthacaNY14853 United States Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby2800 Denmark Department of Physics University of Basel Basel4056 Switzerland School of Science RMIT University MelbourneVIC Australia Department of Quantum Nanoscience Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Department of Physics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA92093 United States Department of Physics Harvard University 17 Oxford Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Quantum Brilliance GmbH Tullastraße 72 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany Department of Physics University of Bath BathBA2 7AY United Kingdom NanoMagnetics Instruments Ltd Suite 290 266 Banbury Road OxfordOX2 7DL United Kingdom Empa Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 Duebendorf8600 Switzerland Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research DresdenD-01069 Germany Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig38116 Germany Department of Mathematical Science and Electrical-Electronic-Computer Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Akita University Akita Japan Scanning Probe Microscopy Department Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands University of Stuttgart Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies Stuttgart Germany Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zürich Zürich8093 Switzerland Department for Materials Science Kiel University Kiel Germany Kiel University Kiel Germany D

Considering the growing interest in magnetic materials for unconventional computing, data storage, and sensor applications, there is active research not only on material synthesis but also characterisation of their properties. In addition to structural and integral magnetic characterisations, imaging of magnetization patterns, current distributions and magnetic fields at nano- and microscale is of major importance to understand the material responses and qualify them for specific applications. In this roadmap, we aim to cover a broad portfolio of techniques to perform nano- and microscale magnetic imaging using SQUIDs, spin center and Hall effect magnetometries, scanning probe microscopies, x-ray- and electron-based methods as well as magnetooptics and nanoMRI. The roadmap is aimed as a single access point of information for experts in the field as well as the young generation of students outlining prospects of the development of magnetic imaging technologies for the upcoming decade with a focus on physics, materials science, and chemistry of planar, 3D and geometrically curved objects of different material classes including 2D materials, complex oxides, semi-metals, multiferroics, skyrmions, antiferromagnets, frustrated magnets, magnetic molecules/nanoparticles, ionic conductors, superconductors, spintronic and spinorbitronic materials. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spin dynamics

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White paper on broadband connectivity in 6G

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Rajatheva, Nandana Atzeni, Italo Björnson, Emil Bourdoux, André Buzzi, Stefano Doré, Jean-Baptiste Erkucuk, Serhat Fuentes, Manuel Guan, Ke Hu, Yuzhou Huang, Xiaojing Hulkkonen, Jari Jornet, Josep Miquel Katz, Marcos Nilsson, Rickard Panayirci, Erdal Rabie, Khaled Rajapaksha, Nuwanthika Salehi, MohammadJavad Sarieddeen, Hadi Svensson, Tommy Tervo, Oskari Tölli, Antti Wu, Qingqing Xu, Wen Centre for Wireless Communications University of Oulu Finland Linköping University Sweden IMEC Belgium Department of Electrical and Information Engineering University of Cassino and Southern Latium Italy CEA-Leti France Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Kadir Has University Turkey Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications Universitat Politecnica de Valencia Spain State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway Broadband Mobile Communications China Algorithm Department ZTE Corporation China School of Electrical and Data Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney Australia Nokia Bell Labs Finland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things Northeastern University United States Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Sweden Department of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University United Kingdom Division of Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Sweden Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Huawei Technologies Germany

This white paper explores the road to implementing broadband connectivity in future 6G wireless systems. Different categories of use cases are considered, from extreme capacity with peak data rates up to 1 Tbps, to raising the typical data rates by orders-of-magnitude, to support broadband connectivity at railway speeds up to 1000 km/h. To achieve these goals, not only the terrestrial networks will be evolved but they will also be integrated with satellite networks, all facilitating autonomous systems and various interconnected structures. We believe that several categories of enablers at the infrastructure, spectrum, and protocol/algorithmic levels are required to realize the intended broadband connectivity goals in 6G. At the infrastructure level, we consider ultra-massive MIMO technology (possibly implemented using holographic radio), intelligent reflecting surfaces, user-centric and scalable cell-free networking, integrated access and backhaul, and integrated space and terrestrial networks. At the spectrum level, the network must seamlessly utilize sub-6 GHz bands for coverage and spatial multiplexing of many devices, while higher bands will be used for pushing the peak rates of point-to-point links. The latter path will lead to THz communications complemented by visible light communications in specific scenarios. At the protocol/algorithmic level, the enablers include improved coding, modulation, and waveforms to achieve lower latencies, higher reliability, and reduced complexity. Different options will be needed to optimally support different use cases. The resource efficiency can be further improved by using various combinations of full-duplex radios, interference management based on rate-splitting, machine-learning-based optimization, coded caching, and broadcasting. Finally, the three levels of enablers must be utilized not only to deliver better broadband services in urban areas, but also to provide full-coverage broadband connectivity must be one of the k

关键词： Visible light communication

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