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Nonlinear topological transitions over a metasurface

Physical Review B 2019年第21期100卷 214310-214310页

作者： G. D’Aguanno Y. Hadad D. A. Smirnova X. Ni A. B. Khanikaev A. Alù Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250 USA School of Electrical Engineering Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel Department of Electrical Engineering Grove School of Engineering The City College of the City University of New York 140th Street and Convent Avenue New York New York 10031 USA Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New York New York 10031 USA

We demonstrate a self-induced topological transition and the formation of topologically protected edge states in a two-dimensional array of coupled resonant cavities placed on a Kagome lattice with saturable nonlinearity introduced in the interconnecting bonds. The dynamic response of the structure is shown to be governed by an intensity-dependent band topology. Our findings uncover prospects for generating and controlling topologically nontrivial edge modes in nonlinear metasurfaces, and delineate a roadmap towards self-reconfigurable robust signal transport in various dynamic systems, ranging from acoustics to electronics and optics.

关键词： Metamaterials Nonlinear optics Symmetry protected topological states Topological insulators Topological phase transition

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AMENDER: An Attentive and Aggregate Multi-layered Network for Dataset Recommendation

AMENDER: An Attentive and Aggregate Multi-layered Network fo...

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IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)

作者： Yujun Chen Yuanhong Wang Yutao Zhang Juhua Pu Xiangliang Zhang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Computer Application Technology Beihang University Beijing China Research Institute of Beihang University in Shenzhen Shenzhen China King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia X-Order Lab Shanghai China Tsinghua University Beijing China

In this paper, we study the problem of recommending the appropriate datasets for authors, which is implemented to infer the proximity between authors and datasets by leveraging the information from a three-layered network, composed by authors, papers and datasets. To link author-dataset semantically by taking advantage of the rich content information of papers in the intermediate layer, we design an attentive and aggregate multi-layer network learning model. The aggregation is for integrating the intra-layer information of paper content and citations, while the attention is used for coordinating authors at the top-layer and datasets at the bottom-layer in the semantic space learned from papers in the intermediate layer. The experimental study demonstrates the superiority of our method compared with the solutions that extend existing models to our problem.

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AIRR community curation and standardised representation for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor germline sets

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Immunoinformatics (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2023年 10卷 100025页

作者： William D Lees Scott Christley Ayelet Peres Justin T Kos Brian Corrie Duncan Ralph Felix Breden Lindsay G Cowell Gur Yaari Martin Corcoran Gunilla B Karlsson Hedestam Mats Ohlin Andrew M Collins Corey T Watson Christian E Busse Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck College London England. Human-Centered Computing and Information Science Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science Porto Portugal. Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA. Bioengineering Program Faculty of Engineering Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics School of Medicine University of Louisville KY USA. Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA. Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health Department of Immunology School of Biomedical Sciences UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA. Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Swede. Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Lund University Lund Sweden. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia. Division of B Cell Immunology German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany.

Analysis of an individual's immunoglobulin or T cell receptor gene repertoire can provide important insights into immune function. High-quality analysis of adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing data depends upon accurate and relatively complete germline sets, but current sets are known to be incomplete. Established processes for the review and systematic naming of receptor germline genes and alleles require specific evidence and data types, but the discovery landscape is rapidly changing. To exploit the potential of emerging data, and to provide the field with improved state-of-the-art germline sets, an intermediate approach is needed that will allow the rapid publication of consolidated sets derived from these emerging sources. These sets must use a consistent naming scheme and allow refinement and consolidation into genes as new information emerges. Name changes should be minimised, but, where changes occur, the naming history of a sequence must be traceable. Here we outline the current issues and opportunities for the curation of germline IG/TR genes and present a forward-looking data model for building out more robust germline sets that can dovetail with current established processes. We describe interoperability standards for germline sets, and an approach to transparency based on principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability.

关键词： AIRR-seq Immune receptor Immune receptor germline Immune receptor repertoire Rep-seq

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The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at z = 7.31

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Hygate, A.P.S. Hodge, J.A. da Cunha, E. Rybak, M. Schouws, S. Inami, H. Stefanon, M. Graziani, L. Schneider, R. Dayal, P. Bouwens, R.J. Smit, R. Bowler, R.A.A. Endsley, R. Gonzalez, V. Oesch, P.A. Stark, D.P. Algera, H.S.B. Aravena, M. Barrufet, L. Ferrara, A. Fudamoto, Y. Hilhorst, J.H.A. De Looze, I. Nanayakkara, T. Pallottini, A. Riechers, D.A. Sommovigo, L. Topping, M.W. van der Werf, P. Leiden Observatory Leiden University P.O. Box 9513 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley26WA 6009 Australia 2601 Australia Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Dipartimento di Fisica Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 RomaI-00185 Italy INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Largo E. Fermi 5 FirenzeI-50125 Italy Sapienza School for Advanced Studies Viale Regina Elena 291 RomaI-00161 Italy INAF/Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma via Frascati 33 Monte Porzio Catone RomaI-00078 Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma1 Piazzale Aldo Moro 2 RomaI-00185 Italy Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics Department of Physics and Astronomy School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester ManchesterM13 9PL United Kingdom Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 N Cherry Ave TucsonAZ85721 United States Departmento de Astronomia Universidad de Chile Casilla 36-D Santiago7591245 Chile Camino del Observatorio 1515 Las Condes Santiago7591245 Chile Observatoire de Genève VersoixCH-1290 Switzerland Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 128 København NDK-2200 Denmark National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo Japan Nucleo de Astronomia Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Universidad Diego Portales Av. Ejercito 441 Santiago Chile Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 PisaI- 50126 Italy Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo169-8555 Japan Sterrenkun

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) [Cii] and ∼ 158μm continuum observations of REBELS-25, a massive, morphologically complex ultra-luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG;LIR = 1.5+−00.85 × 1012 L) at z = 7.31, spectroscopically confirmed by the Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey (REBELS) ALMA Large Programme. REBELS-25 has a significant stellar mass of M∗ = 8+−42 × 109 M . From dust-continuum and ultraviolet observations, we determine a total obscured + unobscured star formation rate of SFR = 199+−10163 M yr−1. This is about four times the SFR estimated from an extrapolated main-sequence. We also infer a [Cii]-based molecular gas mass of MH2 = 5.1+−52.16 × 1010 M, implying a molecular gas depletion time of tdepl,H2 = 0.3+−00.32 Gyr. We observe a [Cii] velocity gradient consistent with disc rotation, but given the current resolution we cannot rule out a more complex velocity structure such as a merger. The spectrum exhibits excess [Cii] emission at large positive velocities (∼ 500 km s−1), which we interpret as either a merging companion or an outflow. In the outflow scenario, we derive a lower limit of the mass outflow rate of 200 M yr−1, which is consistent with expectations for a star formation-driven outflow. Given its large stellar mass, SFR and molecular gas reservoir ∼ 700 Myr after the Big Bang, we explore the future evolution of REBELS-25. Considering a simple, conservative model assuming an exponentially declining star formation history, constant star formation efficiency, and no additional gas inflow, we find that REBELS-25 has the potential to evolve into a galaxy consistent with the properties of high-mass quiescent galaxies recently observed at z ∼ 4. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Galaxies

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Front Cover: Geometrical Evolution and Formation of the Photoproduct in the Cycloreversion Reaction of a Diarylethene Derivative Probed by Vibrational Spectroscopy (ChemPhysChem 14/2020)

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ChemPhysChem 2020年第14期21卷 1483-1483页

作者： Dr. Hikaru Sotome Dr. Hajime Okajima Tatsuhiro Nagasaka Yuka Tachii Prof. Akira Sakamoto Prof. Seiya Kobatake Prof. Masahiro Irie Prof. Hiroshi Miyasaka Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan Department of Chemistry and Biological Science College of Science and Engineering Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University Sumiyoshi Osaka Japan Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules Rikkyo University Toshima-ku Tokyo Japan

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Strain-Induced Spin-Nematic State and Nematic Susceptibility Arising from 2×2 Fe Clusters in KFe0.8Ag1.2Te2

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Physical Review Letters 2019年第24期123卷 247205-247205页

作者： Yu Song Dongsheng Yuan Xingye Lu Zhijun Xu Edith Bourret-Courchesne Robert J. Birgeneau Department of Physics University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA Center for Advanced Quantum Studies and Department of Physics Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China NIST Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA

Spin nematics break spin-rotational symmetry while maintaining time-reversal symmetry, analogous to liquid crystal nematics that break spatial rotational symmetry while maintaining translational symmetry. Although several candidate spin nematics have been proposed, the identification and characterization of such a state remain challenging because the spin-nematic order parameter does not couple directly to experimental probes. KFe0.8Ag1.2Te2 (K5Fe4Ag6Te10, KFAT) is a local-moment magnet consisting of well-separated 2×2 Fe clusters, and in its ground state the clusters order magnetically, breaking both spin-rotational and time-reversal symmetries. Using uniform magnetic susceptibility and neutron scattering measurements, we find a small strain induces sizable spin anisotropy in the paramagnetic state of KFAT, manifestly breaking spin-rotational symmetry while retaining time-reversal symmetry, resulting in a strain-induced spin-nematic state in which the 2×2 clusters act as the spin analog of molecules in a liquid crystal nematic. The strain-induced spin anisotropy in KFAT allows us to probe its nematic susceptibility, revealing a divergentlike increase upon cooling, indicating the ordered ground state is driven by a spin-orbital entangled nematic order parameter.

关键词： Magnetic anisotropy Antiferromagnets DC susceptibility measurements Neutron scattering

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Nonreciprocal Willis Coupling in Zero-Index Moving Media

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Physical Review Letters 2019年第6期123卷 064301-064301页

作者： Li Quan Dimitrios L. Sounas Andrea Alù Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Wayne State University Detroit Michigan 48202 USA Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New York New York 10031 USA Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA Department of Electrical Engineering City College of The City University of New York New York 10031 USA

Mechanical motion can break the symmetry in which sound travels in a medium, but significant nonreciprocity is typically achieved only for large motion speeds. We combine moving media with zero-index acoustic propagation, yielding extreme nonreciprocity and induced bianisotropy for modest applied speeds. The metamaterial is formed by an array of waveguides loaded by Helmholtz resonators, and it exhibits opposite signs of the refractive index sustained by asymmetric Willis coupling for propagation in opposite directions. We use this response to induce nonreciprocal positive-to-negative sound refraction, and we propose a nonreciprocal metamaterial lens focusing only with excitation from one side based on asymmetric Willis coupling.

关键词： Acoustic metamaterials Acoustic wave phenomena Acoustics

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Transfer knowledge based evolution of an external population for differential evolution 1st

Transfer knowledge based evolution of an external population...

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1st International Conference on Smart Vehicular Technology, Transportation, Communication and Applications, VTCA 2017

作者： Meng, Zhenyu Pan, Jeng-Shyang Li, Xiaoqing Innovative Information Industry Research Center Department of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen China College of Information Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319707297

Population size plays an important role in the optimization performance of Differential Evolution. researches in earlier literature usually employed constant population size, and these recommended settings of different population sizes usually varied from one DE variant to another. As we know, smaller population size settings perform better on some objective functions while bigger settings perform better on the other within the same number of function evaluations. Therefore, adaptive schemes for population size became much more popular recently and performed very well on a large number of benchmark functions. These schemes dynamically changed the population size either in increasing or decreasing approaches during the evolution. Moreover, most of these adaptive schemes mainly focused on decreasing population size. Nevertheless, this paper reveals an approach to diversify the individuals (increase the population size) by employing an external population without increasing number of function calls. This approach employs transfer knowledge learned from the target population in the evolution of an external population for Differential Evolution. CEC2013 test suite for real-parameter single objective optimization is employed in the verification of our approach and experiment results show that the proposed approach is very useful in maintaining a better diversity of individuals without increasing function calls. © Springer International Publishing AG 2018.

关键词： Global optimization

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LST-1 observations of an enormous flare of BL Lacertae in 2021

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Nozaki, Seiya Asano, Katsuaki Escudero, Juan Emery, Gabriel Priyadarshi, Chaitanya Abe, K. Abe, S. Aguasca-Cabot, A. Agudo, I. Crespo, N. Alvarez Antonelli, L.A. Aramo, C. Arbet-Engels, A. Arcaro, C. Artero, M. Asano, K. Aubert, P. Baktash, A. Bamba, A. Larriva, A. Baquero Baroncelli, L. de Almeida, U. Barres Barrio, J.A. Batkovic, I. Baxter, J. González, J. Becerra Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M.I. Medrano, J. Bernete Berti, A. Bhattacharjee, P. Biederbeck, N. Bigongiari, C. Bissaldi, E. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bordas, P. Bulgarelli, A. Burelli, I. Burmistrov, L. Buscemi, M. Cardillo, M. Caroff, S. Carosi, A. Carrasco, M.S. Cassol, F. Cauz, D. Cerasole, D. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Cheng, K. Chiavassa, A. Chikawa, M. Chytka, L. Cifuentes, A. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Costantini, H. Dalchenko, M. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. de Lavergne, M. de Bony De Lotto, B. De Lucia, M. de Menezes, R. Del Peral, L. Deleglise, G. Delgado, C. Mengual, J. Delgado della Volpe, D. Dellaiera, M. Di Piano, A. Di Pierro, F. Di Pilato, A. Di Tria, R. Di Venere, L. Díaz, C. Dominik, R.M. Prester, D. Dominis Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Eisenberger, L. Elsässer, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Ramazani, V. Fallah Ferrara, G. Ferrarotto, F. Fiasson, A. Foffano, L. Coromina, L. Freixas Fröse, S. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. Garcia, E. López, R. Garcia Gasbarra, C. Gasparrini, D. Geyer, D. Paiva, J. Giesbrecht Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinovic, N. Grau, R. Green, J. Green, D. Gunji, S. Günther, P. Hackfeld, J. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hashiyama, K. Hassan, T. Hayashi, K. Heckmann, L. Heller, M. Llorente, J. Herrera Hirotani, K. Hoffmann, D. Horns, D. Houles, J. Hrabovsky, M. Hrupec, D. Hui, D. Hütten, M. Iarlori, M. Imazawa, R. Inada, T. Inome, Y. Ioka, K. Iori, M. Ishio, K. Martinez, I. Jimenez Jurysek, J. Kagaya, M. Karas, V. Katagiri, H. Kataoka, J. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kohri, K. Kong, A. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lainez, M. Lamanna, G. Lamastra, A. Le Flour, T. Linhoff, M. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Föhringer Ring 6 München80805 Germany Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Aix Marseille Univ CNRS IN2P3 CPPM Marseille France The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona08193 Spain Department of Physics Tokai University Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo Japan Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica Institut de Ciències del Cosmos Universitat de Barcelona IEEC-UB Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Spain EMFTEL department IPARCOS Universidad Complutense de Madrid Spain INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Italy INFN Sezione di Napoli Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Germany INFN Sezione di Padova Università degli Studi di Padova Italy The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Spain LAPP Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS-IN2P3 Annecy France Universität Hamburg Institut für Experimentalphysik Germany Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo Japan Universidad del Azuay Ecuador INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello spazio di Bologna Italy Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Brazil Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Departamento de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Spain CIEMAT Spain Department of Physics TU Dortmund University Germany INFN Sezione di Bari Politecnico di Bari Italy INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Italy INFN Sezione di Trieste Università degli Studi di Udine Italy University of Geneva Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire Switzerland INFN Sezione di Catania Italy Italy Aix Marseille Univ CNRS IN2P3 CPPM France INFN Sezione di Bari Università di Bari Italy INFN Sezione di Torino Italy Palacky University Olomouc Faculty of Science Czech Republic University of Alcalá UAH Spain P

The first prototype of LST (LST-1) for the Cherenkov Telescope Array has been in commissioning phase since 2018 and already started scientific observations with the low energy threshold around a few tens of GeV. In 2021, LST-1 observed BL Lac following the alerts based on multi-wavelength observations and detected prominent gamma-ray flares. In addition to the daily flux variability, LST-1 also detected sub-hour-scale intra-night variability reaching 3–4 times higher than the gamma-ray flux from the Crab Nebula above 100 GeV. In this proceeding, we will report the analysis results of LST-1 observations of BL Lac in 2021, especially focusing on flux variability. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Gamma rays

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Common Limitations of Image Processing Metrics: A Picture Story

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Sudre, Carole H. Eisenmann, Matthias Rädsch, Tim Baumgartner, Michael Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Bankhead, Peter Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Chen, Jianxu Cheplygina, Veronika Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Engelhardt, Sandy Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hamprecht, Fred Hashimoto, Daniel A. Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Hirsch, Peter Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kavur, A. Emre Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kleppe, Andreas Koehler, Sven Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kooi, Thijs Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moher, David Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Noyan, M. Alican Petersen, Jens Polat, Gorkem Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Rieke, Nicola Riegler, Michael A. Rivaz, Hassan Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Schroeter, Julien Saha, Anindo Selver, M. Alper Sharan, Lalith Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten V.A.N. Stieltjes, Bram Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben V.A.N. Varoquaux, Gaël Wiesenfarth, Manuel Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul Maier-Hein, Lena Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Division of Medical Image Computing Heidelberg Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 - box 2441 Leuven3001 Belgium Frankfurt/Mainz DKFZ UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for St

While the importance of automatic image analysis is continuously increasing, recent meta-research revealed major flaws with respect to algorithm validation. Performance metrics are particularly key for meaningful, objective, and transparent performance assessment and validation of the used automatic algorithms, but relatively little attention has been given to the practical pitfalls when using specific metrics for a given image analysis task. These are typically related to (1) the disregard of inherent metric properties, such as the behaviour in the presence of class imbalance or small target structures, (2) the disregard of inherent data set properties, such as the non-independence of the test cases, and (3) the disregard of the actual biomedical domain interest that the metrics should reflect. This living dynamically document has the purpose to illustrate important limitations of performance metrics commonly applied in the field of image analysis. In this context, it focuses on biomedical image analysis problems that can be phrased as image-level classification, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, or object detection task. The current version is based on a Delphi process on metrics conducted by an international consortium of image analysis experts from more than 60 institutions worldwide. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Medical imaging

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