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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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Large scale data analysis using AVS5 and POSTGRES 2nd

Large scale data analysis using AVS5 and POSTGRES

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2nd Workshop on Database Issues for Data Visualization, 1995

作者： Flanery, Ray E. Donato, June M. Computer Science and Mathematics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831-6414 United States Advanced Visualization Research Center United States

ISBN: (纸本)3540622217

In this paper we discuss the use of AVS5 as an interface tool to the public domain database management system POSTGRES. This work is part of ongoing research on data analysis tools for large (terabyte) data sets. Statistical analysis and browsing tools for the data sets are provided via the AVS5 and POSTGRES systems. Graphical interfaces are provided for both the feature extraction stage and the post processing stage of the system. The tools for these interfaces, rather than the statistical tools themselves, are the focus of this paper. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996.

关键词： Statistical mechanics

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Determination of Contact Forces for Two Manipulators Mutually Lifting a Rigid Object Using A Technique of Dynamic Load Distribution

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Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing 1996年第1期2卷 49-63页

作者： Unseren, M.A. Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research Computer Science and Mathematics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN United States

This article presents a new technique and approach for dynamically distributing the payload when two serial link manipulators mutually hold and transport a rigid object. A new vector variable which parameterizes the internal stress contact force and torque degrees of freedom (DOF) is introduced and defined as a linear function of the contact forces.” When this equation is combined with the object's dynamical equations, the resulting system yields a well specified solution for the contact forces as a function of the internal stress DOF parameterizing variable. The article investigates two different approaches to selecting the matrix which transforms the contact forces to obtain the internal force parameterizing variable. In one approach the matrix is selected to be orthogonal to the transformation matrix in the object's dynamical equations and in the other it is a function of two constrained scalar parameters which govern the distribution of the payload between the object motion inducing components of the contact forces. Motivated by the latter choice, a new definition of what equally distributing the load between the manipulators means is proposed. The next problem considered is determining an optimal solution for the contact forces by minimizing a performance index which quantifies the distance between the vector of unknown contact forces and a known vector of corrective contact forces in a Euclidean norm sense. The performance index is optimized with respect to the internal force DOF parameterizing variable and, if applicable, the two scalar parameters which govern the distribution of the payload among the motion inducing contact forces. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： Dynamic load distribution Internal stress contact forces Motion inducing contact forces Optimization Two manipulators holding rigid object

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TACTICAL ROUTE PLANNING: NEW ALGORITHMS FOR DECOMPOSING THE MAP

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International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 1996年第1N02期5卷 199-218页

作者： J.R. BENTON S.S. IYENGAR W. DENG N. BRENER V.S. SUBRAHMANIAN Modeling and Simulation Division U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria VA 22315–3864 USA Department of Computer Science & Robotics Research Laboratory Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803–4020 USA Department of Computer Science & Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA

This paper defines a new approach and investigates a fundamental problem in route planners. This capability is important for robotic vehicles(Martian Rovers, etc.) and for planning off-road military maneuvers. The emphasis throughout this paper will be on the design and analysis and hieiaichical implementation of our route planner. This work was motivated by anticipation of the need to search a grid of a trillion points for optimum routes. This cannot be done simply by scaling upward from the algorithms used to search a grid of 10,000 points. Algorithms sufficient for the small grid are totally inadequate for the large grid. Soon, the challenge will be to compute off-road routes more than 100 km long and with a one or two-meter grid. Previous efforts are reviewed and the data structures, decomposition methods and search algorithms are analyzed and limitations are discussed. A detailed discussion of a hieraichical implementation is provided and the experimental results are analyzed.

关键词： Route planning heirarchical planning A* algorithm robotic vehicles

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Integration of a relational database with multimedia data

Integration of a relational database with multimedia data

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IEEE Annual International computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)

作者： S.M. Chung P.S. Mah J.L. Kim Department of Computer Science and Engineering Wright State University Dayton OH USA Software Engineering Division Systems Engineering Research Institute Daejeon South Korea Software R & D Center Hyundai Electronics Industrial Company Limited Seoul South Korea

We propose a method for integrating a preexisting conventional database system with a multimedia server in a multidatabase environment. In the multidatabase environment, changes to the preexisting database system are not allowed because such changes are too expensive. For the integration, high-level semantic description of multimedia data is modeled using the enhanced entity-relationship (EER) model to support content-based retrieval of multimedia data. The EER design is translated into a schema of the preexisting database system and then the translated schema is integrated with the preexisting database schema. The content description can be used to locate pertinent multimedia data, and the identifiers are used to access the multimedia data stored in the multimedia server. However, with only a simple schema representation of the semantic description of multimedia data, high levels of recall and precision of queries may not be obtained because conventional database systems provide only exact matching answers to the query. Thus, we extended the conventional query processing mechanism by providing a modified cooperative query answering mechanism.

关键词： Relational databases Multimedia databases Database systems Information retrieval Videos Data engineering Content based retrieval systems engineering and theory Graphics Sprites (computer)

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LAN fault management ensemble

LAN fault management ensemble

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IEEE Symposium on Network Operations and Management

作者： Y. Teshigawara N. Yoshie A. Komatsu T. Nakakawaji Department of Information Systems Science Engineering Soka University Tokyo Japan Information & Electronics Laboratories Sumitomo Electric Industries Limited Osaka Japan Computer Software Operation Unit Third Computer Software Division NEC Corporation Limited Tokyo Japan Information Technology Research and Development Center Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Limited Kamakura Kanagawa Japan

LAN systems are widely used in distributed environment and it becomes more indispensable to manage distributed LAN systems in an integrated manner as enterprise-level networks. This paper describes the LAN fault management ensemble which has been developed by the Ensemble Team of INTAP NM (Network Management) Technical Committee. Ensembles represent specific solutions to particular problems of the networks as a collection of managed resources, functions and scenarios. This ensemble provides a method of managing an enterprise-level private network in particular fault management areas. OSI management is adopted as a platform to manage LANs which are assumed to be managed by SNMP or OSI layer management protocols. This ensemble takes a state-oriented approach which is better suited, and provides more efficient integrated network management for large-scale enterprise networks containing many resources to be managed, because SNMP management is performed by polling based on the stateless approach. In addition, this ensemble adopts international standards or publicly available specifications regarding the necessary management information. Integrated management is executed by the OSI manager and proxy agents. Proxy agents act as OSI agents and convert information gathered by SNMP manager/agents or OSI layer management entities to OSI. Various network resources such as FDDI, Ethernet and MIB-II are defined on the basis of definition of the ISO/IEC, IEEE and NM Forum standards and additional necessary resources are uniquely defined for this ensemble requirements.

关键词： Local area networks Open systems Resource management Information management ISO standards IEC standards Environmental management Protocols Large scale integration FDDI

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Striping in a RAID level 5 disk array 95

Striping in a RAID level 5 disk array

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Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of computer systems

作者： Chen, Peter M. Lee, Edward K. Computer Science Division Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Systems Research Center Digital Equipment Corporation

ISBN: (纸本)9780897916950

Redundant disk arrays are an increasingly popular way to improve I/O system performance. Past research has studied how to stripe data in non-redundant (RAID Level 0) disk arrays, but none has yet been done on how to stripe data in redundant disk arrays such as RAID Level 5, or on how the choice of striping unit varies with the number of disks. Using synthetic workloads, we derive simple design rules for striping data in RAID Level 5 disk arrays given varying amounts of workload information. We then validate the synthetically derived design rules using real workload traces to show that the design rules apply well to real *** find no difference in the optimal striping units for RAID Level 0 and 5 for read-intensive workloads. For write-intensive workloads, in contrast, the overhead of maintaining parity causes full-stripe writes (writes that span the entire error-correction group) to be more efficient than read-modify writes or reconstruct writes. This additional factor causes the optimal striping unit for RAID Level 5 to be four times smaller for write-intensive workloads than for read-intensive *** next investigate how the optimal striping unit varies with the number of disks in an array. We find that the optimal striping unit for reads in a RAID Level 5 varies inversely to the number of disks, but that the optimal striping unit for writes varies with the number of disks. Overall, we find that the optimal striping unit for workloads with an unspecified mix of reads and writes is independent of the number of ***, these trends lead us to recommend (in the absence of specific workload information) that the striping unit over a wide range of RAID Level 5 disk array sizes be equal to 1/2 * average positioning time * disk transfer rate.

关键词： Error correction

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A HIGH-SPEED SYSTOLIC ARCHITECTURE FOR LABELING CONNECTED COMPONENTS IN AN IMAGE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON systems MAN AND CYBERNETICS 1995年第3期25卷 415-423页

作者： RANGANATHAN, N MEHROTRA, R SUBRAMANIAN, S Center for Microelectronics Research Department of computer science and Engineering University of South Florida Tampa FL USA Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Missouri Saint Louis Saint Louis MO USA Telecom Systems Department Texas Instruments Inc. Austin TX USA

Connected components detection and labeling is an essential step in many image analysis techniques. The efficiency of the connected components labeling algorithm is critical for many image processing and machine vision applications that require real time response. The advances in the areas of parallel processing and VLSI technology can be exploited in designing hardware algorithms of high speed and throughput. In this paper, we propose a systolic algorithm and architecture for finding connected components in an image. The architecture is simple and can be implemented as a special purpose VLSI chip. Although, the algorithm has a time complexity of O(N2), this is in terms of the actual clock cycle which is estimated as 25 nano seconds. The proposed hardware can process a 128 x 128 image in 0.85 msec and uses 128 processors where as the MPP requires 94.6 msec with 16384 processors. The only special purpose hardware that exists due to Yang [13] requires 300 msec to label a 512 x 512 image which can be accomplished in 13.5 msec using our proposed hardware.

关键词： Labeling Hardware Very large scale integration Image analysis Image processing Machine vision Parallel processing Algorithm design and analysis Throughput Clocks

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computer productivity initiative: Past, present, and future 8th

Computer productivity initiative: Past, present, and future

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8th Conference on Software engineering Education, CSEE 1995

作者： Maly, Kurt J. Ray, Dennis E. Christian Wild, J. Levinstein, Irwin B. Olariu, Stephan Michael Overstreet, C. Rao, Nageswara S. V. Sibol, Deane Panayides, George Department of Computer Science Old Dominion University NorfolkVA23529-0162 United States Intelligent Systems Section Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831-6364 United States

ISBN: (纸本)3540589511

The computer Productivity Initiative (CPI) is a jointly funded effort by Old Dominion University and the National science Foundation to address some shortcomings of the traditional CS curriculum. In CPI students apply CS knowledge in the context of a broad range of issues affecting the productive employment of CS technology. The CPI program is also directed towards the development of career skills including group interaction, technical communications, and interviewing as well as domain analysis. This paper discusses the lessons learned from the two year effort to implement this new program. These include: using an external board of industry executives for the final review of senior-level course projects is highly motivating and effective;students take longer than expected to gain competence but then become more competent than expected;a relatively small class size is necessary to implement a "learn by doing" approach;building a prototype to demonstrate concept and assess risks is very effective but can be time consuming;evaluation of a proposed implementation is difficult in the absence of a "real" customer;a better method of reality checks is needed;tight schedules are difficult to fit into traditional semester boundaries;students are enthusiastic about the program and gain confidence in their ability to enter their careers;the level of effort is comparable to that in project oriented courses for both students and instructors;CPI graduates report increased responsibilities and pay as compared to their counterparts. Overall, we have found that the CPI program is an effective means of involving outside employers with the department, and provides our students a competitive edge in the market place. Starting Fall 1994, CPI will become part of our CS core. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995.

关键词： Productivity

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Multidisciplinary research in smart structures: a survey

Multidisciplinary research in smart structures: a survey

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American Control Conference (ACC)

作者： J. Chandra V. Rao R. Butler R. Damle Mathematical and Computer Science Division Army Research Office NC USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Intelligent Systems Center University of Missouri Rolla MO USA

The field of smart structures encompasses a large number of engineering disciplines. A clear understanding of the concepts of smart structures depends on in depth knowledge of mechanics of materials, mechanical vibrations, structural analysis, sensors and actuators and control theory. This field is truly multidisciplinary in nature and promises many technological innovations. A brief survey of multidisciplinary research in smart structures is provided in this paper.

关键词： Intelligent structures Intelligent actuators Intelligent sensors Force control Temperature Vibration control Shape memory alloys Piezoelectric materials Magnetic materials Heating

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