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GRAPHICAL MODELS AND IMAGE PROCESSING 1996年第5期58卷 471-483页

作者： Foster, N Metaxas, D Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104

We present a comprehensive methodology for realistically animating liquid phenomena. Our approach unifies existing computer graphics techniques for simulating fluids and extends them by incorporating more complex behavior. It is based on the Navier-Stokes equations which couple momentum and mass conservation to completely describe fluid motion. Our starting point is an environment containing an arbitrary distribution of fluid, and submerged or semisubmerged obstacles. Velocity and pressure are defined everywhere within this environment and updated using a set of finite difference expressions. The resulting vector and scalar fields are used to drive a height field equation representing the liquid surface. The nature of the coupling between obstacles in the environment and free variables allows for the simulation of a wide range of effects that were not possible with previous computer graphics fluid models. Wave effects such as reflection, refraction, and diffraction, as well as rotational effects such as eddies, vorticity, and splashing are a natural consequence of solving the system. In addition, the Lagrange equations of motion are used to place buoyant dynamic objects into a scene and track the position of spray and foam during the animation process. Typical disadvantages to dynamic simulations such as poor scalability and lack of control are addressed by assuming that stationary obstacles align with grid cells during the finite difference discretization, and by appending terms to the Navier-Stokes equations to include forcing functions. Free surfaces in our system are represented as either a collection of massless particles in 2D, or a height field which is suitable for many of the water rendering algorithms presented by researchers in recent years. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.

关键词： Animation

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INTERACTIVE BODY AWARENESS

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COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN 1994年第12期26卷 861-867页

作者： ZHAO, XM BADLER, NI [a]Center for Human Modeling Simulation University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennysylvania 19104-6389 USA

An important problem in the animation of human-like agents is self collision. While the problem of adjacent segment intersection can often be eliminated by explicitly limiting joint angles, avoiding collisions of nonadjacent segments is much more difficult when the response time is constrained in an interactive environment. Instead of using the traditional motion planning approach, an efficient way to handle obstacle avoidance through collision response is proposed. This reactive behaviour is driven by inputs from the agent's simulated sensors which detect obstacles. A self-collision response system has been implemented following this approach. Its performance demonstrates that collision avoidance can be performed automatically in an interactive computer animation environment. This approach has also been successfully extended to handle collisions of agents with environment obstacles.

关键词： human ANIMATION COLLISION DETECTION MOTION PLANNING

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Applying empirical data on upper torso movement to real-time collision-free reach tasks

Applying empirical data on upper torso movement to real-time...

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Digital human modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium

作者： Zhao, Liming Liu, Ying Badler, Norman I. Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania United States

Simulating human reach is still challenging when considering complex interactions with the environment. Standard approaches involve inverse kinematics (IK) methods and usually require a complete but exponential cost search in configuration space. In ergonomic applications, both "naturalness" and interactive performance are important. We describe a real-time, collision-free, sternum-rooted IK solution for an articulated human figure based on motion capture data, human strength models, and multi-joint coordination functions. Movement paths are discovered through spatial search in a partitioned workspace. The system generates natural collision-free reach motions in real-time. The resulting animations and statistics demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. Copyright © 2005 SAE International.

关键词： Inverse kinematics

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Posture interpolation with collision avoidance

Posture interpolation with collision avoidance

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1994 IEEE Conference on Computer Animation, CA 1994

作者： Badler, Norman I. Bindiganavale, Ramamani Granieri, John P. Wei, Susanna Zhao, Xinmin Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104-6389 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818662409

While interpolating between successive postures of an articulated figure is not mathematically difficult, it is much more useful to provide postural transitions that are bchaviorally reasonable and that avoid collisions with nearby objects. We describe such a posture interpolator which begins with a number of pre-defined static postures. A finite state machine controls the transitions from any posture to a goal posture by finding the shortest path of required motion sequences between the two. If the motion between any two postures is not collision free, a collision avoidance strategy is invoked and the posture is changed to one that satisfies the required goal while respecting object and agent integrity. © 1994 IEEE.

关键词： Collision avoidance

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Perceptually realistic behavior through alibi generation

Perceptually realistic behavior through alibi generation

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6th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, AIIDE 2010

作者： Sunshine-Hill, Ben Badler, Norman I. Computer and Information Science Department Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781577354789

Real-Time pedestrian simulation for open-world games involves aggressive behavior simplification and culling to keep computational cost under control, but it is diffficult to predict whether these techniques will become unrealistic in certain situations. We propose a method of perceptually simulating highly realistic pedestrian behavior in virtual cities in realtime. Designers build a highly realistic simulation, from which a perceptually identical "perceptual simulation" is generated. Although the perceptual simulation simulates only a small portion of the world at a time, and does so with inexpensive approximations, it can be statistically guaranteed that the results are perceptually indistinguishable from those of the original simulation. Copyright © 2010, Association for the Advancement of Artificial.

关键词： Artificial intelligence

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Terrain reasoning for human locomotion

Terrain reasoning for human locomotion

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1994 IEEE Conference on Computer Animation, CA 1994

作者： Reich, Barry D. Ko, Hyeongseok Becket, Welton Badler, Norman I. Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104-6389 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818662409

We describe a real-time model of terrain traversal by simulated human agents. Agent navigation includes a variety of simulated sensors, terrain reasoning with behavioral constraints, and detailed simulation of a variety of locomotion techniques. The path through the terrain is incrementally computed by a behavioral reasoning system configuring a behavioral feedback network. A number of sensors acquire information on object range, passageways, obstacles, terrain type, exposure to hostile agents, and so on. The behavioral reasoner weighs this information along with collision avoidance, cost, danger minimization, locomotion types, and other behaviors available to the agent and incrementally attempts to reach a goal location. Since the system is reactive, it can respond to moving obstacles, changing terrain, or unexpected events due to hostile agents or the effects of limited perception. A motor-level component provides general locomotion, including curved path walking and running that work in real-time with human figures. © 1994 IEEE.

关键词： Landforms

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Generating plausible individual agent movements from spatio-temporal occupancy data

Generating plausible individual agent movements from spatio-...

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2007 Workshop on Massive Datasets, MD '07

作者： Sunshine-Hill, Ben Allbeck, Jan Pelechano, Nuria Badler, Norm Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104-6389 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781595938718

We introduce the Spatio-Temporal Agent Motion Model, a data-driven representation of the behavior and motion of individuals within a space over the course of a day. We explore different representations for this model, incorporating different modes of individual behavior, and describe how crowd simulations can use this model as source material for dynamic and realistic behaviors. © 2007 ACM.

关键词： Interactive computer graphics

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Anatomical and physiological simulation for respiratory mechanics

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Computer Aided Surgery 1995年第3期1卷 164-171页

作者： Kaye J. Primiano F.P. Metaxas D. Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA United States ECRI Plymouth Meeting PA United States

Injuries in trauma affect anatomical structures, indirectly affecting physiological systems through mechanical behavior and physical proximity. This paper describes the theory for and preliminary results from our approach to couple a three-dimensional (3-D) anatomical model of the chest with a physiological model of respiratory mechanics. In particular, we investigated behavior in quiet, normal breathing and in an open, sucking chest wound. We envision that our integrated simulation of respiratory anatomy and respiratory mechanics could assist students in visualizing and predicting relationships between structural-anatomical and functional-physiological changes in an interactive, 3-D environment. © 1995 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.

关键词： Anatomical simulation Breathing Chest model Respiratory mechanics

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A 3D virtual environment for modeling mechanical cardiopulmonary interactions 1st

A 3D virtual environment for modeling mechanical cardiopulmo...

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1st International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality, and Robotics in Medicine and Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, CVRMed-MRCAS 1997

作者： Kaye, Jonathan Metaxas, Dimitris N. Primiano, Jr, Frank P. Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States ECRI Plymouth MeetingPA United States

ISBN: (纸本)3540627340

We have developed a computer system for modeling mechanical physiological behavior in an interactive, 3D virtual environment. Such an environment can be used to facihtate exploration of cardiopulmonary physiology, particularly in situations that are difficult to reproduce clinically. We integrate 3D deformable body dynamics with new, formal models of (scalar) cardiorespiratory physiology, associating the scalar physiological variables and parameters with corresponding 3D anatomy. Our approach is amenable to modeling patient-specific circumstances in two ways. First, using CT scan data, we apply semiautomatic methods for extracting and reconstructing the anatomy to use in our simulations. Second, our scalar models are defined in terms of clinically-measurable, patient-specific parameters. This paper describes our approach, problems we have encountered, and a sample of results showing normal breathing and acute effects of pneumothoraces. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997.

关键词： Physiology

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Embodied agents and meaningful motion

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2nd International Conference on Technologies for Interactive Digital Storytelling and Entertainment, TIDSE 2004

作者： Badler, Norman I. Computer and Information Science Center for Human Modeling and Simulation University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104-6389 United States

ISBN: (纸本)3540222839

We examine motion realism in terms of salient communicative features. We argue that motion is amenable to a parameterization based on Laban Movement Analysis that yields real-time control over motion qualities, and that these qualities carry discernable and useful non-verbal information about the character’s personality or emotional state. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.

关键词： Real time control

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