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International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)

作者： I. Ceaparu B. Shneiderman Department of Computer Science & Human-Computer interaction Laboratory University of Maryland College Park MD USA

An analysis of the home pages of all fifty US states reveals great variety in key design features that influence efficacy. Some states had excessively large byte counts that would slow users connected by commonly-used 56 K modems. Many web sites had low numbers of or poorly organized links that would make it hard for citizens to find what they were interested in. Features such as search boxes, privacy policies, online help, or contact information need to be added by several states. Our analysis concludes with ten recommendations and finds many further opportunities for individual states to improve their Websites. However still greater benefits will come through collaboration among the states that would lead to consistency, appropriate tagging, and common tools.

关键词： computer aided software engineering Privacy Modems Tagging Uniform resource locators Navigation Guidelines computer science Laboratories Educational institutions

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The Importance of Translucence in Mobile Computing Systems

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ACM Transactions on computer-human interaction 2002年第1期9卷 42-67页

作者： Ebling, Maria R. John, Bonnie E. Satyanarayanan, M. IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights 704 NY 10598 United States Human Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh 5000 Forbes Avenue PA 15213 United States Department of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh 5000 Forbes Avenue PA 15213 United States

Mobile computing has been an active area of research for the past decade, but its importance will increase substantially in the decade to come. One problem faced by designers of mobile systems is that of maintaining the illusion of connectivity even when network performance is poor or nonexistent. The Coda file system uses its cache to maintain this illusion. Extensive experience with the system suggests that, although users find the functionality provided by the system extremely valuable, new users face an arduous learning curve and even experienced users are sometimes confused by the system's behavior. The fundamental problem is that the lack of a strong network connection causes the system to violate a key property of caching: transparency. To overcome this problem, we have built an interface, called the CodaConsole, that makes caching translucent to users through controlled exposure of cache management internals. The interface exposes critical aspects of caching to support the mobile user while hiding noncritical details to preserve usability. This article presents the design, implementation, and usability evaluation of this interface. The CodaConsole successfully makes caching translucent in the presence of disconnected or weakly connected operation. The most surprising result was that novice Coda users performed almost as well as experienced Coda users. © 2002, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Coda Design disconnected operation Experimentation human Factors mobile computing translucent cache management weakly connected operation

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KidPad: Collaborative storytelling for children

KidPad: Collaborative storytelling for children

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Conference on human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2002

作者： Hourcade, Juan Pablo Bederson, Benjamin B. Druin, Allison Taxén, Gustav School of Computer Science University of Nottingham Nottingham NG8 1BB United Kingdom Human-Computer Interaction Lab. University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 United States Center for User-Oriented IT Design Royal Institute of Technology S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Swedish Institute of Computer Science SICS SE-164 29 Kista Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)1581134541

Collaborative storytelling occurs frequently when children play, but few efforts have been made to support it with computers. This demonstration presents KidPad, a collaborative storytelling tool that supports children creating hyperlinked stories in a large two-dimensional zoomable space. Through the use of local tools, KidPad provides children with advanced interaction techniques in a collaborative environment.

关键词： Groupware

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Spinner, using non sequential and contextual functions for early learners

Spinner, using non sequential and contextual functions for e...

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Conference on human Factors in Computing Systems

作者： Dunn, Henry Newton Gibson, James Interaction Laboratory Sony Computer Science Laboratory Higashigotanda Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0022 Japan Human Interface Design Group Sony Design Center Europe Weybridge Surrey KT13 OXW United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1581134541

Spinner, a media collection, interaction and sharing device for early learners is studied. It promotes play and exploration using a novel set of interactive techniques and designs based around a non sequential, contextual physical interface and a graphical user interface (GUI). It consists of a device, 3 types of input modules and two connector ports for the modules.

关键词： Graphical user interfaces

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VMλ: A functional calculus for scientific discovery 6th

VMλ: A functional calculus for scientific discovery

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6th Fuji International Symposium on Functional and Logic Programming, FLOPS 2002

作者： Sumii, Eijiro Bannai, Hideo Department of Computer Science Graduate School of Information Science and Technology University of Tokyo Japan Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis Human Genome Center Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)3540442332

We present VMλ, a formalization and implementation of the functional language VML. VML is a programming language proposed by discovery scientists for the purpose of assisting the process of knowledge discovery. It is a non-trivial extension of ML with hypothetical views. Operationally, a hypothetical view is a value with a representation that indicates how the value was created. The notion of hypothetical views has already been successful in the domain of genome analysis, and known to be useful in the process of knowledge discovery. However, VML as a programming language was only informally defined in English prose, and indeed found problematic both in theory and in practice. Thus, a proper definition and implementation of VML with formal foundations would be of great help to discovery science and hence corresponding domain sciences. This paper gives a solid foundation of VML by extending the standard simply typed call-by-value λ-calculus. Although this extension, VMλ, is simple and clear, its design required much care to find and fix problems of the original *** also present a real implementation of VMλ, written in Camlp4 as a conservative translator into OCaml. This implementation makes extensive use of labeled arguments and polymorphic variants – two advanced features of OCaml that originate in OLabl. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： Calculations

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Classification and filtering of spectra: A case study in mineralogy

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Intelligent Data Analysis 2002年第6期6卷 517-530页

作者： Moody, Jonathan Silva, Ricardo Vanderwaart, Joseph Ramsey, Joseph Glymour, Clark Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University United States Center for Automated Learning and Discovery Carnegie Mellon University United States Philosophy Department Carnegie Mellon University United States Institute for Human and Machine Cognition University of West Florida United States

The ability to identify the mineral composition of rocks and soils is an important tool for the exploration of geological sites. Even though expert knowledge is commonly used for this task, it is desirable to create automated systems with similar or better performance. For instance, NASA intends to design robots that are sufficiently autonomous to perform this task on planetary missions. Spectrometer readings provide one important source of data for identifying sites with minerals of interest. Reflectance spectrometers measure intensities of light reflected from surfaces over a range of wavelengths. Spectral intensity patterns may in some cases be sufficiently distinctive for proper identification of minerals or classes of minerals. For some mineral classes, carbonates for example, specific short spectral intervals are known to carry a distinctive signature. Finding similar distinctive spectral ranges for other mineral classes is not an easy problem. We propose and evaluate data-driven techniques in two stages: first, evaluating algorithms to identify which components are probably present in a given rock;second, trying to improve this classification by automatically searching for spectral ranges optimized for specific classes of minerals. In one set of studies, we partition the whole interval of wavelengths available in our data into sub-intervals, or bins, and use a genetic algorithm to evaluate a candidate selection of subintervals. As an alternative to these computationally expensive search techniques, we present an entropy-based heuristic that gives higher scores for wavelengths more likely to distinguish between classes. Results are presented for four different classes, showing reasonable improvements in identifying some, but not all, of the mineral classes tested. © 2002-IOS Press. All rights reserved.

关键词： Minerals

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CHI@20: Fighting our way from marginality to power

CHI@20: Fighting our way from marginality to power

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Conference on human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2002

作者： Shneiderman, Ben Card, Stuart Norman, Donald A. Tremaine, Marilyn Waldrop, M. Mitchell Department of Computer Science Human-Computer Interaction Lab. University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 United States Xerox PARC Palo Alto CA United States Nielsen Norman Group Northbrook IL United States New Jersey Institute of Technology 4105 Information Technology Center University Heights Newark NJ 07102 United States 2430 39th Street NW Washington DC 20007 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1581134541

The Special Interest Group on computer human interaction (SIGCHI) has had a successful history of 20 years of growth in its numbers and influence. To help guide the continued evolution of the academic discipline and professional community, we invite several senior members to offer their visions for what the field of CHI actually accomplished over the past several decades, and what do we still need to accomplish? What do we need to do differently/ better/smarter? What haven't we tried because the technology, the money or the will wasn't there in the past, but perhaps is now? The CHI field is more than just technology. We understand that our work can have a profound effect on individuals, families, neighborhoods, corporations, and countries. We know that we can influence education, commerce, healthcare, and government. How can we contribute to bridging the digital divides in developed and developing countries? What agendas can we offer for the academic, research, industrial, and civic spheres for the next 20 years? How can we be more ambitious? How can we truly serve human needs?

关键词： Industrial research

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Real-time gesture recognition by means of hybrid recognizers

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International Gesture Workshop, GW 2001

作者： Corradini, Andrea Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Center for Human-Computer Communication 20000 N.W. Walker Road BeavertonOR97006 United States Department of Neuroinformatics Technical University of Ilmenau IlmenauD-98684 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783540436782

In recent times, there have been significant efforts to develop intelligent and natural interfaces for interaction between human users and computer systems by means of a variety of modes of information (visual, audio, pen, etc.). These modes can be used either individually or in combination with other modes. One of the most promising interaction modes for these interfaces is the human user’s natural gesture. In this work, we apply computer vision techniques to analyze real-time video streams of a user’s freehand gestures from a predefined vocabulary. We propose the use of a set of hybrid recognizers where each of them accounts for one single gesture and consists of one hidden Markov model (HMM) whose state emission probabilities are computed by partially recurrent artificial neural networks (ANN). The underlying idea is to take advantage of the strengths of ANNs to capture the nonlinear local dependencies of a gesture, while handling its temporal structure within the HMM formalism. The recognition engine’s accuracy outperforms that of HMM- and ANN-based recognizers used individually. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： Hidden Markov models

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Virtual peg-in-hole performance using a 6-DOF magnetic levitation haptic device: comparison with real forces and with visual guidance alone

Virtual peg-in-hole performance using a 6-DOF magnetic levit...

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International Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS)

作者： B.J. Unger A. Nicolaidis P.J. Berkelman A. Thompson S. Lederman R.L. Klatzky R.L. Hollis Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA The Robotics Institute School of Computer Science Department of Psychology Human Computer Interaction Institute John Hopkins University Department of Psychology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0769514898

We describe two experiments using three testbeds (real, virtual and vision-only) for comparison of user performance during 3-D peg-in-hole tasks. Tasks are performed using a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) magnetic levitation haptic device. The experimental design allows a user to experience real and virtual forces using the same device. The first experiment compares real and virtual tasks. In the virtual task, a peg and hole are rendered haptically and visually. During the real task, a physical peg is attached to the underside of the haptic device. A hole in a plate attached to a force/torque sensor receives the peg. The second experiment compares a virtual haptic task to one performed using vision alone. Preliminary results indicate increased task time, more variation in force and position, and more failures occur with the virtual task than with the real task. More variation in force and position, and more failures occur with the vision-only task than with the virtual task. Users apply similar strategies for virtual and real tasks. Virtual haptic display, while worse than reality, contributes significantly to task performance when compared to vision alone.

关键词： Magnetic levitation Haptic interfaces Testing Displays Force sensors Torque Feedback Psychology Performance analysis Force measurement

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Greedy information acquisition in multi-layered networks

Greedy information acquisition in multi-layered networks

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International Conference on Neural Information Processing

作者： R. Kamimura H. Takeuchi Information Science Laboratory and Future Science and Technology Joint Research Center Tokai University Hirakata Kanagawa Japan Human-Computer Interaction Group Institute for Human Science and Biomedical Engineering National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan

In this paper, we extend our greedy information algorithm to multi-layered networks for improved feature detection. We have developed a new information theoretic network-growing model called greedy information acquisition. The method have shown good performance in extracting salient features in input patterns. However, because networks used in the method are single-layered ones, it has shown some difficulty in dealing with complex problems. In this context, we extend our greedy information acquisition method to multi-layered networks. By multi-layered networks, we can solve many complex problems that single-layered networks fail to do. The new algorithm was applied to two problems: the famous vertical-horizontal lines detection and a drive scene classification problem. In both cases, experimental results confirmed that our method could solve complex problems that single-layered networks fail to do. In addition, information maximization makes it possible to extract salient features in input patterns. The new algorithm can certainly contribute to the extension of neural computing.

关键词： Intelligent networks Mutual information Feature extraction Neurons Entropy Recruitment Neural networks Information science humans Biomedical engineering

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