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arXiv 2019年

作者： Crawford, Forrest W. Morozova, Olga Buchanan, Ashley L. Spiegelman, Donna Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University Yale School of Management College of Pharmacy University of Rhode Island Department of Statistics and Data Science Yale University Center for Methods of Implementation and Prevention Science Yale School of Public Health

Some interventions may include important spillover or dissemination effects between study participants [2]. For example, vaccines, cash transfers, and education programs may exert a causal effect on participants beyond those to whom individual treatment is assigned. In a recent paper, Buchanan et al. [3] provide a causal definition of the "individual effect" of an intervention in networks of people who inject drugs. This work builds on a definition of the "direct effect", randomization design, and framework for causal inference under interference introduced by Hudgens and Halloran [11]. Some researchers have suggested that the "direct effect" may not always have a causal interpretation [7, 13, 15]. In this short note, we discuss the interpretation of the individual effect when a spillover or dissemination effect exists. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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What is estimated in cluster randomized crossover trials with informative sizes? — A survey of estimands and common estimators

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Lee, Kenneth M. Forbes, Andrew B. Kasza, Jessica Copas, Andrew Kahan, Brennan C. Young, Paul J. Harhay, Michael O. Li, Fan Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL London United Kingdom Intensive Care Unit Wellington Hospital Wellington New Zealand Medical Research Institute of New Zealand Wellington New Zealand Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre Monash University MelbourneVIC Australia Department of Critical Care University of Melbourne MelbourneVIC Australia Center Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health New HavenCT United States Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science Yale School of Public Health New HavenCT United States

In the analysis of cluster randomized trials (CRTs), previous work has defined two meaningful estimands: the individual-average treatment effect (iATE) and cluster-average treatment effect (cATE) estimand, to address individual and cluster-level hypotheses. In multi-period CRT designs, such as the cluster randomized crossover (CRXO) trial, additional weighted average treatment effect estimands help fully reflect the longitudinal nature of these trial designs, namely the cluster-period-average treatment effect (cpATE) and period-average treatment effect (pATE). We define different forms of informative sizes, where the treatment effects vary according to cluster, period, and/or cluster-period sizes, which subsequently cause these estimands to differ in magnitude. Under such conditions, we demonstrate which of the unweighted, inverse cluster-period size weighted, inverse cluster size weighted, and inverse period size weighted: (i.) independence estimating equation, (ii.) fixed effects model, (iii.) exchangeable mixed effects model, and (iv.) nested exchangeable mixed effects model treatment effect estimators are consistent for the aforementioned estimands in 2-period cross-sectional CRXO designs with continuous outcomes. We report a simulation study and conclude with a reanalysis of a CRXO trial testing different treatments on hospital length of stay among patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. Notably, with informative sizes, the unweighted and weighted nested exchangeable mixed effects model estimators are not consistent for any meaningful estimand and can yield biased results. In contrast, the unweighted and weighted independence estimating equation, and under specific scenarios, the fixed effects model and exchangeable mixed effects model, can yield consistent and empirically unbiased estimators for meaningful estimands in 2-period CRXO trials. © 2025, CC BY.

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A repeated measures approach to pooled and calibrated biomarker data

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Sloan, Abigail Cheng, Chao Rosner, Bernard Ziegler, Regina G. Smith-Warner, Stephanie A. Wang, Molin Departments of Biostatistics Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health 677 Huntington Ave BostonMA02215 United States Departments of Biostatistics Nutrition Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health 677 Huntington Ave BostonMA02215 United States Departments of Biostatistics Epidemiology Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health 677 Huntington Ave BostonMA02215 United States Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science Yale School of Public Health New HavenCT United States Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD United States Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School BostonMA United States

Participant level meta-analysis across multiple studies increases the sample size for pooled analyses, thereby improving precision in effect estimates and enabling subgroup analyses. For analyses involving biomarker measurements as an exposure of interest, investigators must first calibrate the data to address measurement variability arising from usage of different laboratories and/or assays. In practice, the calibration process involves reassaying a random subset of biospecimens from each study at a central laboratory and fitting models that relate the study-specific "local" and central laboratory measurements. Previous work in this area treats the calibration process from the perspective of measurement error techniques and imputes the estimated central laboratory value among individuals with only a local laboratory measurement. In this work, we propose a repeated measures method to calibrate biomarker measurements pooled from multiple studies with study-specific calibration subsets. We account for correlation between measurements made on the same person and between measurements made at the same laboratory. We demonstrate that the repeated measures approach provides valid inference, and compare it to existing calibration approaches grounded in measurement error techniques in an example describing the association between circulating vitamin D and stroke. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biomarkers

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Correction: Sample Size Requirements to Test Subgroup-Specific Treatment Effects in Cluster-Randomized Trials

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prevention science : the official journal of the Society for prevention Research 2024年第6期25卷 1004页

作者： Xueqi Wang Keith S Goldfeld Monica Taljaard Fan Li Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health New Haven CT USA. Section of Geriatrics Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA. Division of Biostatistics Department of Population Health NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA. Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa Canada. School of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada. Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health New Haven CT USA. fan.f.li@yale.edu. Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science Yale School of Public Health Suite 200 Room 229 135 College Street New Haven CT 06510 USA. fan.f.li@yale.edu.

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Estimated cost for cardiovascular disease risk-based management at a primary healthcare center in Nepal

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Global Health Research and Policy 2020年第1期5卷 414-422页

作者： Anu Aryal David Citrin Scott Halliday Anirudh Kumar Prajwol Nepal Archana Shrestha Rachel Nugent Dan Schwarz Nyaya Health Nepal KathmanduNepal Department of Global Health University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Anthropology University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Henry M.Jackson School of International Studies University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Arnhold Institute for Global HealthNew YorkNYUSA Department of Medicine NYU Langone HealthNew YorkNYUSA Gillings School of Public Health University of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA School of Medical Sciences Kathmandu UniversityDhulikhelNepal Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA RTI International SeattleWAUSA Department of Medicine Division of Global Health EquityBrigham&Women’s Hospital75 Francis StreetBostonMA 02115USA Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA Department of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA Ariadne Labs Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA

Background:Low-and middle-income countries are facing an increasing burden of disability and death due to cardiovascular *** makers and healthcare providers alike need resource estimation tools to improve healthcare delivery and to strengthen healthcare systems to address this *** estimated the direct medical costs of primary prevention,screening,and management for cardiovascular diseases in a primary healthcare center in Nepal based on the Global Hearts evidence based treatment protocols for risk-based ***:We adapted the World Health Organization’s non-communicable disease costing tool and built a model to predict the annual cost of primary CVD prevention,screening,and management at a primary healthcare center *** used a one-year time horizon and estimated the cost from the Nepal government’s *** used Nepal health insurance board’s price for medicines and laboratory tests,and used Nepal government’s salary for human resource *** the model,we estimated annual incremental cost per case,cost for the entire population,and cost per *** also estimated the amount of medicines for one-year,annual number of laboratory tests,and the monthly incremental work load of physicians and nurses who deliver these ***:For a primary healthcare center with a catchment population of 10,000,the estimated cost to screen and treat 50%of eligible patients is USD21.53 per case and averages USD1.86 per capita across the catchment *** cost of screening and risk profiling only was estimated to be USD2.49 per *** same coverage level,we estimated that an average physician’s workload will increase annually by 190 h and by 111 h for nurses,i.e.,additional 28.5 workdays for physicians and 16.7 workdays for *** total annual cost could amount up to USD18,621 for such a primary healthcare ***:This is a novel study for a PHC-based,primary CVD risk-based management program in Nepal,which can provi

关键词： Health care economics and organizations Cardiovascular diseases Risk management Global health Primary care Nepal

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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Genotype-stratified treatment for monogenic insulin resistance: a systematic review

Communications Medicine

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Communications Medicine 2023年第1期3卷 1-11页

作者： Semple, Robert K. Patel, Kashyap A. Auh, Sungyoung Franks, Paul W. Rich, Stephen S. Wagner, Robert Vilsbøll, Tina Vesco, Kimberly K. Udler, Miriam S. Tuomi, Tiinamaija Sweeting, Arianne Sims, Emily K. Sherr, Jennifer L. Reynolds, Rebecca M. Redondo, Maria J. Redman, Leanne M. Pratley, Richard E. Pop-Busui, Rodica Pollin, Toni I. Perng, Wei Pearson, Ewan R. Ozanne, Susan E. Owen, Katharine R. Oram, Richard Murphy, Rinki Mohan, Viswanathan Misra, Shivani Meigs, James B. Mathioudakis, Nestoras Mathieu, Chantal Ma, Ronald C. W. Loos, Ruth J. F. Lim, Siew S. Laffel, Lori M. Kwak, Soo Heon Josefson, Jami L. Hood, Korey K. Hivert, Marie-France Hirsch, Irl B. Hattersley, Andrew T. Griffin, Kurt Greeley, Siri Atma W. Gottlieb, Peter A. Gomez, Maria F. Gloyn, Anna L. Florez, Jose C. Dennis, John M. Costacou, Tina Boyle, Kristen Billings, Liana K. Brown, Rebecca J. Philipson, Louis H. Nolan, John J. Eckel, Robert H. Sherifali, Diana Mixter, Emily Mekonnen, Eskedar Getie Gruber, Chandra Fawcett, Andrea J. de Souza, Russell Zhu, Yeyi Zhang, Cuilin Saint-Martin, Cécile Provenzano, Michele Pomares-Millan, Hugo Njølstad, Pål Rasmus Nakabuye, Mariam Molnes, Janne McGovern, Andrew Maloney, Kristin A. Flanagan, Sarah E. de Franco, Elisa Aukrust, Ingvild Polak, Michel Beltrand, Jacques Zhou, Shao J. Zhang, Yingchai Yu, Gechang White, Sara L. Hannah, Wesley Wentworth, John M. Vatier, Camille Van der Schueren, Bart Urazbayeva, Marzhan Ukke, Gebresilasea Gendisha Tye, Sok Cin Taylor, Rachael Støy, Julie Stefan, Norbert Steck, Andrea K. Steenackers, Nele Stanislawski, Maggie A. Speake, Cate Sheu, Wayne Huey-Herng Selvin, Elizabeth Scholtens, Denise M. Monaco, Gabriela S. F. Sarkar, Sudipa Kanbour, Sarah Santhakumar, Vanessa Saeed, Zeb Ried-Larsen, Mathias Ray, Debashree Jain, Rashmi Quinteros, Alejandra Powe, Camille E. Petrie, John R. Perez, Dianna Pazmino, Sofia Pathirana, Maleesa Pankow, James S. Onengut-Gumuscu, Suna Motala, Ayesha A. Morton, Robert W. Lowe, William L. Long, S. Alice Liu, Kai Libman, Ingrid M. Leung, Gloria K. W. Le Centre for Cardiovascular Science Queen’s Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences University of Exeter Medical School Exeter United Kingdom Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter United Kingdom National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD United States Division of Preventative Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA United States Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Diabetes Unit Endocrine Division Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA United States Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA United States Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Diabetes Centre Lund University Malmö Sweden Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology the Rosie Hospital Cambridge United Kingdom NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada Department of Molecular Genetics Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics Saint Louis University School of Medicine SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital St. Louis MO United States CIBER-BBN ISCIII Madrid Spain Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU) Barcelona Spain Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain Programs in Metabolism and Medical & amp Populat

Background: Monogenic insulin resistance (IR) includes lipodystrophy and disorders of insulin signalling. We sought to assess the effects of interventions in monogenic IR, stratified by genetic aetiology. methods: Systematic review using PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase (1 January 1987 to 23 June 2021). Studies reporting individual-level effects of pharmacologic and/or surgical interventions in monogenic IR were eligible. Individual data were extracted and duplicates were removed. Outcomes were analysed for each gene and intervention, and in aggregate for partial, generalised and all lipodystrophy. Results: 10 non-randomised experimental studies, 8 case series, and 23 case reports meet inclusion criteria, all rated as having moderate or serious risk of bias. Metreleptin use is associated with the lowering of triglycerides and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in all lipodystrophy (n = 111), partial (n = 71) and generalised lipodystrophy (n = 41), and in LMNA, PPARG, AGPAT2 or BSCL2 subgroups (n = 72,13,21 and 21 respectively). Body Mass Index (BMI) is lowered in partial and generalised lipodystrophy, and in LMNA or BSCL2, but not PPARG or AGPAT2 subgroups. Thiazolidinediones are associated with improved HbA1c and triglycerides in all lipodystrophy (n = 13), improved HbA1c in PPARG (n = 5), and improved triglycerides in LMNA (n = 7). In INSR-related IR, rhIGF-1, alone or with IGFBP3, is associated with improved HbA1c (n = 17). The small size or absence of other genotype-treatment combinations preclude firm conclusions. Conclusions: The evidence guiding genotype-specific treatment of monogenic IR is of low to very low quality. Metreleptin and Thiazolidinediones appear to improve metabolic markers in lipodystrophy, and rhIGF-1 appears to lower HbA1c in INSR-related IR. For other interventions, there is insufficient evidence to assess efficacy and risks in aggregated lipodystrophy or genetic subgroups. © This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US;foreig

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Correction: Wearable Digital Sensors to Identify Risks of Postpartum Depression and Personalize Psychological Treatment for Adolescent Mothers: Protocol for a Mixed methods Exploratory Study in Rural Nepal

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JMIR research protocols 2019年第10期8卷 e16837页

作者： Anubhuti Poudyal Alastair van Heerden Ashley Hagaman Sujen Man Maharjan Prabin Byanjankar Prasansa Subba Brandon A Kohrt Division of Global Mental Health Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC United States. Human and Social Development Human Sciences Research Council Pietermaritzburg South Africa. Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Yale School of Public Health Yale University New Haven CT United States. Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science Yale University New Haven CT United States. Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal Kathmandu Nepal. United Mission to Nepal Kathmandu Nepal.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/14734.].

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Correction to: The global summit on the efficacy and effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy for the prevention and treatment of non-musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of the literature

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Chiropractic & manual therapies 2021年第1期29卷 11页

作者： Pierre Côté Jan Hartvigsen Iben Axén Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde Melissa Corso Heather Shearer Jessica Wong Andrée-Anne Marchand J David Cassidy Simon French Gregory N Kawchuk Silvano Mior Erik Poulsen John Srbely Carlo Ammendolia Marc-André Blanchette Jason W Busse André Bussières Carolina Cancelliere Henrik Wulff Christensen Diana De Carvalho Katie De Luca Alister Du Rose Andreas Eklund Roger Engel Guillaume Goncalves Jeffrey Hebert Cesar A Hincapié Maria Hondras Amanda Kimpton Henrik Hein Lauridsen Stanley Innes Anne-Laure Meyer David Newell Søren O'Neill Isabelle Pagé Steven Passmore Stephen M Perle Jeffrey Quon Mana Rezai Maja Stupar Michael Swain Andrew Vitiello Kenneth Weber Kenneth J Young Hainan Yu Faculty of Health Sciences Ontario Tech University Oshawa Canada. pierre.cote@uoit.ca. Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation at Ontario Tech University and CMCC Oshawa Canada. pierre.cote@uoit.ca. Division of Epidemiology Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada. pierre.cote@uoit.ca. IHPME Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada. pierre.cote@uoit.ca. Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark. Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics Odense Denmark. Intervention & Implementation Research for Worker Health Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden. ELIB - et liv i bevegelse Oslo Norway. Department for Regional Health Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark. Faculty of Health Sciences Ontario Tech University Oshawa Canada. Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation at Ontario Tech University and CMCC Oshawa Canada. IHPME Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada. Division of Epidemiology Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada. Department de Chiropractique Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières Canada. Department of Chiropractic Faculty of Science and Engineering Macquarie University Sydney Australia. Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada. Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Toronto Canada. Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences University of Guelph Guelph Canada. Rebecca MacDonald Centre Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Canada. Department of Health Research Methods Evidence & Impact Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University Hamilton Canada. School of Physical & Occupational Therapy McGill University Montreal Canada. Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's Can

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

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