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Author Correction: Regulation of hnRNPA1 by micrornas controls the miR-18a-K-RAS axis in chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer

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Cell discovery 2023年第1期9卷 111页

作者： Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo Paloma Del C Monroig Roxana S Redis Emine Bayraktar Maria I Almeida Cristina Ivan Enrique Fuentes-Mattei Mohammed H Rashed Arturo Chavez-Reyes Bulent Ozpolat Rahul Mitra Anil K Sood George A Calin Gabriel Lopez-Berestein Department of Experimental Therapeutics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S) and Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB) University of Porto Porto Portugal. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Al-Azhar Cairo Egypt. Center for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV del IPN) Monterrey Mexico. Department of Gynecologic Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Department of Cancer Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Department of Experimental Therapeutics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. glopez@***. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. glopez@***. Department of Gynecologic Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. glopez@***.

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A Retrospective Analysis for Different Routes of Administration in Mice-Percutaneous Retro-Orbital, Jugular Catheter, Tail Vein and Femoral Cut Down Injections

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2020年第9期8卷 131-141页

作者： Priyanka Prathipati Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo Brian L Walton Anil K. Sood Jamieson Greaver Christopher F. Janssen Gabriel Lopez-Berestein Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation Center for Advanced Heart Failure University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA Department of Experimental Therapeutics University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Cancer Biology University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Gynecology Oncology & Reproductive Medicine University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Interdisciplinary Research Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA

Liposomes effectively transport fatty proteins to targeted tissues. Laboratory experiments use multiple methods to administer liposomes, but comparison of these methods is not available. In this retrospective study, we characterized and compared four intravenous administration routes (tail vein, jugular catheter, femoral vein and percutaneous retro-orbital injections) in murine models. ApoE^-/- mice were used to compare administration routes. Results indicate that the jugular catheter route delivered the highest amount of liposomes to tissues due to longer period of injections compared to other routes;however, this route failed to remain patent for 8/10 animals. Delivery via tail vein, femoral vein and percutaneous retro-orbital injections resulted in similar accumulation in the organs. When including technical difficulty and expense, percutaneous retro-orbital injections of liposomes are the most convenient and efficacious approach.

关键词： Femoral Vein Jugular Catheter Liposomes Retro-Orbital Tail Vein

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Micrornas in Primary Myelofibrosis

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Proceedings of the Singapore National Academy of Science 2020年第2期14卷 91-109页

作者： Roxana Manaila Vlad Moisoiu Erik Knutsen Mihnea P. Dragomir George A. Calin Clinical Institute of Urology and Renal Transplantation Cluj-Napoca Romania Contributed equally to this manuscript. Faculty of Physics Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania Department of Medical Biology Faculty of Health Sciences UiT — The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway Department of Surgery Fundeni Clinical Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest Romania Department of Experimental Therapeutics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell-derived malignancy, included in the heterogeneous group of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). PMF diagnosis is based on a composite assessment of clinical and laboratory data. The three major diagnostic criteria are: screening for driver mutations, exclusion of other conditions that can cause myelofibrosis, and bone marrow biopsy displaying megakaryocyte changes and fibrosis. PMF treatment options are only partially disease-modifying and consist mainly of symptom control. Recently, a new targeted therapy was introduced for PMF patients, JAK-STAT inhibitors (i.e. ruxolitinib). However, specific subgroups of patients do not benefit from the JAK-STAT inhibitors: (1) those who are carrying JAK2 mutations, but ruxolitinib does not reduce the spleen size; (2) triple negative patients (no JAK2 , CALR , or MPL mutations); and (3) those who discontinue JAK-STAT therapy because of side effects. These subgroups are in need of new therapeutic approaches. Mature micrornas (mirnas) range from 16 to 28 nucleotides (nt) in length and regulate specific messenger rnas at the post-transcriptional level. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have reported specific mirnas, as well as complex mirna networks, to be dysregulated in PMF. Several of these mirnas were shown to be implicated in essential events of PMF pathophysiology: increase of bone marrow fibrosis, progression to acute myeloid leukemia, resistance to JAK-STAT inhibitors, and activation of differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells into megakaryocytes. Hence, we propose mirnas as a potential minimally invasive diagnostic tool for PMF and as therapeutic targets that could address the unmet medical needs of these patients.

关键词： Primary myelofibrosis myeloproliferative neoplasms microrna network theory JAK-STAT inhibitors ruxolitinib miR-379/656 cluster microrna therapy

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PTMD: A Database of Human Disease-associated Post-translational Modifications

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2018年第4期16卷 244-251页

作者： Haodong Xu Yongbo Wang Shaofeng Lin Wankun Deng Di Peng Qinghua Cui Yu Xue Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Biomedical Informatics School of Basic Medical Sciences MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine Peking University

Various posttranslational modifications （PTMs） participate in nearly all aspects of biological processes by regulating protein functions, and aberrant states of PTMs are frequently implicated in human diseases. Therefore, an integral resource of PTM–disease associations （PDAs）would be a great help for both academic research and clinical use. In this work, we reported PTMD,a well-curated database containing PTMs that are associated with human diseases. We manually collected 1950 known PDAs in 749 proteins for 23 types of PTMs and 275 types of diseases from the literature. Database analyses show that phosphorylation has the largest number of disease associations, whereas neurologic diseases have the largest number of PTM associations. We classified all known PDAs into six classes according to the PTM status in diseases and demonstrated that the upregulation and presence of PTM events account for a predominant proportion of diseaseassociated PTM events. By reconstructing a disease–gene network, we observed that breast cancers have the largest number of associated PTMs and AKT1 has the largest number of PTMs connected to diseases. Finally, the PTMD database was developed with detailed annotations and can be a useful resource for further analyzing the relations between PTMs and human diseases. PTMD is freely accessible at http：//***.

关键词： Posttranslational modification Phosphorylation PTM-disease association Disease-gene network AKT1

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TP53 loss creates therapeutic vulnerability in colorectal cancer (vol 30, pg 697, 2015)

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NATURE 2021年第7875期597卷 E6-E6页

作者： Liu, Yunhua Zhang, Xinna Han, Cecil Wan, Guohui Huang, Xingxu Ivan, Cristina Jiang, Dahai Rodriguez-Aguayo, Cristian Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel Rao, Pulivarthi H. Maru, Dipen M. Pahl, Andreas He, Xiaoming Sood, Anil K. Ellis, Lee M. Anderl, Jan Lu, Xiongbin Department of Cancer Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Gynaecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston USA Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Experimental Therapeutics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China Department of Paediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA Department of Pathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Heidelberg Pharma GmbH Ladenburg Germany Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA Department of Surgical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA

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Correction to: Engineered probiotics

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Microbial cell factories 2022年第1期21卷 93页

作者： Junheng Ma Yuhong Lyu Xin Liu Xu Jia Fangyun Cui Xiaoheng Wu Shanshan Deng Changwu Yue Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation Medical College Yan'an University Yan'an 716000 Shaanxi China. Non‑Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Medical College Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China. School of Public Health Chengdu Medical College Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China. School of Basic Medical Sciences Chengdu Medical College Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China. Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center Luoyang 471000 Henan China. Non‑Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Medical College Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China. dssjx@***. Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation Medical College Yan'an University Yan'an 716000 Shaanxi China. changwuyue@***.

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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Biomechanical research using advanced micro-nano devices: In-Vitro cell Characterization focus

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Journal of Advanced Research 2024年

作者： Yan, Shiqiang Lu, Yan An, Changming Hu, Wanglai Chen, Yaofeng Li, Ziwen Wei, Wenbo Chen, Zongzheng Zeng, Xianhai Xu, Wei Lv, Zhenghua Pan, Fan Gao, Wei Wu, Yongyan Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital Guangdong Shenzhen 518172 China Center of Cancer Immunology Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery The First Hospital Jinzhou Medical University Liaoning Jinzhou 121001 China Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Shanxi Taiyuan 030001 China Department of Head and Neck Surgery National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100021 China Translational Research Institute People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Science Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer Zhengzhou University Henan Zhengzhou 450003 China Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Shenzhen University Guangdong Shenzhen 518055 China College of Chemistry & Pharmacy Northwest A&F University Shaanxi Yangling 712100 China The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Guangdong Shenzhen 518035 China Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Shandong University Shandong Jinan 250022 China

Background: Cells in the body reside in a dynamic microenvironment subjected to various physical stimuli, where mechanical stimulation plays a crucial role in regulating cellular physiological behaviors and functions. Aim of Review: Investigating the mechanisms and interactions of mechanical transmission is essential for understanding the physiological and functional interplay between cells and physical stimuli. Therefore, establishing an in vitro biomechanical stimulation cell culture system holds significant importance for research related to cellular biomechanics. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: In this review, we primarily focused on various biomechanically relevant cell culture systems and highlighted the advancements and prospects in their preparation processes. Firstly, we discussed the types and characteristics of biomechanics present in the microenvironment within the human body. Subsequently, we introduced the research progress, working principles, preparation processes, potential advantages, applications, and challenges of various biomechanically relevant in vitro cell culture systems. Additionally, we summarized and categorized currently commercialized biomechanically relevant cell culture systems, offering a comprehensive reference for researchers in related fields. © 2024

关键词： Biomechanical stimulation Cell culture systems Cellular biomechanics In vitro models Microenvironment

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Fatty Acid Binding Protein-4 Silencing Attenuates Atherosclerosis Progression by Affecting Macrophage Apoptosis and Autophagy

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2019年第7期7卷 99-109页

作者： Siqin Zhaorigetu Priyanka Prathipati Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo Brian L. Walton Anil K. Sood Gabriel Berestein-Lopez Department of Pediatric Surgery Center for Advanced Heart Failure University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation Center for Advanced Heart Failure University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA Department of Experimental Therapeutics The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Cancer Biology The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Gynecology Oncology & Reproductive Medicine The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA

Background: Atherosclerosis, which is the principal cause of heart attacks and strokes, is the leading cause of death in the United States. Various biological processes such as apoptosis and autophagy are involved in almost every stage of atherosclerosis, which could lead to plaque instability causing stroke and death. Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipokine released by macrophages and is involved in multiple disease conditions including stroke. However, the association of FABP4 with macrophage apoptosis and autophagy in atherosclerosis has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that silencing FABP4 protein could be a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate macrophage apoptosis and autophagy thereby minimizing plaque instability in atherosclerosis. Methods: RAW264 mouse macrophage cells were transfected with sirna control liposome quantum dots (QD), siFABP4 liposome QD at the concentration of 150 μg/ml total lipids, or TNF-α at 100 ng/ml. Western blot and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis were completed. Results: Inhibiting the translation of FABP4 blocked the apoptotic pathway as evidenced from the increased expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-xL and BCL-2 along with reduced expression of BAX and activated Caspase 3 levels. Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels were also reduced with knocking down FABP4 indicating the attenuation of autophagy. Conclusion: Targeting FABP4 protects against macrophage processes associated with the progression of atherosclerosis.

关键词： Atherosclerosis Apoptosis Liposomes Macrophages FABP4

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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