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An Adaptable Algorithm for Optimizing Bus Line Distribution Using the Clustering Method

Wireless Personal Communications 2024年第4期134卷 2347-2370页

作者： Sheikhi, Fatemeh Rahmani, Amir Masoud Computer Engineering Department Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran Future Technology Research Center National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou64002 Taiwan

The current fleet of cars requires reevaluation, upgrades, and replacement in response to the expanding human population, the increase in urban traffic volume, and the elevated levels of air pollution attributed to vehicular emissions. In densely populated cities, bus routes effectively compete with private transportation, optimize user accessibility, and provide access to all urban residents. This study proposes a novel method for optimizing bus routes, encompassing four primary processes: preprocessing, site clustering, ridership prediction, and optimization. The clustering process employs the K-means technique to classify available bus stops based on their geographical information. The suggested method utilizes an artificial neural network model to forecast the number of passengers at different locations. Subsequently, the bee colony optimization algorithm is implemented to determine bus frequencies and achieve an optimal distribution of buses across various traffic lines. Results obtained using a real traffic line dataset indicate a 32% increase in traffic fleet capacity and a 22.33% reduction in passenger waiting time upon application of the proposed method. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Data mining

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Multilevel Self-Training Approach for Cross-Domain Semantic Segmentation in Intelligent Vehicles

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IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2024年第1期16卷 148-161页

作者： Chen, Yung-Yao Jhong, Sin-Ye National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Smart Electric Vehicle Research Center Taipei106335 Taiwan National Cheng Kung University Department of Engineering Science Tainan City701 Taiwan

The use of intelligent vehicle technology is increasing;however, this technology requires further improvement. Semantic segmentation enables intelligent vehicles to understand the environment. Although advances have been achieved in a deep learning model for semantic segmentation, large-scale real-world datasets with manual pixel-level annotations, which are expensive, are required for adequately training these models. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation enables training on a synthetic source domain and allows a model to be adapted to the real-world target domain without target domain annotations. Self-training is a highly effective UDA method;however, current UDA methods struggle to shift domains effectively and rely heavily on aggressive image-based perturbations for consistency training, resulting in poor-quality pseudolabels during the early training phase and decreased training efficiency. Therefore, we propose a novel multilevel self-training UDA method for semantic segmentation. First, a feature guidance and resampling strategy is adopted to improve the learning of rare classes in the source domain, and a spatial-aware mixing method is then used for gradually and smoothly eliminating the domain gap through training in various cross-domain intermediate spaces. In addition, we developed an instance and prototype feature consistency technique that explores optimization in the feature space to improve the training process by increasing model consistency. We conducted large-scale experiments on two challenging UDA benchmarks, 'GTA5-to-Cityscapes' and 'SYNTHIA-to-Cityscapes.' Our method achieved similar or superior performance to that of previously developed UDA methods for semantic segmentation and has advantages in terms of training stability and convergence efficiency. © 2009-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Semantics

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Comparative Analysis of CNN Models for Multiclass Detection on Colon Disease 9

Comparative Analysis of CNN Models for Multiclass Detection ...

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9th International Conference on Information Technology and Digital Applications, ICITDA 2024

作者： Sulistyawan, Jason Sebastian Nugroho, Kuncahyo Setyo Isnan, Mahmud Pardamean, Bens Binus Graduate Program Bina Nusantara University Computer Science Department Jakarta11480 Indonesia Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia School of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University Computer Science Department Jakarta11480 Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9798331510732

Gastrointestinal diseases are significant health concerns that mostly affect the digestive and biliary tracts. These can only be observed internally through endoscopy, or a modern approach named Wireless Capsule Endoscopy. Though the approach has proven to work, the process relies heavily on medical experts, which is prone to error when given a considerably large load. The use of deep learning in detecting diseases with images has been proven to work in various cases and can be implemented for gastrointestinal diseases. This study compared four deep learning models based on Convolutional Neural Network architectures consisting of the VGG16, ResNet152V2, InceptionV3, and Xception for classifying colon disease images. The experiment showed that the ResNet152V2 performed the best, compared to the other three with a testing accuracy score of 0.9837. On the other hand, the VGG16 had the lowest performance with around accuracy score of 0.89 while the Xception and InceptionV3models yielded similar accuracy scores of 0.9587 and 0.9549, respectively. The results highlight the effectiveness of ResNet152V2 in handling the complexity of colon disease detection © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Automatic Multiple Choice Question Generation: A Systematic Literature Review 9

Automatic Multiple Choice Question Generation: A Systematic ...

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9th International Conference on Information Technology and Digital Applications, ICITDA 2024

作者： Henry, Matthew Martianus Heryanto, Nur Adhianti Isnan, Mahmud Nugroho, Kuncahyo Setyo Pardamean, Bens Bina Nusantara University Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center Jakarta11480 Indonesia School of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University Computer Science Department Jakarta11480 Indonesia Bina Nusantara University Binus Graduate Program Computer Science Department Jakarta11480 Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9798331510732

Despite their drawbacks, multiple-choice questions (MCQ) have been widely used to assess the students' understanding of lectures through examinations. The development of automatic MCQ generation is beneficial, especially for educators. As a starting point for further development, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is conducted to uncover current trends, future challenges, and opportunities in automatic MCQ generation. Previously, an SLR was conducted, but it lacks coverage of the utilization of transformer-based models. This SLR covers the development of automatic MCQ generation using either traditional or advanced approaches such as Transformers. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework was used to gather the data from Scopus, IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, arXiv, and Semantic Scholar. The included articles must be open-access computer science conference papers or journal articles and written in English less than five years ago. Four independent reviewers analyzed the research workflow, evaluation metric, and dataset used in each study. There are 18 included studies, where 17% (n = 3) studies are from 2024, 33% (n = 6) studies are from 2023, 22% (n = 4) studies are from 2022, 11% (n = 2) studies are from 2021, and 17% (n = 3) studies are from 2020. There are 33% (n = 6) of the studies used the traditional feature-based engineering approach, 39% (n = 7) of the studies used the Transformer-based model fine-tuning approach, and the remaining used novel approaches. The study found that BERT variants are the most utilized Transformer-based model in automatic MCQ. The research notes some challenges, but also open various opportunities for further research, including Large Language Model (LLM) utilization for automatic MCQ generation, the utilization BERT-based models for standardized machine-learned evaluation metrics, and the initiative for the creation of an MCQ dataset benchmark. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Semantics

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A Heuristic for Direct Product Graph Decomposition

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Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications 2023年第7期27卷 581-601页

作者： Calderoni, Luca Margara, Luciano Marzolla, Moreno Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of Bologna Italy Center for Inter-Department Industrial Research ICT Università di Bologna Italy

In this paper we describe a heuristic for decomposing a directed graph into factors according to the direct product (also known as Kronecker, cardinal or tensor product). Given a directed, unweighted graph G with adjacency matrix Adj(G), our heuristic aims at identifying two graphs G1 and G2 such that G = G1 × G2, where G1 × G2 is the direct product of G1 and G2. For undirected, connected graphs it has been shown that graph decomposition is "at least as difficult" as graph isomorphism;therefore, polynomial-time algorithms for decomposing a general directed graph into factors are unlikely to exist. Although graph factorization is a problem that has been extensively investigated, the heuristic proposed in this paper represents – to the best of our knowledge – the first computational approach for general directed, unweighted graphs. We have implemented our algorithm using the MATLAB environment;we report on a set of experiments that show that the proposed heuristic solves reasonably-sized instances in a few seconds on general-purpose hardware. Although the proposed heuristic is not guaranteed to find a factorization, even if one exists;however, it always succeeds on all the randomly-generated instances used in the experimental evaluation. © 2023, Brown University. All rights reserved.

关键词： Directed graphs

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A Robust Key Exchange and Tamper-Resistant Protocol for HAN and NAN Networks in Smart Grids

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第12期12卷 21394-21403页

作者： Ayub, Muhammad Faizan Li, Xiong Mahmood, Khalid Shamshad, Salman Das, Ashok Kumar Wang, Guijuan University of Electronic Science and Technology of China School of Computer Science and Engineering Sichuan Chengdu611731 China National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Graduate School of Intelligent Data Science Yunlin Douliu64002 Taiwan The University of Lahore Department of Software Engineering Lahore54590 Pakistan International Institute of Information Technology Center for Security Theory and Algorithmic Research Hyderabad500 032 India Korea University College of Informatics Department of Computer Science and Engineering Anam-ro Seoul145 Korea Republic of Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education Shandong Computer Science Center Jinan250353 China Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security Jinan250353 China

Smart Grids (SG) rely on Home Area Networks (HAN) and Neighborhood Area Networks (NAN) to ensure efficient power distribution, real-time monitoring, and seamless communication between smart devices. Despite these advantages, the use of public communication channels in HAN and NAN networks introduces critical challenges, such as vulnerability to impersonation, physical tampering, and scalability issues in resource-constrained environments. These issues compromise the stability, reliability, and security of SG environments. Existing protocols often fail to adequately address these challenges, particularly in ensuring resistance to physical tampering of supply lines and impersonation attacks. Additionally, they struggle to minimize the computation, communication, and energy costs associated with securing a resource-constrained SG environment. Therefore, we propose a robust key exchange and tamper-resistant protocol for HAN and NAN networks to address these limitations. The proposed protocol leverages the Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) mechanism to offer physical tampering resistance to smart meters. We validate our protocol formally using the Random or Real (RoR) model, which confirms its security robustness. Additionally, our informal security analysis highlights the protocol's resilience against impersonation, physical tampering attacks, etc. We analyze and compare the performance of the proposed protocol, which further demonstrates our protocol's effectiveness and security compared to competing protocols. Moreover, the proposed protocol achieves resource efficiency with 45.99% and 58.85% substantial reductions in computation overhead and energy overhead, respectively, compared to competing protocols. These results showcase the protocol's enhanced security and practicality for resource-constrained SG environments. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Authentication Protocol

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Med-Tuning: A New Parameter-Efficient Tuning Framework for Medical Volumetric Segmentation 7

Med-Tuning: A New Parameter-Efficient Tuning Framework for M...

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7th International Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning, MIDL 2024

作者： Shen, Jiachen Wang, Wenxuan Chen, Chen Jiao, Jianbo Liu, Jing Zhang, Yan Song, Shanshan Li, Jiangyun School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing China Center for Research in Computer Vision University of Central Florida United States School of Computer Science University of Birmingham United Kingdom Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences China

The "pre-training then fine-tuning (FT)" paradigm is widely adopted to boost the model performance of deep learning-based methods for medical volumetric segmentation. However, conventional full FT incurs high computational and memory costs. Thus, it is of increasing importance to fine-tune pre-trained models for medical volumetric segmentation tasks in a both effective and parameter-efficient manner. In this paper, we introduce a new framework named Med-Tuning to realize parameter-efficient tuning (PET) for medical volumetric segmentation task and an efficient plug-and-play module named Med-Adapter for task-specific feature extraction. With a small number of tuned parameters, our framework enhances the 2D baselines’s precision on segmentation tasks, which are pre-trained on natural images. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (CT and MRI modalities) show that our method achieves better results than previous PET methods on volumetric segmentation tasks. Compared to full FT, Med-Tuning reduces the fine-tuned model parameters by up to 4×, with even better segmentation performance. Our project webpage is at https://***/Med-Tuning/. © 2024 CC-BY 4.0, J. Shen, W. Wang, C. Chen, J. Jiao, J. Liu, Y. Zhang, S. Song & J. Li.

关键词： Image enhancement

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Aspect-Based Sentiment Classification of Online Product Reviews Using Hybrid Lexicon-Machine Learning Approach 1

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6th International Conference on Applied Machine Learning and Data Analytics, AMLDA 2023

作者： Asuquo, Daniel Attai, Kingsley Usip, Patience George, Uduak Osang, Francis Department of Computer Science Faculty of Science University of Uyo Uyo Nigeria TETFund Center of Excellence in Computational Intelligence Research UNIUYO Uyo Nigeria Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Ritman University IkotEkpene Ikot Ekpene Nigeria Department of Computer Science National Open University of Nigeria Abuja Nigeria

ISBN: (数字)9783031554865

ISBN: (纸本)9783031554858

Nowadays, a good number of customers express their experience with online products. These reviews have an important role in customers’ purchase decision process. There may be hundreds or thousands of unstructured and heterogeneous reviews for a popular product. Traditional text processing techniques have limited capability in extracting opinions on customers’ product reviews from huge data over the Internet. Although lexical approaches aim to map words to sentiments by building a lexicon, the process of developing a lexicon with sentiment scores for phrases and sentences becomes tedious and time consuming as data volume increases. Currently, text sentiment analysis requires fast and accurate techniques to decode and quantify the emotion in tweets. This paper presents a hybrid framework based on lexicon and machine learning (ML) algorithms to train previously seen tweets in order to predict the sentiments of some new input tweets into positive, negative, and neutral polarities. Tweepy library was used to extract tweets on Laptop reviews to identify some aspects and classify sentiments towards them into specific polarity. After data pre-processing, the implementation in Python used Natural Language Processing package called TextBlob to assign subjectivity and polarity scores to text. The scores were used by the ML algorithms to analyze and classify sentiments. A dataset of 2226 tweets was used for training and testing Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Naïve Bayes classifiers. Results indicate that Random Forest classifier outperforms others in the task of classifying sentiments on Laptop reviews with the highest accuracy (96%), precision (97%), and F1-score (96%). © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.

关键词： Python

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Automatic question generation for bahasa indonesia examination using copynet 9th

Automatic question generation for bahasa indonesia examinati...

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9th International Conference on computer science and Computational Intelligence, ICCSCI 2024

作者： Henry, Matthew Martianus Elwirehardja, Gregorius Natanael Pardamean, Bens Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia Computer Science Department School of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia Computer Science Department BINUS Graduate Program Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia

In educational institutions, an educator is responsible for assessing the student's knowledge grasp through examination. Creating exam questions, even the low-level factoid questions, is time-consuming, especially for inexperienced educators. Therefore, this study aims to create a sequence-to-sequence model using CopyNet by exploiting its copying mechanism advantage to automatically generate Bahasa Indonesia factoid questions to ease the educator's burden. Indonesian records in the TyDi QA dataset are used as the model input. GRU and Bi-GRU are employed as the CopyNet encoder, while LSTM is used as the CopyNet decoder. The model that utilizes GRU as the encoder achieves BLEU1, BLEU2, BLEU3, BLEU4, and ROUGE-L scores of 0.28, 0.19, 0.14, 0.1, and 0.32, respectively. Bi-GRU utilization as the model encoder achieves BLEU1, BLEU2, BLEU3, BLEU4, and ROUGE-L scores of 0.26, 0.17, 0.12, 0.09, and 0.30, respectively. Models using either encoder still achieve low scores. However, compared with the previous work, the result is still on par regarding the BLEU score. Further examination found that the generated questions do not adhere to semantic and syntactical correctness. Adding more records to the dataset and utilizing a more advanced architecture like CopyBERT are encouraged to improve the model performance in future work. Despite the result, this study has shown that CopyNet, primarily designed for text summarization or single-turn dialogue, can be tailored for factoid question generation. © 2024 The Authors.

关键词： Semantics

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Reference Trustable Decoding: A Training-Free Augmentation Paradigm for Large Language Models 38

Reference Trustable Decoding: A Training-Free Augmentation P...

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38th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2024

作者： Shi, Luohe Yao, Yao Li, Zuchao Zhang, Lefei Zhao, Hai National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software School of Computer Science Wuhan University Wuhan430072 China Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University China

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced and demonstrated impressive capabilities. In-Context Learning (ICL) and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) are currently two mainstream methods for augmenting LLMs to downstream tasks. ICL typically constructs a few-shot learning scenario, either manually or by setting up a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system, helping models quickly grasp domain knowledge or question-answering patterns without changing model parameters. However, this approach involves trade-offs, such as slower inference speed and increased space occupancy. PEFT assists the model in adapting to tasks through minimal parameter modifications, but the training process still demands high hardware requirements, even with a small number of parameters involved. To address these challenges, we propose Reference Trustable Decoding (RTD), a paradigm that allows models to quickly adapt to new tasks without fine-tuning, maintaining low inference costs. RTD constructs a reference datastore from the provided training examples and optimizes the LLM's final vocabulary distribution by flexibly selecting suitable references based on the input, resulting in more trustable responses and enabling the model to adapt to downstream tasks at a low cost. Experimental evaluations on various LLMs using different benchmarks demonstrate that RTD establishes a new paradigm for augmenting models to downstream tasks. Furthermore, our method exhibits strong orthogonality with traditional methods, allowing for concurrent usage. Our code can be found at https://***/ShiLuohe/ReferenceTrustableDecoding. © 2024 Neural information processing systems foundation. All rights reserved.

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