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Blockchain-Enabled Secure, Fair and Scalable Data Sharing in Zero-Trust Edge-End Environment

IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2025年第6期43卷 2056-2069页

作者： Xu, Xiaolong Meng, Ke Xiang, Haolong Cui, Guangming Xia, Xiaoyu Dou, Wanchun Nanjing210044 China Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology School of Software and the Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Advanced Computing and Intelligent Services Nanjing210044 China RMIT University School of Computing Technologies MelbourneVIC3000 Australia Nanjing University State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing210023 China

In edge computing, the Zero-Trust Security Model (ZTSM), as a key enabling technology for next-generation networks, plays a crucial role in providing authentication for addressing data sharing concerns, such as frequent data breaches, data misuse, and cyberattacks. However, due to the complexity and diversity of edge environments, ZTSM struggles to meet the security requirements of data sharing frameworks solely through enhanced authentication. Consequently, such frameworks with ZTSM still face challenges in ensuring data integrity, evaluating various node behaviors, and coping with the increasing complexity of node attributes. To address these issues, we propose a blockchain-enabled secure, fair and scalable data sharing framework in a zero-trust edge-end environment in this paper. Specifically, we first propose a Merkle forest-based data storage model for the classified storage of loosely coupled data, consequently enhancing the scalability of the model. Then, we design a node behavior-based reputation assessment mechanism to ensure fairness during data sharing. Moreover, a data sharing protocol supervised by smart contract is proposed, working with the aforementioned storage and assessment schemes, to ensure the security of data sharing. Finally, comprehensive security analysis validates the security, fairness and scalability of the proposed framework. Extensive experimental results show that, as transaction volume grows, the time cost of data traversal in the storage model becomes progressively more efficient. Additionally, when the size of the smart contract is increased tenfold, the maximum time cost of the data sharing protocol rises by only 4.98 times. © 1983-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Data integrity

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SpikingMiniLM: energy-efficient spiking transformer for natural language understanding

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第10期67卷 115-128页

作者： Jiayu ZHANG Jiangrong SHEN Zeke WANG Qinghai GUO Rui YAN Gang PAN Huajin TANG College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence Zhejiang University Collaborative Innovation Center of Artificial Intelligence Zhejiang University Advanced Computing and Storage Laboratory Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration Zhejiang University

In the era of large-scale pretrained models, artificial neural networks（ANNs） have excelled in natural language understanding（NLU） tasks. However, their success often necessitates substantial computational resources and energy consumption. To address this, we explore the potential of spiking neural networks（SNNs） in NLU——a promising avenue with demonstrated advantages, including reduced power consumption and improved efficiency due to their event-driven characteristics. We propose the SpikingMiniLM,a novel spiking Transformer model tailored for natural language understanding. We first introduce a multi-step encoding method to convert text embeddings into spike trains. Subsequently, we redesign the attention mechanism and residual connections to make our model operate on the pure spike-based paradigm without any normalization technique. To facilitate stable and fast convergence, we propose a general parameter initialization method grounded in the stable firing rate principle. Furthermore, we apply an ANN-to-SNN knowledge distillation to overcome the challenges of pretraining SNNs. Our approach achieves a macro-average score of 75.5 on the dev sets of the GLUE benchmark, retaining 98% of the performance exhibited by the teacher model MiniLMv2. Our smaller model also achieves similar performance to BERTMINIwith fewer parameters and much lower energy consumption, underscoring its competitiveness and resource efficiency in NLU tasks.

关键词： spiking neural networks natural language understanding spiking Transformer spike-based attention multi-step encoding ANN-to-SNN distillation

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Large magnetoresistance in a quantum dot between two reservoirs with spin accumulation

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Physical Review B 2025年第10期111卷 104407-104407页

作者： R. Jansen S. Yuasa Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan

A few-electron quantum dot is shown to exhibit a millionfold magnetoresistance if the source and drain electron reservoirs have spin accumulations ΔμS and ΔμD that are induced and controlled by two ferromagnetic contacts. If ΔμS and ΔμD have the same sign, a single-electron spin is trapped on the quantum dot and the current vanishes due to Pauli spin blockade between the single quantum dot and the spin-polarized reservoirs. Charge can flow freely when ΔμS and ΔμD are antiparallel. Transport calculations for sequential tunneling show that when the thermal energy is small compared to the singlet-triplet splitting energy, the current on/off ratio is above 106 for Si quantum dots. The device can operate as a spin transistor with huge magnetoresistance, but can also readily be switched to operate as a spin qubit by reconfiguring the source-drain bias and the gate voltage.

关键词： Nanocrystals

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Chaotic magnetization dynamics driven by feedback magnetic field

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Physical Review B 2024年第21期109卷 214412-214412页

作者： Tomohiro Taniguchi National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies Ibaraki Tsukuba 305-8568 Japan

An excitation of highly nonlinear, complex magnetization dynamics in a ferromagnet, for example chaos, is a new research target in spintronics. This technology is applied to practical applications such as random number generators and information processing systems. One way to induce complex dynamics is applying feedback effect to the ferromagnet. The role of the feedback electric current on the magnetization dynamics was studied in the past. However, there is another way to apply feedback effect to the ferromagnet, namely feedback magnetic field. In this paper, we developed both numerical and theoretical analyses on the role of the feedback magnetic field causing complex magnetization dynamics. The numerical simulation indicates the change of the dynamical behavior from a simple oscillation with a unique frequency to complex dynamics such as amplitude modulation and chaos. The theoretical analyses on the equation of motion qualitatively explain several features found in the numerical simulations, exemplified as an appearance of multipeak structure in the Fourier spectra. The difference of the role of the feedback electric current and magnetic field is also revealed from the theoretical analyses.

关键词： Chaos Spintronics Magnetic multilayers Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert equation Thiele equation

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Thermally robust electrically reversible spin selection in a quantum dot qubit with double reservoir spin accumulations

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Physical Review Applied 2024年第5期22卷 054049-054049页

作者： R. Jansen S. Yuasa Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan

Spin selection is explored for a quantum dot spin qubit with spin accumulations ΔμS and ΔμD in the source and drain reservoir, created by ferromagnetic contacts. If ΔμS and ΔμD have opposite signs, a single electron can be trapped on the quantum dot in two opposite spin states, depending on the source-drain voltage. The selected spin is then electrically reversible and with low error rates for temperatures up to above 4 K. If ΔμS and ΔμD have the same sign, the spin selectivity is enhanced and persists up to even higher temperature than for a spin qubit with spin accumulation in only one of the reservoirs. These results offer opportunities to improve and electrically control spin qubit initialization and readout at elevated temperature.

关键词： Electric field effects Quantum information with solid state qubits Spin accumulation Spintronics Quantum dots Qubits Semiconductors Spin

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Feedback voltage driven chaos in a three-terminal spin-torque oscillator

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Physical Review B 2024年第13期110卷 134403页

作者： Tomohiro Taniguchi National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan

In this work, we report an excitation of chaos and a nontrivial magnetization switching via transient chaos in a three-terminal spin-torque oscillator (STO). The driving force of the chaos is a voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect generated by a feedback signal from the STO since the feedback effect is known to be effective in exciting chaos in a dynamical system. Solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation numerically and applying temporal and statistical analyses to its solution, the existence of the chaos driven by the feedback VCMA effect is identified. Simultaneously, however, transient chaos is also observed, where the magnetization initially shows chaotic behavior but finally switches its direction. This transient dynamics from chaos to magnetization switching was unexpected because the sign of the feedback VCMA effect was chosen so that the switching current increases and, as a result, the situation rather favors the condition for sustaining chaos. It is implied that this switching happens when narrowing a stable region of the magnetic potential energy by the feedback effect and magnetization precession pointing to a saddle point coincidentally occur simultaneously.

关键词： Chaos Spintronics Magnetic multilayers Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert equation

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Write-error reduction in voltage-driven magnetization switching using a recording layer with low magnetic damping

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Physical Review Applied 2024年第5期21卷 054008-054008页

作者： Tatsuya Yamamoto Tomohiro Ichinose Takayuki Nozaki Shingo Tamaru Kay Yakushiji Hitoshi Kubota Shinji Yuasa National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan

We develop perpendicularly magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions consisting of a recording layer exhibiting a low magnetic damping to investigate the influence of magnetic damping on the write-error rate of voltage-driven magnetization switching. The effective magnetic damping is reduced to about one-third that of a conventional Ta/Co−Fe−B/MgO recording layer by eliminating the spin pumping effect. The low magnetic damping contributes to a 3-orders-of-magnitude reduction in the write-error rate for the longer write pulses, which is explained by the suppression of thermal fluctuation during the switching process. The low magnetic damping also enables a long period of magnetization precession to control the dynamics via the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy effect.

关键词： Fluctuations & noise Magnetic anisotropy Magnetization switching Magnetoelectric effect Spin pumping Devices for digital logic, storage & processing Magnetic multilayers Magnetic tunnel junctions

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Proposal & Demonstration of Low Current SOT-MRAM based on Brand New Mechanism for Retention Energy of Strain-Induced Magnetic Anisotropy

Proposal & Demonstration of Low Current SOT-MRAM based on Br...

引用

2022 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Applications, VLSI-TSA 2022

作者： Yoda, Hiroaki Yakushiji, Kay Fukushima, Akio Spin-Orbitronics Technologies Inc. Tsukuba Japan Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan

Brand new mechanism of strain-induced magnetic anisotropy is proposed to secure retention energy while keeping writing current small for SOT-MRAM. The new mechanism succeeded in making switching current threshold inde... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409230

关键词： Magnetic recording

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Boolean Variation and Boolean Logic BackPropagation

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Nguyen, Van Minh Intelligent Computing and Communication Research Advanced Wireless Technology Laboratory Paris Research Center Huawei Technologies France

The notion of variation is introduced for the Boolean set and based on which Boolean logic backpropagation principle is developed. Using this concept, deep models can be built with weights and activations being Boolean numbers and operated with Boolean logic instead of real arithmetic. In particular, Boolean deep models can be trained directly in the Boolean domain without latent weights. No gradient but logic is synthesized and backpropagated through layers. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Backpropagation

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Magnetic control of heat generation in a magnetic tunnel contact with spin accumulation

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Physical Review B 2022年第18期106卷 184421-184421页

作者： R. Jansen A. Spiesser S. Yuasa Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan

It is described how the heat generation by an electrical current in a ferromagnetic tunnel contact to a nonmagnetic material depends on the spin accumulation in the nonmagnetic electrode for both Joule and Peltier heating. This enables the control of the heating in the tunnel contact by an external applied magnetic field that induces spin precession of the spin accumulation. Thereby, a Hanle type of spin signal is imprinted in the heating power. We derive expressions for the magnitude and sign of the magnetic-field-dependent heating power for Joule and Peltier heating, and discuss the important parameters. For contacts with small resistance-area product, the spin accumulation provides the dominant contribution to the Joule heating power, which can therefore be modulated by more than a factor of 2 with a magnetic field. The described phenomenon can also produce genuine spin signals in various devices, including nonlocal lateral spin valves.

关键词： Spin accumulation Spin caloritronics Spin current Thermomagnetic effects Tunnel junctions

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