Despite the rich depository of empirical knowledge on programming and softwareengineering, the theoretical model of programs is still unknown. This paper presents an embedded relational model (ERM) for describing the...
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Despite the rich depository of empirical knowledge on programming and softwareengineering, the theoretical model of programs is still unknown. This paper presents an embedded relational model (ERM) for describing the nature of programs. ERM provides a unified mathematical treatment of programs, which reveals that a program is a large and finite set of embedded binary relations between a given current statement and all previous ones that formed the semantic context or environment of computing. According to the ERM model, a program is a composed listing and a logical combination of multiple statements according to certain composing rules. A set of 17 meta statements and a set of 17 compositional relations in computing are elicited in real-time process algebra (RTPA). Based on the ERM model, a set of mathematical laws of programming is formally established
Real-time process algebra (RTPA) is a set of mathematical notations for rigorous system specification. The RTPA notation has a structure comprising of operands, primitive types, abstract data types, control logic, and...
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Real-time process algebra (RTPA) is a set of mathematical notations for rigorous system specification. The RTPA notation has a structure comprising of operands, primitive types, abstract data types, control logic, and relationships. It is capable to effectively capture a system design in terms of its architecture, static behaviors, and dynamic behaviors. However, the preferred approach to codify system definition is through visualization in the form of UML. Although UML has expressive graphical constructs that is easily understood, it is generally viewed as being informal. This paper proposes an automatic transformation between UML and RTPA. A transformation template is in the form of an UML profile to be used in the design of a system, which is an extension mechanism that allows specialization of the UML for a particular domain. The approach is based upon understanding RTPA and UML constructs and proceeds to identify, characterize, and rank semantic relationships in order to construct an optimal translation. The semantic relationship refers to the distance between RTPA and UML constructs and uses a linguistic distance measure that is reliable and sufficient for determining correspondence. Ultimately, the transformation template becomes a schema to transform UML system models into RTPA notation
Constraints of softwareengineering are inherent by its intangibility, complexity, and diversity. A comprehensive set of 14 basic constraints of softwareengineering are identified in this paper, which can be classifi...
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Constraints of softwareengineering are inherent by its intangibility, complexity, and diversity. A comprehensive set of 14 basic constraints of softwareengineering are identified in this paper, which can be classified into three categories known as the cognitive, organizational, and resource constraints. The relationships between the three categories of basic constraints of softwareengineering can be described by the softwareengineering constraint model (SECM). A set of 31 fundamental principles for softwareengineering as the key measures for coping with the basic constraints is identified. A mapping between the softwareengineering constraints and measures is developed, which can be used as a guideline for allocating certain softwareengineering methodologies for coping with a given problem in a softwareengineering projects
The cognitive models of information representation and the mechanisms of long-term memory are fundamental research areas in cognitive informatics. This paper develops an object-attribute-relation (OAR) model for descr...
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The cognitive models of information representation and the mechanisms of long-term memory are fundamental research areas in cognitive informatics. This paper develops an object-attribute-relation (OAR) model for describing knowledge and information representation in the brain. According to the OAR model, the human memory and knowledge are represented by relations, i.e. synaptic connections between neurons, rather than by the neurons themselves as the traditional container metaphor described. Based on the OAR model, human knowledge can be formally described as dynamic conjunctions of the existing OAR and the newly identified or generated objects, attributes, and/or relations. The OAR model can be used to explain a wide range of cognitive mechanisms and mental processes in natural and artificial intelligences such as learning, comprehension, and reasoning
This paper describes the formal specification of the time management subsystem of a real-time operating system. Real-time process algebra (RTPA) is adopted to formally specify the system. The architecture, static beha...
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This paper describes the formal specification of the time management subsystem of a real-time operating system. Real-time process algebra (RTPA) is adopted to formally specify the system. The architecture, static behaviors, and dynamic behaviors of a CPU time manager are systematically specified that form an abstract model of the system. The formal specifications are implemented in C, on which the system performance can be tested and verified
In this paper, we examine some of the challenges concerning error correction and multi-hop communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We consider Bose, Chaudhuri and Hoquenghem (BCH) codes with different codewo...
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In this paper, we examine some of the challenges concerning error correction and multi-hop communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We consider Bose, Chaudhuri and Hoquenghem (BCH) codes with different codeword lengths and error correction capabilities. In contrast with previous works, that implement coding algorithm in hardware and consequently used hardware energy profiling, in this work we consider a more realistic assumption that the node's mu-processor performs coding and energy consumption of decoding is measured using JouleTrack. Energy efficiency is used as the performance metric for communication and the interaction of multi-hop communication and coding is investigated. Simulation results show that communicating long packets is more energy efficient. If communication is multi-hop with sufficient number of hops, then, the uncoded system is beneficial. However, coding is inevitable in the case where intermediate nodes, when needed, are not available
This paper presents a collaborative work theory for explaining the mythic man-month in software project organization. A mathematical model of the mechanisms and behaviors of group workload in softwareengineering is c...
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This paper presents a collaborative work theory for explaining the mythic man-month in software project organization. A mathematical model of the mechanisms and behaviors of group workload in softwareengineering is created, which reveals the transformability between labor and time in softwareengineering projects. Based on the model, the actual effort, labor allocation, and project duration can be quantitatively analyzed. A set of laws of work organization for softwareengineering are formally described, which can be applied in optimizing softwareengineering decisions on best labor allocations, shortest durations, and lowest costs in project organization
The complexities of software systems are more prominent now than ever, due to progression of simple software applications to large integrated systems, either centralized or distributed. The challenges to software engi...
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The complexities of software systems are more prominent now than ever, due to progression of simple software applications to large integrated systems, either centralized or distributed. The challenges to software engineer somehow to understand and manage such large software systems and deal with software cognitive complexities. Although there are research areas such as human machine interface or human factor engineering, there is still little research on how to quantitatively measure and analyze human cognitive complexities in comprehending and understanding complex software systems. This paper studies human interaction with software programs in the cognitive perspective on software complexity. Based on the findings, a pilot software cognitive complexity measurement and analyses tool (CCMAT) is presented
Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings are highly susceptible to noise from electromyogram (EMG) signals of the frontalis and temporalis muscles. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new method for detecting fronta...
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In this paper, we propose a new and low-power architecture for synchronous ring counters which can noticeably reduce the switching activity of the conventional ring counters. To achieve the goal we partition the ring ...
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In this paper, we propose a new and low-power architecture for synchronous ring counters which can noticeably reduce the switching activity of the conventional ring counters. To achieve the goal we partition the ring counter into some blocks for each of which we use a special clock gator. The Hot block (the block in which the '1' exists) is the only block the flip-flops of which are clocked. The delay and area overhead of the proposed clock gator is independent of the block size; this enables designer to freely resize the blocks and compromise with area and power overheads. The latency increase in the proposed architecture is independent of the counter width and depends only on the technology. For 90 nm technology it increases the latency by 5%. The architecture noticeably (about 85%) reduces the total switching activity of the counter especially for wide counters.
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