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Dynamic Modeling and control Issues on a Methanol Reforming Unit for Hydrogen Production and Use in a PEM Fuel Cell

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2009年第11期42卷 822-827页

作者： Dimitris Ipsakis Spyros Voutetakis Panos Seferlis Simira Papadopoulou Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute (C.P.E.R.I.) CEntre for Research and Technology Hellas (CE.R.T.H.) P.O. Box 60361 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 317 Department of Chemical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 1517 54124 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 353 Department of Mechanical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 484 54124 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-994 229 Department of Automation Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 14561 54101 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 319

Abstract The presented research work focuses on the mathematical description and control analysis of an integrated power unit that uses hydrogen produced by methanol autothermal reforming. The unit consists of a reformer reactor where methanol, air and water are co-fed to produce a hydrogen rich stream through a series of reactions. The hydrogen main stream is fed to a preferential oxidation reactor (PROX) for the reduction of CO at levels below 50ppm with the use of air. In the end, the PROX outlet stream enters the anode of a PEM fuel cell where power production takes places to serve a load demand. The operation of the two reactors is described by a combination of partial differential equations (mass and energy balances) and non-linear equations (kinetic expressions of the reactions), while the power production in the fuel cell is based on the inlet hydrogen flow and on operational characteristics. A simple case sceanrio is employed when a step change on methanol flowrate is imposed. Main target is to identify and analyze the changes occuring in the main variables of concern (H 2 , CO and temperature levels) that affect the overall system operation. Based on the results, an insight on the challenging control scheme will be applied in order to identify possible ways of setting up a reliable and robust control structure according to the developed mathematical model.

关键词： methanol reforming preferential oxidation hydrogen PEM fuel cell dynamic modeling

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An efficient multi-objective model predictive control framework of a PEM fuel cell

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2009年第11期42卷 869-874页

作者： Ziogou Chrisovalantou Simira Papadopoulou Panos Seferlis Spyros Voutetakis Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute (C.P.E.R.I.) CEntre for Research and Technology Hellas (CE.R.T.H.) P.O. Box 60361 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 317 Department of Automation Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 14561 54101 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 319 Department of Mechanical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 484 54124 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 169

Abstract Fuel cell systems can produce clean energy and have attracted the interest of both industrial and basic research in the recent years. They are part of a promising benign and environmentally friendly technology and they can be used both in mobile and stationary applications. A dynamic model was constructed and validated using experimental data based on a specific application, consisting of a high temperature PEM Fuel Cell (FC) working at a constant pressure and a Power Conversion Device that controls the current drawn from the FC. An integrated framework that consists of an online maximum power point prediction algorithm and a non-linear model based control scheme is presented. The proposed framework aims to maintain the fuel cell close to the optimum power point and the corresponding oxygen excess ratio level. Simulation studies show that the proposed control framework results in improved performance regarding the efficient and safe fuel cell operation under varying operating conditions.

关键词： fuel cell control model predictive control power management

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Automation and Operation Strategies in a Stand-Alone Power System that Uses Solar and Wind Energy in Conjunction with Hydrogen Long-Term Storage

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2009年第9期42卷 86-91页

作者： Chrysovalantou Ziogou Dimitris Ipsakis Costas Elmasides Fotis Stergiopoulos Simira Papadopoulou Panos Seferlis Spyros Voutetakis Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute (C.P.E.R.I.) CEntre for Research and Technology Hellas (CE.R.T.H.) P.O. Box 60361 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 317) Department of Chemical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 1517 54124 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 353) Systems Sunlight S.A. Neo Olvio 67200 Xanthi Greece (Tel: +30-25410-48100) Department of Automation Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 14561 54101 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 317) Department of Mechanical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 484 54124 Thessaloniki Greece (Tel: +30-2310-498 169)

The description and analysis of a stand-alone power system that exploits solar and wind energy is presented in this study. More specifically, the integrated system consists of a 10kW p photovoltaic (PV) array and three wind generators rated at 1kW p each. A lead-acid accumulator with nominal capacity of 3,000Ah/48V is used to absorb the short energy fluctuations and to regulate the operation and integrity of the system. Furthermore, the long-term needs are fulfilled via a hydrogen based system. Hydrogen is produced by a 4.2kW p PEM electrolyzer and stored in cylinders under pressure for subsequent use in a 4kW p PEM fuel cell. A diesel engine can also be used to provide power in cases of subsystems failure. In the present study the infrastructure of the control system is presented along with the algorithm for the automatic operation which is used to implement the power management strategy. Moreover, experimental results from the operation of each subsystem will be given and a discussion on them will take place. Finally, two operation strategies will be applied through an one-year simulation study, in order to identify their possible implementation in the real system that currently operates under a system operator either remotely or on site.

关键词： stand-alone power system renewable energy sources hydrogen automation system operation & control strategies fuel cell electrolyzer

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Investigations on the operating performance and ash toxicity of CFBC with imported coals

Investigations on the operating performance and ash toxicity...

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9th International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, CFB 2008, in Conjunction with the 4th International VGB Workshop on Operating Experience with Fluidized Bed Firing Systems

作者： Grammelis, P. Skodras, G. Prokopidou, M. Delvinquier, V. Lial, B. Kakaras, E. Sakellaropoulos, G. Institute for Solid Fuels Technology and Applications Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Ptolemaid Greece Laboratory of Steam Boilers and Thermal Plants School of Mechanical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens Greece Laboratory of Solid Fuels and Environment Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute Thessaloniki Greece Chemical Process Engineering Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece SNET - CERCHAR Rue Aimé Dubost 62670 Mazingarbe France

ISBN: (纸本)9783930400577

The objective of this experimental study is to examine the reliability, operating performance and ash toxicity of a 1.2 MWth Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion installation, when burning two international coals commonly imported in Europe. The scope of the experiments was twofold firstly, the enhanced reduction of NOx emissions when using the fine tuned air control along the riser was studied. Secondly, fly and bottom ash samples were collected and characterised for their morphology, mineralogy, leaching and toxicity behaviour. As a general conclusion, the multi air staging process favours significant NOx reduction in comparison to the usual configuration. The particle size distribution along with the chemical analysis of the ash samples showed that the toxic trace elements are preferentially concentrated in the fly ash particles, mostly in those collected from the baghouse filter. Nevertheless, these are acceptable for safe disposal, according to the EPA limits. Additionally, the Microtox toxicity test proved that the baghouse filter ash leachates caused the higher toxic effects.

关键词： Toxicity

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Soft sensors for crude distillation unit product properties estimation and control

Soft sensors for crude distillation unit product properties ...

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Mediterranean Conference on control and Automation (MED)

作者： N. Bolf M. Ivandic G. Galinec Faculty of chemical Engineering and Technology Department of Measurements and Process Control University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Neural network-based soft sensors are developed for quality estimation of kerosene, a refinery crude distillation unit side product. Based on temperature and flow measurements two soft sensors serve as the estimators for the kerosene distillation end point (95%) and freezing point. The neural networks are trained by the adaptive gradient method using cascade learning. Research results show possibilities of applying soft sensors for refinery product quality estimation and inferential control as an alternative for process analyzers and laboratory assays.

关键词： Automation Conferences

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Application of a control vector parameterization method using an interior point algorithm

Application of a control vector parameterization method usin...

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27th IASTED International Conference on Modelling, Identification, and control

作者： Hirmajer, T. Fikar, M. Balsa-Canto, E. Banga, J.R. Institute of Information Engineering Automation and Mathematics Department of Information Engineering and Process Control Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology STU Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia Spanish Council for Scientific Research C Eduardo Cabello 6 36208 Vigo Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9780889867116

This paper explores the possibilities of using the combination of the state of the art nonlinear programming problem solver IPOPT and the initial value problem solver CVODES (incorporated in SUNDIALS) for the solution of dynamic optimization problems, also regarded as open loop optimal control problems (OCP). Recent works confirm the potential of IPOPT in solving large scale optimization problems and particularly in solving optimal control problems in the framework of the complete parameterization approach [12]. Here the OCP problems are solved using the control vector parameterization scheme and the advantages and disadvantages of the combination CVP + IPOPT + CVODES are evaluated through several examples.

关键词： Ordinary differential equations

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A simple structured model for growth and AI-2 mediated cell-cell communication of Salmonella Typhimurium

A simple structured model for growth and AI-2 mediated cell-...

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Mediterranean Conference on control and Automation (MED)

作者： Astrid M. Cappuyns Kristel Bernaerts Sigrid C. De Keersmaecker Jan F. Van Impe Department of chemical Engineering chemical and Biochemical Process Technology Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium

Over the last few decades, research on bacterial cell-cell communication or quorum sensing has been quite intense. Quorum sensing allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior and to act as one entity. Quorum sensing controls microbiological functions of medical, agricultural and industrial importance and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the conditions under which the signaling occurs, offers possibilities for new applications. In this paper a dynamic model for diauxic growth, overflow metabolism and AI-2- mediated cell-cell communication of Salmonella Typhimurium is presented. Hereto, informative data are generated and systems biology concepts are considered. The growth, and the production and uptake of the AI-2 signaling molecule of Salmonella Typhimurium are investigated in a controlled environment (bioreactor). In a first stage a model is developed to describe diauxic growth and overflow metabolism. This model is extended in a second stage to describe AI-2 dynamics of Salmonella Typhimurium in relation to the growth kinetics and biomass concentration. It is illustrated how this model can be employed to test hypotheses concerning AI-2 dynamics on the basis of macroscopic data.

关键词： Automation Conferences

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Nitrite effect on the phosphorus uptake activity of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in pilot-scale SBR and MBR reactors

Nitrite effect on the phosphorus uptake activity of phosphat...

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作者： Sin, Gürkan Niville, Kwinten Bachis, Giulia Jiang, Tao Nopens, Ingmar Van Hulle, Stijn Vanrolleghem, Peter A. BIOMATH Department of Applied Mathematics Biometrics and Process Control Ghent University Coupure Links 653 B-9000 Gent Belgium Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Building 229DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark Research group EnBiChem Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology University College West Flanders Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5 8500 Kortrijk Belgium ModelEAU Département de Génie Civil Pavillon Pouliot Université Laval QC G1K 7P4 Canada

Batch tests were performed to investigate the nitrite effect on the P-uptake of biomass grown in pilot-scale SBR and MBR systems. The results showed that the nitrite has an inhibitory effect on the aerobic P-uptake of the SBR and the MBR biomasses. The degree of inhibition was observed to be 65 % and 37 % at 10 mg NO2-N/l for the SBR and the MBR respectively. Both biomasses were found capable of using nitrite as electron acceptor as effectively as nitrate. Moreover, for the SBR biomass the anoxic P-uptake rate using nitrite was found even higher (60%) than the P-uptake rate with nitrate. From a modelling point of view, the current models require appropriate extensions to describe these various effects of nitrite. Hence, an extension of the ASM2d model has been provided. Prevention of nitrite build-up in full-scale EBPRs will eliminate the nitrite inhibition problem. Alternatively one can adopt a proactive approach in which the aerobic P-uptake phase is replaced with an anoxic P-uptake phase using only nitrite as electron acceptor. Such an approach offers considerable cost savings and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This, however, requires further research for experimental validation and testing.

关键词： Biomass

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Output-feedback networked control system and its stability

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Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao (Gongxue Ban)/Journal of Zhejiang University (engineering Science) 2008年第3期42卷 378-381页

作者： Liu, Song-Hui Wu, Jun Xu, Wei-Hua Chen, Sheng State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology Institute of Advanced Process Control Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China Department of Chemical Engineering Hangzhou Vocational Technology College Hangzhou 310018 China School of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom

A kind of output-feedback networked control system was addressed to overcome the defect of feedback lag introduced by the network usage in the networked control system. By introducing a plant model and a buffer into this system, when feedback was available, this system could compute the control output and update the plant model with the plant output, otherwise, compute the control output based on the plant model output instead of plant output. On the condition that the plant was SISO and the error between plant and model existed, the necessary and sufficient condition for closed-loop stability of this system was derived. Simulation indicates that the range of model error within which this system is stable is easy to be derived by using this necessary and sufficient condition.

关键词： Closed loop control systems

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PAT: The extraction of maximum information from messy spectral data 10th

PAT: The extraction of maximum information from messy spectr...

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10th IFAC Symposium on Computer Applications in Biotechnology, 2007

作者： Chen, Zeng-Ping Morris, Julian Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials University of Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RU United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9783902661616

With the increasing take-up of PAT1 by the pharma- and bio-industries there is a critical need for robust spectral calibrations for processes which are subject to the variations in physical properties such as sample compactness, surface topology, etc. The variation in the optical path-length materializing from the physical differences between samples may result in multiplicative light scattering influencing spectra in a nonlinear manner leading to the poor calibration performance. A new approach "Optical Path Length Estimation and Correction" overcomes the limitations of existing light scattering correction methods. Copyright 2007 IFAC.

关键词： Light scattering

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