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Towards Digital Twins for Power-to-X processes: Comparing Surrogate Models for a Catalytic CO2 Methanation Reactor

IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and engineering 2025年

作者： Peterson, Luisa Forootani, Ali Medina, Edgar Ivan Sanchez Gosea, Ion Victor Sundmacher, Kai Benner, Peter Group Magdeburg Germany Group Magdeburg Germany Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Chair for Process Systems Engineering Magdeburg Germany Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Germany

Power-to-X processes convert excess renewable energy into storable fuels such as methane, addressing critical energy storage and transportation challenges. However, implementing these processes presents operational difficulties, particularly in managing fluctuating energy inputs. Digital Twins, or virtual replicas of physical systems, offer a promising solution by enabling model-based strategies for optimization and control. However, traditional mechanistic models are computationally intensive, limiting their application in real-time scenarios. This highlights the need for surrogate models that are computationally efficient and capable of accurately capturing the essential dynamics of complex systems. In this study, we evaluate and compare advanced techniques for modeling spatio-temporal processes, including a graph attention network (GAT), operator inference (OpInf) with stability guarantees, and sparse identification with greedy sampling (GN-SINDy). These methods are evaluated for their ability to model the dynamic operation and control of a catalytic CO2 methanation reactor. By evaluating their accuracy and computational efficiency, we aim to identify surrogate models tailored to spatio-temporal systems, advance the development of Digital Twins, and improve renewable energy conversion. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Gas fuel storage

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Influence of inspiratory resistors on tracheal pressure during ventilation with decelerating flow

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Intensive Care Medicine – Paediatric and Neonatal 2025年第1期3卷 1-10页

作者： Werder, David Stankovic, Nikola Zander, Mark Oliver Serfözö, Peter Erb, Thomas Otto Hammer, Jürg Schmid Daners, Marianne Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Department of Anesthesiology University Children’S Hospital Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland Product Development Group Zurich Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Emergency Department Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care University Children’S Hospital Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Understanding driving pressure is of general interest in lung mechanics, especially in ventilated neonatal and pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of endotracheal tube size (ETT) and bi-directional linear flow resistors mimicking different degrees of tube and airway obstruction on tracheal pressure (Ptr) during ventilation with decelerating flow. A mechanical lung simulator with unchanged respiratory mechanics like the mimicked compliance and resistance, three ETTs (inner diameters of 7.5 mm, 5.5 mm, and 3.5 mm), and four different linear flow resistors were alternatively connected to a commercial ventilator operating in pressure-controlled mode. Four resistors mimicking various degrees of ETT obstructions were placed consecutively between the Y-piece and the ETT. Varying sequentially ETT size, resistance, and ventilator settings resulted in 90 sets of measurements. Data acquisition, signal processing, and data analysis were performed using Python. The results clarify that decreasing ETT sizes and increasing flow resistances cause an increase in the time necessary to reach zero-flow conditions both during in- and expiration. This results in a decrease of Ptr at the end of inspiration and an increase of Ptr at the end of expiration, if inspiratory and expiratory times remain unchanged. The degree to which peak inspiratory pressure overestimates Ptr (or plateau pressure) in decelerating flow can be substantial and increases with increasing flow resistance. This highlights the importance of measuring plateau pressure or Ptr to understand pressure dynamics delivered to the lung.

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Federated K-means clustering via dual decomposition-based distributed optimization

Franklin Open

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Franklin Open 2025年 10卷

作者： Yfantis, Vassilios Wagner, Achim Ruskowski, Martin Chair of Machine Tools and Control Systems Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 42 Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany Innovative Factory Systems German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Trippstadter Str. 122 Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany

The use of distributed optimization in machine learning can be motivated either by the resulting preservation of privacy or the increase in computational efficiency. On the one hand, training data might be stored across multiple devices. Training a global model within a network where each node only has access to its confidential data requires the use of distributed algorithms. Even if the data is not confidential, sharing it might be prohibitive due to bandwidth limitations. On the other hand, the ever-increasing amount of available data leads to large-scale machine learning problems. By splitting the training process across multiple nodes its efficiency can be significantly increased. This paper aims to demonstrate how dual decomposition can be applied for distributed training of K-means clustering problems. After an overview of distributed and federated machine learning, the mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming-based formulation of the K-means clustering training problem is presented. The training can be performed in a distributed manner by splitting the data across different nodes and linking these nodes through consensus constraints. Finally, the performance of the subgradient method, the bundle trust method, and the quasi-Newton dual ascent algorithm are evaluated on a set of benchmark problems. The main benefit stemming from the formulation of the clustering problem as a mixed-integer program and from the use of dual decomposition within a federated learning framework, apart from the preservation of privacy, is the computation of a lower bound of the objective of the overall clustering problem. In this way, the worst-case distance of any found solution to the global optimum can be easily assessed. While the mixed-integer programming-based formulation of the clustering problems suffers from weak integer relaxations, the presented approach can potentially be used to enable an efficient solution in the future, both in a central and distributed sett

关键词： Clustering Distributed optimization Dual decomposition Federated learning

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Architectures for integrating functional safety into modular process plants

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2015年第21期48卷 1321-1326页

作者： Pfeffer, Annett Urbas, Leon Chair of Process Control Systems Engineering Technische Universität Dresden Germany

As an approach to cope with rising volatility of sales markets and increasingly shorter development cycles, process industries are expecting much from the concept of modularization. However, a topic that is still rarely focused in this context is safety. Therefore, this paper is focused on the expected challenges of engineering functional safety including the architectures of safety instrumented systems, and the requirements of modularization. Possible architectures are presented and discussed in relation to the requirements of functional safety in modular process plants. © 2015

关键词： Architecture

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Architecture of Digital Twin for Automating Waste and Recycling Material Sorting process 29

Architecture of Digital Twin for Automating Waste and Recycl...

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29th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2024

作者： Parbat, Shreyas Iqbal, Imam Viedt, Isabell Urbas, Leon Technische Universität Dresden Process Control Systems & Process Systems Engineering Group Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350361230

Waste and recycling material sorting is crucial for reducing environmental impact and promoting resource recovery. However, its complexity poses significant challenges, necessitating the development of effective sorting processes. Manual operation of these plants can be less efficient than automated systems. The first step toward automation is utilizing a Digital Twin, which combines fundamental principles and data-driven insights into the waste sorting process. To achieve this, the equipment involved in waste sorting plants can be analyzed in detail, focusing on operational settings and their impact on overall efficiency. Initially, a steady-state model of the plant is developed, followed by the implementation of advanced strategies like model predictive control. The model can be rigorously tested and refined using a case study on German post-consumer waste. The architecture of the Digital Twin, comprising various building blocks such as the modeling and simulation block, is being developed to transition away from manual operations. This Digital Twin aims to enhance sorting efficiency through offline and online optimization of operational set points, leading to a more sustainable and resource-efficient future. Through simulations and real-time data integration, a Digital Twin for the waste and recycling material process can aid with process design, fine-tuning, and plant automation. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Circular economy

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Operation Strategies for modular large-scale alkaline electrolysis systems 22

Operation Strategies for modular large-scale alkaline electr...

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22nd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2024

作者： Lange, Hannes Schirmer, Christioph Mock, Michael Viedt, Isabell Klose, Anselm Urbas, Leon Process Systems Engineering Group TUD Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany Process Control Systems TUD Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798331527471

In this paper we compare different operation strategies for alkaline electrolyzis (AEL) systems using numeric simulation. We derived general models for mass and energy balances from literature and composed them into a model for an AEL system. Here we considered a numbered-up plant topology, containing multiple AEL stacks with single electrolyte distribution and gas separation systems. The gas impurities and achievable minimal load distribution were compared for the different operating strategies. The results were discussed and further conclusions for the operation of a homogeneous numbered-up AEL system were derived. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Electrolysis

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process control Principles for Scalable Electrolysis systems 28

Process Control Principles for Scalable Electrolysis Systems

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28th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2023

作者： Lorenz, Julius Klose, Anselm Lange, Hannes Kock, Tobias Urbas, Leon TUD Dresden University of Technology Process Control Systems Dresden Germany TUD Dresden University of Technology Process to Order Lab Dresden Germany TUD Dresden University of Technology Process Systems Engineering Group Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350339918

The scale up of hydrogen production to large scale production systems demands a structured approach to control these systems. With suitable control principles, optimization for operation can be achieved whilst maintaining flexibility. In this paper, existing control strategies are analyzed and compared for large scale electrolysis systems. It is argued, how modularization can enable the optimal distribution of set-points and enables the systems for capacity extension. An initial implementation in MATLAB is presented, showing the feasibility of the proposed power distribution concept. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： process control

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Flexible process control for Scalable Electrolysis systems

Flexible Process Control for Scalable Electrolysis Systems

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2023 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies, ICECET 2023

作者： Lorenz, Julius Klose, Anselm Lange, Hannes Kock, Tobias Urbas, Leon Process Control Systems Tud Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany Process to Order Lab Tud Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany Process Systems Engineering Group Tud Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350327816

Large-scale water electrolysis systems are built from a multitude of stack units. These stack units have to be controlled during operation. The question arises how process control of the system can be designed in that way, that scalable, extendable but also optimal operation of the stack units becomes possible. To achieve this goal, existing process control strategies from literature are analyzed. The requirements resulting from the inherent numbering up of stack units are described and an approach for an adaptable optimized process control strategy considering the system properties is proposed. The proposed process control strategy is implemented in a modeled electrolysis system and evaluated regarding the stated criteria. The results could show, that the inherent modularization of electrolysis systems can be used in advantage for a scalable operation. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Modular Automation process control Water Electrolysis

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An Improved Output Feedback MPC scheme for Constrained Linear systems

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2017年第1期50卷 15506-15511页

作者： Subramanian, Sankaranarayanan Lucia, Sergio Engell, Sebastian Process Dynamics and Operations Group DortmundTU United States Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control Institute of Automation Engineering Germany

We propose an output feedback model predictive control (MPC) scheme that is independent of the estimation method employed. The proposed approach is non-conservative by design as the feedback information subject to estimation errors is explicitly considered in the predictions. The proposed scheme is robust to both the plant-model mismatch and the estimation error and avoids the unnecessary conservatism introduced by other existing output feedback MPC approaches in the literature. We achieve this by making use of all the available information at every time-step and formulate a control policy with the assumption that bounds for the estimation error are available at all times. We show that the proposed scheme is recursively feasible and demonstrate its advantages using a double-integrator example. © 2017

关键词： Feedback Errors Estimation Linear systems Model predictive control Predictive control systems Robust control Constrained linear systems Constrained systems Estimation methods Feed back information Multi stage Output feedback Plant model mismatches Robust model predictive control

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Modular ISRU systems as a Building Block for Sustainable Space Exploration 73

Modular ISRU Systems as a Building Block for Sustainable Spa...

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73rd International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2022

作者： Fälker, Svenja Dorau, Tim Viedt, Isabell Mädler, Jonathan Urbas, Leon Tajmar, Martin Bach, Christian Institute of Aerospace Engineering Space Systems TU Dresden Marschnerstraße 32 Dresden01307 Germany Institute of Automation Process Control Systems and Process Systems Engineering Group TU Dresden Helmholtzstraße 14 Dresden01069 Germany

Leading space agencies and companies identified the utilization of local resources as foundation for the continuous long-term exploration of the solar system within the Global Exploration Roadmap. In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) will be one of the key technologies for sustainable space exploration and habitation missions to Moon, Mars and beyond. Defined production systems based on hydrogen value chains are utilized as essential building blocks to transform the available resources into valuable elements for energy, propulsion, life support or production systems. The current research at TU Dresden addresses the engineering of ISRU systems using a modular plant concept of standardized, interchangeable and reusable modules. The development, production and automation processes are defined based on the existing standards on modular process plants (VDI 2776) and modular automation (VDI/VDE/NAMUR 2658) for terrestrial application. Therein, a module called process Equipment Assembly (PEA) realizes unit operations which are interconnected to form different plant configurations that enable flexible production paths. These standardized architectures and concepts are adapted to the requirements of space utilization. Compared to currently developed highly specialized single use systems, a modular plant approach according to these standards allows the flexible application to different mission requirements and environmental conditions. In advance, modular plants minimize the development effort and risk, lead to a lowered market entry threshold for small and medium-sized enterprises from diverse market sectors and encourage commercial competition between manufacturers. This paper includes initial research work as a foundation for the future development process of modular ISRU process plants. A major input for the holistic development of modular ISRU plants are top-level mission characteristics and derived sub-level requirements. They represent a valuable input for the developme

关键词： Computer software reusability

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