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Production of biohydrogen from hydrolyzed bagasse with thermally preheated sludge

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009年第18期34卷 7612-7617页

作者： Chairattanamanokorn, Prapaipid Penthamkeerati, Patthra Reungsang, Alissara Lo, Yung-Chung Lu, Wei-Bin Chang, Jo-Shu Environmental Technology Unit Department of Environmental Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass Thailand Department of Biotechnology Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Bangkok Thailand Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan Department of Cosmetic Science Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology Tainan Taiwan Sustainable Environment Research Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan

Production of biohydrogen from dark fermentation is an interesting alternative to producing renewable fuels because of its low cost and various usable substrates. Cellulosic content in plentiful bagasse residue is an economically feasible feedstock for biohydrogen production. A statistical experimental design was applied to identify the optimal condition for biohydrogen production from enzymatically hydrolyzed bagasse with 60-min preheated seed sludge. The bagasse substrate was first heated at 100 °C for 2 h and was then hydrolyzed with cellulase. Culture of the pretreated bagasse at 55 °C provided a higher H2 production performance than that obtained from cultures at 45 °C, 65 °C, 35 °C and 25 °C. On the other hand, the culture at pH 5 resulted in higher H2 production than the cultures at pH 6, pH 4 and pH 7. The optimal culture condition for the hydrogen production rate was around 56.5 °C and pH 5.2, which was identified using response surface methodology. Moreover, the pretreatment of bagasse under alkaline conditions gave a thirteen-fold increase in H2 production yield when compared with that from preheatment under neutral condition. © 2009 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu.

关键词： Lignocellulose

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Comparison of international learning outcomes and development of engineering curricula

Comparison of international learning outcomes and developmen...

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2009 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

作者： Alkhairy, Ashraf Blank, Leland Boning, Duane Cardwell, David Carter, W. Craig Collings, Nick Hayhurst, Allan Milne, William Robinson, Peter Seering, Warren Sheppard, Sallie Smith, Kenneth Stronge, Bill Alfaisal University Saudi Arabia Texas A and M University Qatar United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT United States Department of Engineering University of Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Materials Science MIT United States Department of Chemical Engineering Cambridge University United Kingdom Department of Electrical Engineering Cambridge University United Kingdom Electronic Devices and Materials Group United Kingdom Department of Computer Technology Computer Laboratory University of Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Mechanical Engineering MIT United States Department of Engineering Systems MIT United States Design and Systems Division of Mechanical Engineering Nissan Cambridge Basic Research Laboratory MIT Center for Innovation in Product Development Department of Computer Science Texas A and M University United States Department of Chemical Engineering MIT United States Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology United States Department of Applied Mechanics Cambridge University United Kingdom University of California Davis United States

Various national and regional engineering accreditation bodies have developed sets of learning or program outcomes that serve as the foundation for the evaluation of curriculum quality. Some of the outcome structures are very broadly defined, leaving the details of curriculum design and the justification to the university and the accreditation evaluators. Other accreditation bodies define outcomes more thoroughly in topic and depth, with accreditation hinging on the general fit of the curriculum to these specifications. Most of these outcome structures have been developed and used as accreditation standards predominantly over the last decade. During this time, existing curricula are usually altered and upgraded (that is, 'retrofitted') to meet the outcomes requirements. However, new degree programs and new engineering colleges have the opportunity to use the relevant outcomes as design specifications. Such a design ensures quality, prepares the college for future accreditation evaluation, and can be tailored to meet the needs of students and prospective employers. This paper compares the outcomes structure and contents of several accreditation bodies, including the engineering Council of the UK (EC UK), EUR-ACE of the EU, and ABET of the USA. Similarities and differences between the outcomes of the bodies will be highlighted. The use of these accrediting standards as the basis of design specifications for engineering degrees at the Alfaisal University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia will be presented. The designs for integrated BS, MS and PhD curricula were developed over a two-year period, based on the defined learning outcomes, by a committee comprised of the Founding Dean of engineering and faculty from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the University of Cambridge and independent reviewers. Example BS and MS curricula and their fit to the outcome specifications are described. © American Society for engineering Education, 2009.

关键词： Accreditation

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The Broad Institute-Six Years Later

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CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2010年第4期17卷 311-312页

作者： McCarthy, Alice Main Text “In June 2003 the scientific and medical communities at MIT Harvard University and its affiliated hospitals and the Whitehead Institute banded together as collaborating partners to form the Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute based in Cambridge MA. The Broad Institute established with initial funding from a $100 million philanthropic donation from the Los Angeles-based Broad family was primarily viewed as a marriage between the Whitehead Institute's Center for Genome Research (WICGR) and the Harvard Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology (ICCB). Eli Broad founder and chairman of AIG SunAmerica Inc. explained “the purpose of the Broad Institute is to create a new type of research institute to build on the accomplishments of the human genome project and to move to clinical applications to both prevent and cure diseases.” Every Thursday morning we meet with perhaps 20 faculty members and 100 other researchers to discuss what we're all doing and should be doing next. -David Altschuler This paragraph was written five years ago when the Broad Institute was in its very earliest days as a life science research community (McCarthy 2005). Since that time “the Broad” as it's known has kept true to Eli Broad's vision having attracted a talented group of researchers faculty trainees and professional staff. This 1600 person research community known internally as “Broadies” includes faculty staff and students from throughout the MIT and Harvard biomedical research communities and beyond with collaborations spanning over a hundred private and public institutions in more than 40 countries worldwide. “What is special about the Broad is that we have people from Harvard MIT and the Harvard hospitals come together and work on problems of shared interest that could not be solved in their own individuals labs” explains David Altshuler M.D. Ph.D. Deputy Director and one of the Broad's six core faculty members. “These problems require expertise beyond any one principal investigator and in

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Externally Triggered Glass Transition Switch for Localized On‐Demand Drug Delivery†

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Angewandte Chemie 2009年第52期121卷

作者： Jos T. F. Keurentjes Maartje F. Kemmere Henny Bruinewoud Micky A. M. E. Vertommen Stefan A. Rovers Richard Hoogenboom Léon F. S. Stemkens Fabiènne L. A. M. A. Péters Naomi J. C. Tielen Dirk T. A. van Asseldonk Anne F. Gabriel Elbert A. Joosten Marco A. E. Marcus Process Development Group Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands) Dolphys Medical B.V. Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven (The Netherlands) Pain Management and Research Center Department of Anaesthesiology Academic Hospital Maastricht P.O. Box 5800 6202 AZ Maastricht (The Netherlands)

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Robust Predictive PI Controller Based on First-Order Dead Time Model

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2008年第2期41卷 5808-5813页

作者： F. Arousi U. Schmitz R. Bars R. Haber Dept. of Automation and Applied Informatics Budapest University of Technology and Economics MTA-BME Control Research group Dept. of Advanced Process Control Shell Rheinland Refinery Köln/Wesseling Germany Inst. of Chemical Process Engineering and Plant Design University of Applied Science Cologne Germany

Predictive control algorithms compute the manipulated variable minimizing a cost function considering expected future errors. PI control algorithms can be equipped with predictive properties. Simple predictive control algorithms are derived using approximation of an aperiodic process by a first-order model with dead time. Applying a noise model the robustness properties of the algorithm are enhanced considering plant-model mismatch. The noise filter is considered as a design parameter. Simulation examples demonstrate the behavior of the predictive PI algorithm and the robustifying effect of the noise filter.

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The applicability of activities in kinetic expressions: A more fundamental approach to represent the kinetics of the system CO2-OH --salt in terms of activities

The applicability of activities in kinetic expressions: A mo...

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CHISA 2006 - 17th International Congress of chemical and process engineering

作者： Haubrock, J. Hogendoorn, J.A. Versteeg, G.F. University of Twente Dep. of Chemical Engineering Research-Group Design and Development of Industrial Processes Hallenweg 9 7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)8086059456

The applicability of using activities instead of concentrations in kinetic expressions has been investigated using the reaction of CO2 in sodium hydroxide solutions also containing different salts (LiCl, KCl and NaCl) as model system. For hydroxide systems it is known that when the reaction rate constant is based on the use of concentrations in the kinetic expression, this "constant" depends both on the counter-ion in the solution and the ionic strength which is probably caused by the strong non-ideal behavior of various components in the solution. Recently it has been shown that the application of activity coefficients in the reaction rate expression substantially diminishes both the influence on the type of counter-ion and the ionic strength of the solution, thus resulting in a constant reaction rate constant. Furthermore the new approach of using activities in kinetic expressions is thermodynamically consistent with the fundamental description of the chemical equilibrium. A series of CO2 absorption experiments in different NaOH (1, 1.5, 2.0 mol/l)-salt (LiCl, NaCl or KCl)-water mixtures has been carried out, using salt concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mol/1 all at a temperature of 298 K. Interpretation of the data required the use of an appropriate equilibrium model, for which, in this case, the Pitzer model was used. The additions of the salts proved to have a major effect on the observed reaction rate. All these salts have the same anion (chloride) hence the impact of the chloride anion on the reaction rate can be expected to be the same in every electrolyte solution. The change in the observed reaction rate was thus due to the difference in cations introduced by the addition of the various salts. The experiments were evaluated with the traditional concentration based approach and the 'new' approach utilizing activity coefficients. With the traditional approach, there is a significant influence of the counter-ion and the hydroxide concentration on the reaction

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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Distributed component development risk analysis

Distributed component development risk analysis

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2006 ASME International Mechanical engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2006

作者： Leung, Peter Ishii, Kosuke Benson, Jan Abell, Jeffrey Department of Mechanical Engineering Design Group Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-4022 United States Research and Development Center General Motors Corporation Warren MI 48090 United States Global Engineering Process General Motors Corporation Warren MI 48090 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0791837904

This paper describes a method to identify and to evaluate the risks associated with task transfer in a globally distributed engineering environment. Enterprises realize the importance of global worksharing to include diverse customer values into product, but this paradigm also introduces challenges in product development. Industry-wide interviews reveal workshare risks are at two levels: system and component. This paper presents a three-step risk analysis to 1.) characterize product development work tasks, 2.) define Distributed Component development Risk based on historical rework data, and 3.) evaluate workshare scenarios for the task transfer plan. Three interior vehicle components illustrate the steps of the risk analysis, and the findings indicate most rework happens at the system-level design stage while the discovery of these errors occurs during validation and manufacturing. As a result, the transfer of these tasks leads to high likelihood of rework. Currently, this method is applying in actual global automotive programs for validations. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.

关键词： Risk assessment

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Submerged type incinerator heat recovery by fluidised bed heat exchanger

Submerged type incinerator heat recovery by fluidised bed he...

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CHISA 2006 - 17th International Congress of chemical and process engineering

作者： Hirata, Kentaro Kolar, Petr Nakazato, Tsutomu Hui, Chi-Wai Kato, Kunio Process Development and Design Laboratory MCC-Group Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. 1 Toho-cho Yokkaichi Mie 510-8530 Japan Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho Kiryu 376-8515 Japan Chemical Engineering Department Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong Hong Kong

ISBN: (纸本)8086059456

At chemical processing plants, incinerators that burn wastewater and waste oil generate a great deal of heat that should be recovered. However, this high-temperature waste gas contains metal and inorganic compounds in melting or solid phases creates serious scaling problem on heat exchanger surfaces if a traditional heat exchanger were used for recovering the waste heat. In this study, a fluidized bed heat exchanger has been developed in which the tube surface of the heat exchanger could be cleaned automatically during the operation. The basic operating conditions, sizing of the equipment and other design issues have been considered based on powder particle fluidized bed concept. This paper describes the development process of the technology.

关键词： Heat exchangers

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Effect of binder ratio on granule strength, dissolution and structure

Effect of binder ratio on granule strength, dissolution and ...

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2006 AIChE Spring National Meeting - 5th World Congress on Particle Technology

作者： Gabbott, I.P. Barrera-Medrano, D. Reynolds, G.K. Bonsall, J. Hounslow, M.J. Salman, A.D. Particle Products Group Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Sheffield Mappin Street Sheffield SI 3JD United Kingdom Unilever Research and Development Port Sunlight Quarry Road East Bebington Wirral CH63 3 JW United Kingdom

Work on a system using calcium carbonate powder and polyethylene glycol binders in high shear granulation has shown that in general a trade-offline exists between the compression strength of granules and their dissolution rate. In this work the effect of binder ratio on granule strength, dissolution, composition and structure is discussed. The strength of granules was found to increase with increasing binder-to-solids ratio (10 to 14%), while the dissolution rate was found to decrease, along with the average granule binder content. This is thought to be the result of increased granule consolidation with increasing binder ratio, brought about by increased lubrication between the powder particles. This is supported by structure analysis using x-ray tomography imaging and optical microscopy. Both methods show that there is a clear increase in the level of PEG binder available at the granule periphery. Granules made with high binder ratios (16%) were found to be much more variable in their characteristics and properties.

关键词： Binders

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Failure analysis system for submicron semiconductor devices

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Hitachi Review 2006年第2期55卷 68-72页

作者： Fukui, Munetoshi Mitsui, Yasuhiro Nara, Yasuhiko Yano, Fumiko Furukawa, Takashi Application Technology Department Advanced Equipment and Systems Sales Division Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation Advanced Microscope Systems Design Department Nanotechnology Products Business Group Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation Failure Analysis Technology Group Process and Device Analysis Engineering Development Department Renesas Technology Corp. Advanced Technology Research Department Central Research Laboratory

Failure analysis of semiconductor device is becoming increasingly difficult as VLSI technology evolves toward smaller features and semiconductor device structures become more complex. Especially considering that the defective area obtained through diagnosis pin-pointing faulty sites is not the same size as the area subjected to physical analysis, and this disparity becomes more pronounced as feature sizes shrink. This prompted us to develop an extremely fine scaled SEM mechanical probing system permitting identification of minute fault sites. The development involved a number of related projects including investigation of a precision probe and stage mechanism that can deal with submicron semiconductor devices, a six-probe mechanism for expanded capabilities of performing inverter measurements and precision single transistor measurements, a probe and sample exchange mechanism that works while under vacuum to achieve high throughput, and a robust CAD navigation system. The system is now ready and available for practical application to 65-nm feature devices, and can be readily adapted to at least the next couple of generation nodes.

关键词： Failure analysis

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