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23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic engineering

作者： Masanobu, Sotaro Nakamura, Arata Yoshikawa, Toshio Uetani, Hideo Kato, Shunji Sakamoto, Takashi Sakamoto, Atsushi Kawazuishi, Kenichi Sao, Kunihisa Ocean Space Utilization Group National Maritime Research Institute 6-38-1 Shinkawa Mitaka Tokyo 181-0004 Japan Technical Department Japan National Oil Corporation 2-2-2 Uchisaiwaicho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-8511 Japan Marine Engineering Dept. Nippon Steel Corporation 6-3 Otemachi 2-Chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-8071 Japan Basic Design Department Mitsui Eng. and Shipbldg. Co. Ltd 1 Yawatakaigan-Dori Ichihara Chiba 290-8601 Japan Development Department Inpex Corporation Ebisu Neonato 4-1-18 Ebisu Shibuya-ku Tokyo 150-0013 Japan Process Engineering Dept 2-12-1 Tsurumichuo Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-8601 Japan Ocean Engineering Research Inc. 503 Koshin Build. 1-28-3 Takadanobaba Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0075 Japan

Natural gas is abundant and is cleaner than petroleum. Therefore, demand for natural gas is expected to grow significantly. However, the means of transporting natural gas is presently limited to pipelines and LNG tankers, thereby making its wider use unlikely. There are substantial numbers of known gas reservoirs that are difficult to develop utilizing current transportation means because of constraints such as the scale of gas fields, water depth, distance to shore, and distance from markets. A new, economical, reliable development technique or transportation means is required for developing such gas reservoirs. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) and private corporations have jointly investigated the Natural Gas Liquefaction Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (NGL-FPSOs) units to effectively develop gas reservoirs by converting the gas into NGL. This paper presents the background on NGL-FPSO development and findings on its application.

关键词： Natural gas transportation

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Human-computer system dependability 21st

Human-computer system dependability

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21st International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, SAFECOMP 2002

作者： Bologna, Sandro Hollnagel, Erik Bartlett, Christopher Bezecny, Helmut Gran, Bjørn Axel De Luca, Dino Pavard, Bernard Rutgers, Job Capability Management Group Bae Systems United Kingdom Global Process Automation Safety Technology Leaderî Dow Chemical Stade Germany OECD Halden Reactor Project Norway Cognitive Engineering Research Group Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France Strategic Design Team Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)3540441573

The intention of this cross-conference session is to bringtogether specialists of cognitive technologies and ergonomics, with software developers, dependability specialists and, especially, endusers. The objective of the session is to provide a forum for the sharingof practical experiences and research results related to safety and depend ability of human-computer systems. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： Ergonomics

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Uniform National Discharge Standards - Overview and implications for future naval engineering

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 219-235页

作者： Kopack, D Smith, G Kim, D Erne, DL David F. Kopack:is a Program Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command Office of Environmenta1 Protection Occupational Safety and Health SEA 00T. Mr. Kopack received his bachelor and master of science degrees in the physical sciences and management from the University of Maryland. Mr. Kopack has 20 years of experience in ship design and engineering industrial facility operations and program management. Gordon D. Smith:is a Chemical Engineer with the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center in Bethesda Maryland and is working in the Naval Sea Systems Command Environmental and Auxiliary Systems Group. SEA 03L. Mr. Smith received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from The Ohio State University. He has over 13 years of ronmental issues. In addition to supporting the development of Uniform National Discharge Standards he has been involved in research design testing and development of pollution abatement technologies suitable for use aboard Navy Ships. Don K. Kim:is a Senior Mechanical Engineer with the naval architecture and marine engineering firm of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Kim received his bachelor of science and master of engineering degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Virgina. Mr. Kim has ten years of experience in the design installation maintenance and repair of shipboard mechanical systems equipment and components with specific expertise in compressor pump and fan design and operation. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineer. David L. Erne:is an Associate with Booz Allen and Hamilton Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Erne received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Idaho. He has over twelve years of experience in environmental program management and consulting. In addition to his support for the Uniform National Discharge Standards prog

In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories. Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue, These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which on be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase Il, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.

关键词： Replenishment at sea homeland defense shipbuilding Military Personnel Uniform home range Treated water Naval engineering Uniforms Implication Clean Water Act Coastguards

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Contributory presentations/posters

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Journal of Biosciences 1999年第1期24卷 33-198页

作者： N. Manoj V. R. Srinivas A. Surolia M. Vijayan K. Suguna R. Ravishankar R. Schwarzenbacher K. Zeth Diederichs G. M. Kostner A. Gries P. Laggner R. Prassl Madhusudan Pearl Akamine Nguyen-huu Xuong Susan S. Taylor M. Bidva Sagar K. Saikrishnan S. Roy K. Purnapatre P. Handa U. Varshney B. K. Biswal N. Sukumar J. K. Mohana Rao A. Johnson Vasantha Pattabhi S. Sri Krishna Mira Sastri H. S. Savithri M. R. N. Murthy Bindu Pillai Kannan M. V. Hosur Mukesh Kumar Swati Patwardhan K. K. Kannan B. Padmanabhaa S. Sasaki-Sugio M. Nukaga T. Matsuzaki S. Karthikevan S. Sharma A. K. Sharma M. Paramasivam P. Kumar J. A. Khan S. Yadav A. Srinivasan T. P. Singh S. Gourinath Neelima Alam A. Srintvasan Vikas Chandra Punit Kaur Ch. Betzel S. Ghosh A. K. Bera S. Bhattacharya S. Chakraborty A. K. Pal B. P. Mukhopadhyay I. Dey U. Haldar Asok Baneriee Jozef Sevcik Adriana Solovicova K. Sekar M. Sundaralingam N. Genov Dong-cai Liang Tao Jiang Ji-ping Zhang Wen-rui Chang Wolfgang Jahnke Marcel Blommers S. C. Panchal R. V. Hosur Bindu Pillay Puniti Mathur S. Srivatsun Ratan Mani Joshi N. R. Jaganathan V. S. Chauhan H. S. Atreya S. C. Sahu K. V. R. Chary Girjesh Govil Elisabeth Adjadj Éric Quinjou Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre Yves Blouquit Joël Mispelter Bernadette Heyd Guilhem Lerat Philippe Milnard Michel Desmadreil Y. Lin B. D. Nageswara Rao Vidva Raghunathan Mei H. Chau Prashant Pesais Sudha Srivastava Evans Coutinho Anil Saran Leizl F. Sapico Jayson Gesme Herbert Lijima Raymond Paxton Thamarapu Srikrishnan C. R. Grace G. Nagenagowda A. M. Lynn Sudha M. Cowsik Sarata C. Sahu S. Chauhan A. Bhattacharya G. Govil Anil Kumar Maurizio Pellecchia Erik R. P. Zuiderweg Keiichi Kawano Tomoyasu Aizawa Naoki Fujitani Yoichi Hayakawa Atsushi Ohnishi Tadayasu Ohkubo Yasuhiro Kumaki Kunio Hikichi Katsutoshi Nitta V. Rani Parvathy R. M. Kini Takumi Koshiba Yoshihiro Kobashigawa Min Yao Makoto Demura Astushi Nakagawa Isao Tanaka Kunihiro Kuwajima Jens Linge Seán O. Donoghue Michael Nilges G. Chakshusmathi Girish S. Ratnaparkhi P. K. Madhu R. Varadarajan C. Tetreau Molecular Biophysics Unit Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Austrian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics and X-ray Structure Research Graz Austria Faculty of Biology University of Konstanz Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry University of Graz Austria Howard Huges Medical Institute Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California La Jolla USA Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla USA Molecular Biophysics Unit India Department of Microbiology &Cell Biology Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Macromolecular Structure Laboratory NCI - Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center ABL - Basic Research Program Frederick USA Department of Crystallography and Biophysics University of Madras Chennai Biochemistry Department Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Condensed Matter Physics Division B.A.R.C. Trombay Mumbai Condensed Matter Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay Mumbai IMCB The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Yokohama Research Center Yokohama Japan Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan Department of Biophysics All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India Department of Biophysics All India Institute of Medical sciences New Delhi India Institüt Physiologische Chemie Hamburg Germany Biophysics Department Bose Institute Calcutta India Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology Bratislava Slovakia Indian Institute of Science Bioinformatics Centre Bangalore Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Biological Macromolecular Structure Center USA Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Organic Chemistry Sofia Bulgaria Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Beijing China Novartis Pharma AG Preclinical Research Basel Switzerland Department of Chemical Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India Solid State Physics Div

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Recapitalizing the Navy through optimized manning and improved reliability

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 61-72页

作者： Anderson, DE Malone, TB Baker, CC Mr. David E. Anderson:is a Navel Engineer with the Naval Sea Systems Command where he is currently assigmd to the HumanSystems Integration branch. Mr Anderson has a Bachelor of Science degree an Environmental Engineering from Flurida Technological University and a Master's in Environmental Engiwering from the University of Central Flurida. He currentEy is an HSI manager for a number oflvay R&D and skig acquisition efforts. Dr. Thomas B. Malone:received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is President of Carlow International Incorporated an organization dedicated to human factors research and development with emphasis an mantime systems. He has directed over 350 programs and projects in his 33 year career and is responsible for overall management of all contract programs within the Corporation. He is a Past President of the Human Factors and E r g m i c s Society (HFES) of which he is a Fellow. He is also a Fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences He was selected as a member of the N A S Space Sciences Technical Advisuiy Committee on Technoloo Requirements for Human Performance on Long Duration Space Missions in 2989 and 90. He was elected as the First Chair of the Systems Development Technical Group of the HFES. Dr Malone is currently managing eflorts to devehp and auto- mate standardized processes for canducting human systems integration (HSI) in the military weapon systems acquisition process and fov developing automated tools to facilitate fledormance of specific steps in the HSI process. Dr Malone also is currently occupied in applying human engineering to the DD 21 and is serving as the Chair ofthe System ManninglHuman Perfomzance Working IPT under the DD 21 ManninglHSI IPT chaired ty PMS 500M. Mr. Clifford Baker:has over 20 years experience in developing and applying human factors technology to complex systems. He holds a masters degree in psychology with a specialization in human factors engineering and he is a Board Certified Human Factors Engineering Profesional

Reduced manning is the process (and the result) of removing human functions from a system while retaining or improving system operability and effectiveness. Reliability and maintainability characterize a system's operability and effectiveness. Reduced manning impacts system reliability by changing the characteristics of (1) human error associated with system operation and maintenance, (2) time to repair failed components, and (3) mean-time-between-failures (MBTF) in a reduced manning environment. Simply reducing manning without compensating for system dependence on human involvement generally has a negative impact on system maintainability. Methods to address this include (1) human-system integration design of maintenance interfaces and (2) design of operations activities that are closely related to device failures. After demonstrating reliable performance through testing and operation, ship commanders can be assured that fewer people can effectively operate and maintain Navy ships and systems.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Environmental compliance: Requirements and technology opportunities for future ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 349-369页

作者： Nickens, AD Pizzino, JF Crane, CH Anthony D. Nickens:is the research and development progrma a manager for the Navy's Environmental Protection Program at the Naval Sea Systems Command's Ship Research Development and Standards Group (Sea 03R).He is responsible for overseeing directing and funding the design and development of shipboard systems and precedures to assure compliance with maritime environmental laws and regulations He holds an M.B.A. degree from the Florida Institute of Technology an M.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Florida and a B.S. degree i chemical engineering magna cum laude from the North Carolina State University. In addition he successufully completed the twenty-week Program Management Course at the Defense Systems management College in Fort Belvoir Virginia and the Executive Program at the University of Virginia Darden Graduate School of Business. He is also an engineering duty officer in the Navy reserves and a previous author and frequent contributor to Naval Engineers Journal. Josepe F. Pizzino:is a Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Employee working at the Naval Sea Systems Command's Ship Research Development and Standards Group (Sea 03R). He is a research and development program manager for the Navy's Environment Protection Program responsible for overseeing directing and funding the design and development of shipboard systems and procedures to assure combliance with maritime environment laws and regulations. Prior to his present assignment he was project engineer for the development os shipboard and life-boat reverse osmosis desalination systems both of which are persently being unstalled aboard Navy ships. He holds a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Marland and an M.S. degree in chimical engineering from The Catholic Uhiversity of America. Chirstopher H. Crane:is a senior scientist at Geo-Centrs Inc. where he has provided technical program and dcumentation support for Navy headquarters shipboard environmental programs since 1989. Previouss grover

Navy ships must be able to operate anywhere in the world and visit any port unencumbered by environmental restrictions. The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OCNO) has formulated a vision for the environmentally sound ship of the 21st century, which will ensure compliance with environmental requirements applicable to Navy ships, while maintaining fleet effectiveness and readiness. Navy ships generate a variety of solid and liquid wastes and atmospheric emissions. Ships have limited capabilities for holding wastes for offload to shore. Working closely with the OCNO, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) is developing systems, equipment, and procedures to process and manage ship wastes in an environmentally responsible manner. Several pieces of shipboard equipment have been successfully developed to process solid and liquid waste, hazardous materials and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). The technologies and practices being developed under this program will: ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, significantly reduce the logistic burdens and costs associated with shoreside offload and disposal of ship wastes, implement Navy environmental and occupational safety and health policies, enhance the quality of life aboard ship, and continue the Navy's leadership role in protecting the marine environment.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Building ships as a system: An approach to total ship integration

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 47-60页

作者： Duren, BG Pollard, JR Bernard G. Duren:is an operations research analyst in the Combat Systems Department of the. Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Mr. Duren received an A.B. degree in mathematics from Indiana University and an M.S. degree in operations research from the Georgia Institute of Technology. His major duties involve development of system concepts and system engineering methodology. His primary areas of achievement include startup of a strategic planning process at the Dahlgren Division analysis of seaskimmer defense issues and formulation of concepts for counter-command warfare. His areas of interest include information integration group problem solving methods warfare analysis and strategic planning. Mr. Duren is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems. James R. Pollard:serves as principal systems engineer in the Combat Systems Department of the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Dr. Pollard received a B.S. degree in physics from Roanoke College an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from The George Washington University and a Ph.D. in systems engineering from the University of Virginia. After joining the Dahlgren Division in 1962 he performed research in antennas and electromagnetic coupling. He subsequently managed the Special Effects Weapon Research Program which focused on high power electromagnetic devices. After serving as head of the Weapon Systems Division and the Search and Track Division he formed the Strategic Planning Group. In 1985 he received the Bernard Smith Award for creative development and implementation of a strategic planning process for the Division. From 1985 to 1987 he served as warfare systems architect in the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. Dr. Pollard is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems.

This paper considers an effort to reinvent the process by which the Navy transforms operational requirements into warships. The objective is to articulate a framework and strategy for implementing a total ship system engineering approach. Three factors drive the effort: involve the warfighters in the design process;adopt a ''system of systems'' framework for integration;and continually improve the acquisition process. The strategy is illustrated by consideration of control structure on a total ship basis. The work has been conducted as a collaborative effort involving three Navy warfare centers and various headquarters activities in Washington, D.C.

关键词： Shipbuilding

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Architecting a missile system for navy theater ballistic missile defense

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 373-380页

作者： Patel, A Kjos, K Sasso, F Robinson, S Anant Patel:is senior project engineer for the Standard Missile LEAP Progrma (desgnated SM-X) in the Standard Missile/Vertical Launch System Program Office (PMS 422) of the Navy's Program Executive office for Theater Air Defense (PEO TAD). He is responsbile for the integration and test of the SM-X missile including the third stage rocket motor (TSRM) and the kinetic warhead (KW) assemblies. He received his bachelor of science in electrical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985 Prior to joining PMS 422 he was the project engineer for the shipboard targeting system used during the Terrier LEAP technology demonstration program. he was also tht project manager for the installation and integration of the new threat upgrade (NTU) and cooperative engagement capabilities (CEC) aboard USS Kidd (DDG 993) the first ship to receive CEC during its development test phase. Mr. Patel's other assignments as NTU development lead engineer uncluded providing development and technical direction for modifications to the NTU engagement system for Standard Missile II and III/IIIA compability. kathrin Kjos:is the program development team leader for Hughes Missile Systems Company. She worked on the initial flight demonstraction phase of the program integrating the kill vehicle and advanced solid axial stage into the SM2 Block III ER missile and served as co-chair of the System Safety Working Group. She has thirteen years of experience in system engineering. Previous experience includes missile systems engineering for the Advanced Air-to-Air Missile (AAAM) as well as for laser and radar surveillance systems. She has a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology a master of science degree in system engineering from the University of Southern California and is currently a doctoral candidate in systems architecting at the University of Southern California. Felix Sasso is a member of technical staff 11 at Hughes Missile System Company. He has three years of experience in op

While most of the theater ballistic missiles (TBM) in threat countries' inventories are of the shorter range SCUD varieties, mid- to long-range versions are currently in development in a number of third world countries. Threat potential exists in the following three battle spaces: endo-atmosphere (0-30 km), high endo-atmosphere (30-70 km) and exo-atmosphere (greater than 70 km). The inherent short range and low speed of endo-atmospheric threats match well with capabilities of SM-2 Block IVA, which equips the Navy with an area defense capability The exo-atmospheric TBMs are longer range and can threaten more targets which may be widely dispersed. Their higher velocities reduce response times dramatically Therefore, exo-atmospheric TBMs create the need for Standard Missile-3 (SM-3), which provides the Navy with theater wide defense capability. Defining its area and theater wide systems as clearly endo-atmospheric and exo-atmospheric systems allows the Navy to use derivatives of the Standard Missile Block IV to take full advantage of the conditions associated with each of these operating zones. Use of an existing missile and ship system baseline also allows use of the existing interface structure to minimize cost. To counter the endo-atmospheric TBMs, the SM-2 BLK TVA upgrades include an advanced imaging infrared (IIR) seeker, an improved fast-reaction auto pilot and a forward looking RE all in the same volume as the existing missile. The highly responsive SM-2 Block IVA missile, complemented with Aegis weapons systems modifications, provides capability against enemy aircraft and cruise missiles, as well as TBMs. Standard Missile-3 (SM-3) replaces the SM-2 Block TV warhead, radar and guidance section with a boosted third stage and an advanced kinetic warhead (KW). Operation in the exo-atmospheric region permits a KW design with autonomous guidance control and divert thrusters for high maneuverability and has the capability of achieving very high interceptor velocities.

关键词： Missiles

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A device simulation of the BBT effect in flash memory cells and implications for the development of high-reliability memory cells

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第11期79卷 51-57页

作者： Hayashi, T Fukuda, K Ohno, M Nishi, K Kita, A VLSI R&D Center OKI Electric Industry Company Ltd. Hachioji-shi Japan 193 Graduated from the Science University of Tokyo Dept. of Applied Physics in 1986 and joined Oki Electric. Since then he has been engaged in research on the reliability of MOS transistors and silicon oxide films. Since 1994 he has been engaged in the development of flash memory. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society. Graduated from the University of Tokyo Dept. of Applied Physics in 1983 and joined Oki Electric in 1985. Since then he has been engaged in research on the semiconductor process and device simulation. In 1990 he participated in joint research at the Technical University of Aachen. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society. Graduated from the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Dept. of Electrical Engineering in 1980 and completed an MS course in 1983. In 1986 he completed the doctoral course at Shizuoka University. He then joined Oki Electric where he has been engaged in research on ULSI processes. He is now a manager responsible for flash memory at the VLSI R&D Center. He holds a doctorate in engineering. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society. Graduated from the University of Tokyo Dept. of Applied Physics in 1973 and joined Oki Electric. He was engaged in the development of integrated circuit logic simulation technology and bipolar process technology and since 1980 he has been engaged in research on process/device simulation and modeling. Presently he is a senior manager at the VLSI R&D Center. In 1982–1984 he was a Visiting Scholar at MIT. He holds a doctorate in engineering. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society and a senior member of IEEE. Graduated from Tokyo Institute of Technology Dept. of Chemical Engineering in 1978 and completed the MS program in 1930. In that year he joined Oki Electric. Since then he has been engaged in CMOS process design for DRAM and flash memory. He is now a manager at the VLSI R&D Center. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society.

In order to analyze the BBT (band-to-band tunneling) phenomenon in flash memory cells by simulation, a new model is proposed, which improves on the BBT model by introducing the concept of ''average electric field.'' This model agrees well with the measured results in a wide drain N-concentration range. Using this model, the reliability of memory cells is analyzed. It is found that the difference of the amount of BBT generation does not directly affect the endurance characteristics but does affect the disturb characteristics. The same model can be used to analyze problem points of the present cells and to estimate the BBT current of next-generation devices accurately.

关键词： band-to-band tunneling flash memory simulation endurance characteristics

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FIELD COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM DISCRETE-DEPTH GROUND-WATER SAMPLERS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1995年第1期15卷 133-141页

作者： ZEMO, DA DELFINO, TA GALLINATTI, JD BAKER, VA HILPERT, LR Dawn A. Zemo received her B.A. in geology from Stephens College in 1980 and her M.S. in geology from Vanderbilt University in 1982. She is a senior hydro geologist with Geomatrix Consultants (100 Pine St. Ste. 1000 San Francisco CA 94111 (415) 434–9400 fax (415) 434–1365) and is a certified engineering geologist in California. Zemo's professional experience includes petroleum exploration and development geology petrophysics hydrogeology and environmental site characterization. Her expertise includes the development and implementation of ground water screening programs for site characterization. Thomas A. Delfino received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1978 and his M.S. in chemical engineering in 1981 from the University of California Berkeley. He is a principal engineer with Geomatrix Consultants. Delfino's professional experience includes the fields of chemical and environmental engineering environmental fate and treatability studies process and plant design and litigation support. John D. Gallinatti received his B.S. in geology from Stanford University in 1979 and his M.S. in geology from the University of Washington in 1984. He is a principal hydrogeologist with Geomatrix Consultants and is a certified engineering geologist in California. Gallinatti's professional experience in geology and hydrogeology incorporates environmental sciences water resources development and engineering geology. Virgil A. Baker received his B.S. in civil engineering from the University of California Berkeley in 1976. He is the founder and president of VBI In-Situ Testing (2101 Webster St. Ste. 1500 Oakland CA 94612). Baker has 20 years of professional experience in the field of geotechnical testing including providing cone penetrometer service to evaluate stratigraphy and emplacing discrete-depth ground water samplers during environmental investigations. Laurence R. Hilpert received his B.S. in chemistry from Lehigh University in 1971 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from American University in 1986. He

Discrete-depth ground water samplers are used during environmental screening investigations to collect ground water samples in lieu of installing and sampling monitoring wells. Two of the most commonly used samplers are the BAT Enviroprobe and the QED HydroPunch I, which rely on differing sample collection mechanics. Although these devices have been on the market for several years, it was unknown what, if any, effect the differences would have on analytical results for ground water samples containing low to moderate concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study investigated whether the discrete-depth ground water sampler used introduces statistically significant differences in analytical results. Our goal was to-provide a technical basis for allowing the two devices to be used interchangeably during screening investigations. Because this study was based on field samples, it included several sources of potential variability. It was necessary to separate differences due to sampler type from variability due to sampling location, sample handling, and laboratory analytical error. To statistically evaluate these sources of variability the experiment was arranged in a nested design. Sixteen ground water samples were collected from eight random locations within a 15-foot by 15-foot grid. The grid was located in an area where shallow ground water was believed to be uniformly affected by VOCs. The data were evaluated using analysis of variance. This study indicates that when sampling for short-chain, chlorinated aliphatic compounds such as trichloroethylene, spatial variability from sampling location (over even a relatively small area) exceeds the differences between the Enviroprobe and HydroPunch I. Therefore, the two sampling devices can be used interchangeably without reducing the internal consistency of the resulting data. However, when sampling for chlorinated aromatics, the choice of sampling device may introduce significant differences in

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