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modeling for tungstic precipitation and extraction based on Pitzer equation

Science China Chemistry 2016年第4期59卷 497-504页

作者： Xinyue Zhang Pengge Ning Weifeng Xu Hongbin Cao Yi Zhang School of Chemical Engineering and Technology National Engineering Research Center of Distillation TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Research Centre for Process Pollution Control Institute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China

This work presented the results of tungstic precipitation from Na2WO4-Na2SO4-H20 system at 293.15 K, with which the Pitzer parameters of β（0）Na2wo4 and β（1）Na2wo4 were determined from Pitzer equation by regression. Thus the mean ionic activity coeffi- cients of sodium tungstate were calculated. The obtained β（0）Na2wo4 and β（1）Na2wo4 were substituted as fixed values in extraction modeling from Na2WO4-H2SO4-H20 system by primary amine （N1923） in toluene as diluent. Meanwhile the activity coeffi- cient expressions in organic phase were varied based on Pitzer theory that the interaction term for the solvent should not be in- cluded. The Pitzer parameters for organic phase were re-regressed in order to make the model more accurate. The average ab- solute relative deviation （AARD） for calculated and experimental molality of WO42 in aqueous phase was 5.24%. The results showed that the model can not only correlate but also predict the liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data.

关键词： tungstic precipitation Pitzer parameter activity coefficient extraction

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Technologische Pfade für die Herstellung von komprimiertem und hochreinem Wasserstoff mit Hilfe von Sonnenenergie

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Angewandte Chemie 2023年第32期135卷

作者： Dr.-Ing. Mariya E. Ivanova Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Peters Dr.-Ing. Martin Müller Dr. Stefan Haas Dr. Martin Florian Seidler Dr. Gerd Mutschke Prof. Dr. Kerstin Eckert Dr. Philipp Röse Dr. Sonya Calnan Ing. Rory Bagacki Prof. Dr. Rutger Schlatmann M.Sc. Cedric Grosselindemann M.Sc. Laura-Alena Schäfer Prof. Dr. Norbert H. Menzler Dr.-Ing. André Weber Prof. Roel van de Krol Dr. Feng Liang Dr. Fatwa F. Abdi Dr.-Ing. Stefan Brendelberger Dr.-Ing. Nicole Neumann Dr.-Ing. Johannes Grobbel Dr. Martin Roeb Prof. Dr. Christian Sattler Dr.-Ing. Ines Duran Dr.-Ing. Benjamin Dietrich M. E. Christoph Hofberger Dr.-Ing. Leonid Stoppel M.Sc. Neele Uhlenbruck Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Wetzel Dr. David Rauner Dr. Ante Hecimovic Prof. Ursel Fantz Dr. Nadiia Kulyk Prof. Dr. Jens Harting Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olivier Guillon Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1: Materials Synthesis and Processing Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ) Leo-Brandt-Str. 52425 Jülich Deutschland Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-14: Electrochemical Process Engineering Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ) Leo-Brandt-Str. 52425 Jülich Deutschland Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-5: Photovoltaics Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ) Leo-Brandt-Str. 52425 Jülich Deutschland Institute of Fluid Dynamics Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR) Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Deutschland Institute for Applied Materials – Electrochemical Technologies (IAM-ET) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland Institute Competence Centre Photovoltaics Berlin (PVcomB) Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) Schwarzschildstrasse 3 12489 Berlin Deutschland Institute of Mineral Engineering (GHI) RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstraße 33 52074 Aachen (Deutschland) Institute for Solar Fuels Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland Institute of Future Fuels German Aerospace Center (DLR) Linder Höhe 51147 Köln-Porz Deutschland Institute for Thermal Energy Technology and Safety (ITES) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland Augsburg University Universitätsstraße 1 86159 Augsburg (Deutschland) Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics Boltzmannstraße 2 85748 Garching Deutschland Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ) Cauerstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Deutschland Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Physics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 1 9

Wasserstoff (H 2 ) aus erneuerbaren Energien wird einen wachsenden Einfluss auf die globale Energiedynamik hin zu nachhaltigen und kohlenstoffneutralen Standards haben. Der Anteil von grünem H 2 ist noch zu gering, um das Netto-Null-Ziel zu erreichen, während die Nachfrage nach hochwertigem Wasserstoff weiter steigt. Diese Faktoren verstärken den Bedarf an wirtschaftlich tragfähigen H 2 -Erzeugungstechnologien. Der vorliegende Artikel zielt darauf ab, die bestehenden Technologien zur Erzeugung von hochwertigem H 2 auf der Grundlage von Solarenergie zu bewerten. Technologien wie die Wasserelektrolyse, die photoelektrochemische und die solare thermochemische Wasserspaltung, Flüssigmetallreaktoren und die Plasmakonversion nutzen die Sonnenenergie direkt oder indirekt (als kohlenstoffneutrale Elektronen) und werden im Hinblick auf ihren derzeitigen Entwicklungsstand, ihre technischen Grenzen und ihr Zukunftspotenzial untersucht.

关键词： H2 Erzeugung H2 Reinigung Und -Kompression Methanpyrolyse Wasserelektrolyse Wasserspaltung

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Effect of La Additive on the Morphology and Photocatalytic Perfomance of 2D TiO2 Nanosheets: Degradation of 4 Chlorophenol

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Microscopy and Microanalysis 2019年第S2期25卷 2230-2231页

作者： Snejana Bakardjieva Radek Fajgar Victor Y. Zenou Hana Bibova Efthalia Chatzisymeon Rosica Nikolova Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences 250 69 Rez Czech Republic. Institute of Chemical Process and Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojova 2/135 165 02 Prague Czech Republic. Nuclear Research Center-Negev Department of Material Engineering 841 90 Beer Sheva Israel. J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS Dolejskova 2155/3 182 23 Prague Czech Republic. School of Engineering Institute for Infrastructure and Environment the University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JL United Kingdom. Institute for Mineralogy and Crystallography of the BAS 1113 Sofia Bulgaria.

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Publisher Correction: A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity

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Nature 2021年第7844期590卷 E23页

作者： Jingyun Yang Wei Wang Zimin Chen Shuaiyao Lu Fanli Yang Zhenfei Bi Linlin Bao Fei Mo Xue Li Yong Huang Weiqi Hong Yun Yang Yuan Zhao Fei Ye Sheng Lin Wei Deng Hua Chen Hong Lei Ziqi Zhang Min Luo Hong Gao Yue Zheng Yanqiu Gong Xiaohua Jiang Yanfeng Xu Qi Lv Dan Li Manni Wang Fengdi Li Shunyi Wang Guanpeng Wang Pin Yu Yajin Qu Li Yang Hongxin Deng Aiping Tong Jiong Li Zhenling Wang Jinliang Yang Guobo Shen Zhiwei Zhao Yuhua Li Jingwen Luo Hongqi Liu Wenhai Yu Mengli Yang Jingwen Xu Junbin Wang Haiyan Li Haixuan Wang Dexuan Kuang Panpan Lin Zhengtao Hu Wei Guo Wei Cheng Yanlin He Xiangrong Song Chong Chen Zhihong Xue Shaohua Yao Lu Chen Xuelei Ma Siyuan Chen Maling Gou Weijin Huang Youchun Wang Changfa Fan Zhixin Tian Ming Shi Fu-Sheng Wang Lunzhi Dai Min Wu Gen Li Guangyu Wang Yong Peng Zhiyong Qian Canhua Huang Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau Zhenglin Yang Yuquan Wei Xiaobo Cen Xiaozhong Peng Chuan Qin Kang Zhang Guangwen Lu Xiawei Wei Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China. National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Yunnan China. Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Chinese Ministry of Health Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases Institute of Laboratory Animal Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Peking Union Medical College Beijing China. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) Beijing China. National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science & Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China. Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases Beijing China. Center for Biomedicine and Innovations Faculty of Medicine Macau University of Science and Technology Macau China. Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing China. Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China. Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Institute of Laboratory Medicine Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China. State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China. Center for Biomedicine and Innovation

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Hydrogen concentration measurement technique in gases containing oxygen by proton conductive solid electrolyte

Hydrogen concentration measurement technique in gases contai...

引用

2017 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants: A New Paradigm in Nuclear Power Safety, ICAPP 2017

作者： Tanigawa, Kaoru Koshiro, Ikumasa Sawata, Akihiro Oba, Masato Chemical No.1 Laboratory Chemical Research Department Research and Innovation Center Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. 5-717-1 Fukahori-machi Nagasaki851-0392 Japan Chemical No.3 Laboratory Chemical Research Department Research and Innovation Center Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. 2-1-1 Shinhama Arai-cho Takasago City Hyogo676-8686 Japan Chemical No.2 Laboratory Chemical Research Department Research and Innovation Center Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. 4-6-22 Kan-on-shin-machi Nishi-ku Hiroshima City Hiroshima733-8553 Japan Instrumentation and Control Engineering Section Nuclear Electrical Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department ICT Solution Headquarters Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. 1-1 Wadasaki-cho 1chome Hyogo-ku Kobe652-8585 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9784890471676

Gas measurement techniques of solid electrolyte type have an excellent environment resistance in high temperature and high pressure, and are utilized in various fields, such as the oxygen sensor for automobile exhaust gases. Particularly, the proton conductive solid electrolyte type hydrogen sensor system could have the excellent accident tolerant capability to measure hydrogen concentration under harsh environmental conditions such as severe accident (SA) in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant as well as a boiling water reactor (BWR) plant. The principle of a hydrogen concentration cell has been applied to this hydrogen sensor system. However, accurate hydrogen concentration measurement in oxygen coexistence atmosphere is difficult, since the hydrogen oxidation reaction makes a mixed potential on the platinum sensing electrode. In order to solve this problem, the materials of the sensing electrode have been improved by adding gold to the platinum alloy. This is done due to the binding energy of gold to oxygen being relatively weak (as compared to platinum). Furthermore, we have modified the sensing electrode surface to suppress oxygen adsorption, by adding a layer of siloxane. As a result, the modified platinum alloy electrode detected the value close to theoretical potential, even if under oxygen coexistence.

关键词： Solid electrolytes

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Current advances of VOCs degradation by bioelectrochemical systems: A review

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chemical engineering Journal 2018年 334卷 2625-2637页

作者： Shihan Zhang Juping You Christian Kennes Zhuowei Cheng Jiexu Ye Dongzhi Chen Jianmeng Chen Lidong Wang Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province College of Environment Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China Chemical Engineering Laboratory and Center for Advance Scientific Research (CICA) Faculty of Sciences University of La Coruña Spain Department of Environmental Science and Engineering North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) impose severe environmental issues such as haze, photochemical smog, ozone depletion, and global warming. The degradation of VOCs in the gas phase is determined by the gas-liquid mass transfer and/or the microbial activity depending on the properties of the VOCs such as solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), integrating microbial–electro-chemical removal mechanisms, have been intensively investigated for the organic compound removal in wastewater. In BESs, the interaction between the microbes and electrodes facilitates the electron transfer rate during the organic compound degradation and hence have a great potential to enhance the microbial activity. Currently, BESs are also under development for the refractory VOCs removal both in the liquid phase and gas phase. This review summarizes the current advances of the VOCs removal by BESs in terms of the mechanisms, pathway, removal efficiency, and coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives on the development of the efficient BESs for VOCs removal with a high coulombic efficiency are briefly discussed. It is believed that this review provides a new insight into the biological removal of VOCs.

关键词： Bioelectrochemical system MFC MEC VOCs degradation Electron transfer Microbial degradation

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Author Correction: The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids

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Nature 2023年第7965期618卷 E19-E20页

作者： Sarah E Graham Shoa L Clarke Kuan-Han H Wu Stavroula Kanoni Greg J M Zajac Shweta Ramdas Ida Surakka Ioanna Ntalla Sailaja Vedantam Thomas W Winkler Adam E Locke Eirini Marouli Mi Yeong Hwang Sohee Han Akira Narita Ananyo Choudhury Amy R Bentley Kenneth Ekoru Anurag Verma Bhavi Trivedi Hilary C Martin Karen A Hunt Qin Hui Derek Klarin Xiang Zhu Gudmar Thorleifsson Anna Helgadottir Daniel F Gudbjartsson Hilma Holm Isleifur Olafsson Masato Akiyama Saori Sakaue Chikashi Terao Masahiro Kanai Wei Zhou Ben M Brumpton Humaira Rasheed Sanni E Ruotsalainen Aki S Havulinna Yogasudha Veturi QiPing Feng Elisabeth A Rosenthal Todd Lingren Jennifer Allen Pacheco Sarah A Pendergrass Jeffrey Haessler Franco Giulianini Yuki Bradford Jason E Miller Archie Campbell Kuang Lin Iona Y Millwood George Hindy Asif Rasheed Jessica D Faul Wei Zhao David R Weir Constance Turman Hongyan Huang Mariaelisa Graff Anubha Mahajan Michael R Brown Weihua Zhang Ketian Yu Ellen M Schmidt Anita Pandit Stefan Gustafsson Xianyong Yin Jian'an Luan Jing-Hua Zhao Fumihiko Matsuda Hye-Mi Jang Kyungheon Yoon Carolina Medina-Gomez Achilleas Pitsillides Jouke Jan Hottenga Gonneke Willemsen Andrew R Wood Yingji Ji Zishan Gao Simon Haworth Ruth E Mitchell Jin Fang Chai Mette Aadahl Jie Yao Ani Manichaikul Helen R Warren Julia Ramirez Jette Bork-Jensen Line L Kårhus Anuj Goel Maria Sabater-Lleal Raymond Noordam Carlo Sidore Edoardo Fiorillo Aaron F McDaid Pedro Marques-Vidal Matthias Wielscher Stella Trompet Naveed Sattar Line T Møllehave Betina H Thuesen Matthias Munz Lingyao Zeng Jianfeng Huang Bin Yang Alaitz Poveda Azra Kurbasic Claudia Lamina Lukas Forer Markus Scholz Tessel E Galesloot Jonathan P Bradfield E Warwick Daw Joseph M Zmuda Jonathan S Mitchell Christian Fuchsberger Henry Christensen Jennifer A Brody Mary F Feitosa Mary K Wojczynski Michael Preuss Massimo Mangino Paraskevi Christofidou Niek Verweij Jan W Benjamins Jorgen Engmann Rachel L Kember Roderick C Slieker Ken Sin Lo Nuno R Zilhao Phuong Le Marcus E Kleber Graciela E Delgado Shaofeng Huo Dai Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto CA USA. Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA. Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. William Harvey Research Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. Department of Genetics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA. Clinical Pharmacology William Harvey Research Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. Endocrinology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA. Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute Cambridge MA USA. Department of Genetic Epidemiology University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany. McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine Washington University St Louis MO USA. Department of Precision Medicine Division of Genome Science National Institute of Health Cheongju-si South Korea. Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University Sendai Japan. Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa. Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA. Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. Department of Epidemiology Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta GA USA. Atlanta VA Health Care System Decatur GA USA. Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center Gainesville FL USA. Division of Vascular Sur

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Semantic interoperability and characterization of data provenance in computational molecular engineering

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2019年

作者： Horsch, Martin Thomas Niethammer, Christoph Boccardo, Gianluca Carbone, Paola Chiacchiera, Silvia Chiricotto, Mara Elliott, Joshua D. Lobaskin, Vladimir Neumann, Philipp Schiffels, Peter Seaton, Michael A. Todorov, Ilian T. Vrabec, Jadran Cavalcanti, Welchy Leite STFC Daresbury Laboratory UK Research and Innovation Keckwick Ln Daresbury CheshireWA4 4AD United Kingdom High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart Nobelstr. 19 Stuttgart70569 Germany Department of Applied Science and Technology Institute of Chemical Engineering Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino10129 Italy School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science University of Manchester Oxford Rd ManchesterM13 9PL United Kingdom School of Physics University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland Department of Informatics Universität Hamburg Bundesstr. 45a Hamburg20146 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials Wiener Str. 12 Bremen28359 Germany Thermodynamics and Process Engineering Technische Universität Berlin Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1 Berlin10587 Germany

By introducing a common representational system for metadata that describe the employed simulation workflows, diverse sources of data and platforms in computational molecular engineering, such as workflow management systems, can become interoperable at the semantic level. To achieve semantic interoperability, the present work introduces two ontologies that provide a formal specification of the entities occurring in a simulation workflow and the relations between them: The software ontology VISO is developed to represent software packages and their features, and OSMO, an ontology for simulation, modelling, and optimization, is introduced on the basis of MODA, a previously developed semi-intuitive graph notation for workflows in materials modelling. As a proof of concept, OSMO is employed to describe a leading-edge application scenario of the TaLPas workflow management system. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ontology

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Mosquito repellent microporous polyolefin strands

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2020年第1期2289卷

作者： António B. Mapossa Walter W. Focke Alcides Sitoe René Androsch 1Institute of Applied Materials Department of Chemical Engineering University of Pretoria Lynnwood Road Pretoria South Africa 2UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 Pretoria South Africa 3Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle/Saale Germany

Pyrogenic silica and organoclay nanocomposite strands containing liquid mosquito repellents were prepared by twin-screw extrusion compounding. The mosquito repellents DEET and Icaridin were immobilized in the pores of a microporous polyolefin matrix. The nature and levels of the repellent and nanofiller employed affected the material phase morphology. The repellent release was followed as a function of ageing time in convection ovens set at 50 °C. The release rates were a described by a mathematical model that considered the microporous internal structure. In most cases, the integral skin covering the strands determined the repellent release rate. The implication of these findings is that Icaridin is an attractive candidate for long-lasting wearable mosquito repellent devices.

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Pullulan mediated zinc oxide microparticles: Effect of synthesis temperature

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and engineering 2020年第1期808卷

作者： E D Mohamed Isa N W Che Jusoh R Hazan K Shameli Department of Environmental and Green Technology Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknology Malaysia Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Chemical Process Engineering Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknology Malaysia Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Advanced Materials Research Group Center of Hydrogen Energy Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Malaysian Nuclear Agency Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been gaining a lot of attention compared to the other semiconductor metal oxide. This is due to their favourable properties such as chemical stability, high electrochemical coupling coefficient, broad range of absorption radiation and high photostability. It also has wide band gap energy (3.37 eV), large exciton-binding energy (60 meV) and high thermal and mechanical stability at room temperature. Besides these desirable properties, the synthesis of ZnO has been widely studied as it is easy to synthesized and its properties such as band gap, shape and size can be controlled through synthesis parameters and methods. In this study, zinc oxide microparticles (ZnO-MCs) is produced with pullulan as mediator via precipitation method. The effect of synthesis temperature on the properties of synthesized ZnO-MCs were also studied. Based on the result obtained, all synthesized ZnO-MCs exhibited hexagonal wurtzite structure. As the synthesis temperature increases, the particles morphology changes from large spherical shape to flower-like morphology. Furthermore, the particle size also decreases with increasing temperature. This result is supported by surface area and pore analysis where the surface area ranging from 6.22 to 22.78 m2 g−1 was obtained as the synthesis temperature increases. All these results indicate that synthesis method and parameters will affect the properties of synthesized ZnO-MCs.

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