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COMPARISON OF SHOCK TEST METHODS OF MIL-S-901 DERIVED FROM TESTS ON A CIRCUIT-BREAKER AND SWITCHBOARD

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 178-190页

作者： BRADLEY, TL DAVES, TM MCCAMPBELL, SL YKEMA, JI Thomas L. Bradley Jr:. is director of program management of SPD Technologies research and development group in Philadelphia Pa. He has twenty years of experience on Navy shipboard electrical power protective systems and electrical switchgear. Mr. Bradley received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Villanova University. He is a member of ASNE SNAME and IEEE. Ted M. Daves:is president of Hi-Test Laboratories Inc. Mr. Daves has devoted his professional career to Navy shock survivability testing programs to support shock qualification research on hull mechanical electrical and combat systems for both surface ships and submarines. He has twenty years of experience in lightweight medium weight and heavyweight shock qualification programs and has conducted shock survivability inspections at the component and systems level on almost all types of machinery and equipment that require MIL-S-901 shock qualification. He received his B.S. degree in industrial technology from Western Carolina University in 1970 and is a member of ASNE IES Shock and Vibration Information Center and ADPA. Steven L. McCampbell P.E:. is the engineering supervisor and senior technical officer at Hi-Test Laboratories Inc. where he has worked in direct support of Navy shock and vibration testing programs since 1978. His work includes test program management testing machine design and solution of design problems encountered by machinery and equipment undergoing shock and vibration qualification. He is familiar with instrumentation systems and methods data reduction and data interpretation. He received his B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Virginia in 1985. John I. Ykema P.E:. is vice president and chief technical officer at SPD Technologies Philadelphia Pa. He has served in various capacities within SPD (formerly I-T-E) since 1955. He served for three years (1951–1954) with NavSea (formerly BuShips) engineering electrical power systems for aircraft carriers and cruisers. Mr. Ykema received his M.S. degree

For shipboard equipment to qualify as shock-hardened, it must pass a shock test in accordance with the military shock test specification, MIL-S-901 [1]. The test methods prescribed by MIL-S-901 have gone essentially unchanged since 1963. All equipment is divided into three test categories, depending on weight, and a different shock test machine is specified for each weight category. The heavy weight category is further sub-divided depending on the method of mounting within the ship, namely deck mounted or hull mounted. The authors have observed cases when equipment passing MIL-S-901 shock qualification testing using one method (e.g., the medium weight) failed when tested on another method (e.g., the floating shock platform). Concern about this difference in shock phenomena between the approved equipment performance stimulated the authors to perform the testing and analysis presented in this paper. The thirty year old test methods which have contributed significantly to shock survivability may not always simulate adequately the actual shipboard installation during shock qualification testing, thus leading to a false confidence level that all qualified equipment will perform well in combat. To explore the possible variations in shock phenomena from the different methods, an extensive testing program was conducted whereby a 100 ampere circuit breaker was subjected to shock testing under the four methods outlined in MIL-S-901D, namely, lightweight, medium weight, heavy weight deck, and heavy weight hull. The data gathered during the testing, and the performance of the equipment under test, were both evaluated and analyzed to observe differences in shock phenomena from each of the four different test methods. The shock testing methods, the equipment which was subjected to test, the test procedures, and the results of the investigation are described in this paper. The recommendations suggest improvements to the Navy shock testing methods and procedures.

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STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS METHODS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT METALLIC CORRUGATED CORE SANDWICH PANELS SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第4期103卷 134-136页

作者： WIERNICKI, CJ LIEM, F WOODS, GD FURIO, A WHIDDON, WD SMITH, MA PACKARD, WT Christopher J. Wiernickiis the director of the Structures and Materials Division of Designers and Planners Inc. He has over 10 years of experience in marine structural design and advanced material product development. He received a B.S. degree in civil engineering from Vanderbilt University and M.S. degrees from both George Washington University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a registered professional engineer and is a member of ASNE SNAME and SAMPE. Franz Liemis a senior structural engineer of ASTECH. He has over 18 years of experience in structural engineering. He received M.S. degrees in civil/structural engineering from Carollo Wilhelmina University in West Germany. He is a registered professional engineer. Gregory D. Woodsis the Naval Sea Systems Command's lightweight metallic structures program manager. Until recently a naval architect in the Structural Integrity Application Division he currently works in the Amphibious Auxiliary and Support Ship Branch. He received a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Tennessee State University with additional graduate level course work at the NavSea Institute. Anthony J. Furiois the program manager for lightweight metallic structures in the Ship Structure Division of the David Taylor Research Center. He has over 19 years of experience in ship structure research and light weight metallic development for U.S. Navy fleet applications. He received a B.S. in civil engineering from Long Island University and a M.S. in ocean engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology.

Since the early 1980s, the U.S. Navy, in conjunction with industry, has continued to develop and test innovative lightweight structural concepts with the purpose of seeking alternative replacements for conventional plate beam metallic structures. One commercially available concept currently under investigation is lightweight metallic corrugated core sandwich panels. This paper presents both elastic and plastic design methods for lightweight metallic corrugated core sandwich panels subjected to air blast loading. The equations presented in this paper, while not a complete solution to the complicated dynamic, elastic plastic phenomena of blast wave-rigid body interaction, are offered as a set of relatively simple analytical expressions that can be used in preliminary design. Because of the closed form nature of the equations the designer has the capability to quickly identify the most important parameters effecting the response of lightweight metallic corrugated core sandwich panels to air blast loads.

关键词： Shipbuilding Materials

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ELECTROEXPULSIVE SEPARATION SYSTEM SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 55-66页

作者： EMBRY, GD ERSKINE, RW HASLIM, LA LOCKYER, RT MCDONOUGH, PT Gerald D. Embry:is a senior marine engineering specialist with Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Mississippi. He earned his BS degree in mechanical engineering in 1961 at the University of Illinois. He has twenty-eight years experience in the ship design and construction field and has held several positions at Ingalls Shipbuilding ranging from engineering section manager to group manager of project engineering. He has held other responsible engineering positions at General Dynamics/Electric Boat and several consulting firms. He has been a registered professional engineer with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts since 1966 a member of ASNE since 1978 and a member of SNAME since 1968. Robert W. Erskine:is a naval architect specialist with Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Mississippi. He earned a BSE in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1967 at the University of Michigan and an MBA in management in 1983 at the University of Southern Mississippi. He has 22 years of engineering and managerial experience in the Navy and in the commercial marine industry. Achievements during his 13 years with Ingalls include an Aegis Excellence A ward for his work on the CG-47 class cruiser program. He has also held responsible positions with ship operation and design consultant firms in New York City. He participated in the Bearing Sea trial described herein. He has been a member of ASNE since 1977 and a member of USNI since 1985. Leonard A. Haslim:is a program manager at NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California. He has earned advanced degrees in chemistry mathematics and engineering from UCLA UC and Stanford. He has forty-five years experience in aerospace engineering including responsible research development and engineering positions with the U.S. Navy Lockheed Missile and Space Ford Aerospace NASA and as a consultant for Arthur D. Little Company. He holds several patents including the Electro-Expulsive Separation System for which he earned NASA's 1988 Inventor of the Year Award.

THE AUTHORS 6 ABSTRACT Shipboard weather deck ice removal is a laborious, time consuming, dangerous task. The current operational scenario consists of sailors wielding hickory baseball bats. This paper describes a viable alternative, the Electro-Expulsive Separation System (EESS), originally developed by NASA. EESS technology has been designed to remove ice from aircraft surfaces. Developmental testing, which led to acceptance of this new device, is discussed together with its theory of operation. The resultant aircraft applications are described. The need to adapt this aircraft technology for shipboard applications is recognized by the Navy, the Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, and the commercial shipbuilding industry. Fishing vessels risk sinking every winter due to excessive ice accumulation on their decks and superstructure. Navy and Coast Guard cold water operations have been hampered for centuries due to severe ice accumulation during inclement weather. With the encouragement and cooperation of the State of Alaska, an EESS test program was formulated and subsequently conducted aboard an Alaskan Resources vessel in the Bering Sea. This testing is described, with lessons learned. Future test programs are identified, requisite for successful adaptation of this technology to combat and commercial shipboard applications.

关键词： Ships

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IN-HOUSE WELL-DRILLING OPERATIONS FOR A GROUND-WATER MONITORING program, SUFFOLK COUNTY, NEW-YORK

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1989年第3期9卷 194-199页

作者： CARY, SV MARKEL, R Steven V. Cary received a B.S. degree in geology and an M.S. in civil engineering from Tufts University. He is an associate public health engineer and supervisor of the Groundwater Resources Bureau for the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (225 Rabro Dr. E. Hauppauge NY 11788). A registered professional engineer and geologist his primary interests lie in ground water monitoring technology ground water contamination and ground water interactions with streams and wetlands. Richard Market received a B.S. in engineering and an M.S. in urban planning from S.U.N.Y. at Stony Brook. He is a senior public health engineer in charge of the drilling program of the Ground Water Resources Bureau for the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (225 Rabro Dr. E. Hauppauge NY 11788). He is a registered professional engineer and has been involved in numerous ground water pollution studies on Long Island New York.

All public agencies involved in ground water monitoring and protection face the requirement of obtaining well drilling services consistent with their needs. Most will rely on contracted drilling services, but a limited number of agencies having responsibilities for long-term aquifer monitoring and the promulgation of monitoring standards may find that implementing an in-house well drilling program is an effective approach to achieving their ground water protection *** County, located on Long Island, New York, has been operating a well drilling program for 10 years, with three levels of drilling capability to meet the requirements of characterizing and monitoring an unconsolidated regional aquifer system. The program's cost and labor requirements are substantial, but this approach has provided uniformly high-quality data and the hands-on experience needed to test drilling innovations and produce monitoring regulations that are effective and feasible. If soundly organized and run, an agency-directed drilling operation will be readily adaptable to changing needs and priorities. In Suffolk County, this has included emergency response and fuel-spill monitoring. A successful program must also include a demonstrated geologic identification and well logging capability, close laboratory support, and an experienced hydrogeological or ground water engineering *** approach may be suitable for other regional agencies based on their ground water conditions and water-supply protection needs.

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LATE-EVENT VISCOPLASTICITY IN WIDE-PLATE CRACK-ARREST TESTS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING 1988年第5期31卷 325-348页

作者： BASS, BR PUGH, CE KEENEYWALKER, J SCHWARTZ, CW Heavy-Section Steel Technology Program Oak Ridge National Laboratory PO Box Y Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Department of Civil Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA

A primary objective of the crack-arrest studies being conducted by the Heavy-Section Steel technology (HSST) program is to understand pressure vessel conditions that would initiate growth of an existing crack and conditions that would lead to arrest of a moving crack. In meeting this objective, the HSST program is generating crack-arrest data over an expanded temperature range through tests involving large cylinders, pressure vessels and wide-plate specimens. The role of nonlinear rate-dependent effects in the interpretation of crack run-arrest events in ductile material is being investigated by the HSST program through development and applications of viscoplastic-dynamic finite element analysis techniques. This paper describes the portion of those studies that relate to the installation of two viscoplastic constitutive models and several proposed fracture criteria into the ADINA finite element program. The formulations of the Bodner-Partom and the Perzyna constitutive models that were installed in ADINA are presented, including a compilation of material parameters for these models obtained from dynamic stress-strain data for A533 grade B class 1 steel. This is followed by a description of path-area integrals J′ , T ∗ (from Nishioka and Atluri) and J ̂ (from Kishimoto) and of the function γ (representing energy flow to the crack tip) installed in the ADINA program. Finally, the combined predictive capabilities of these techniques are applied to the analysis of one of the recently completed HSST wide-plate crack-arrest tests.

关键词： PRESSURE VESSELS

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INCLUSION AND MISFIT EFFECTS IN HYDROSTATIC TENSION

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME 1988年第2期55卷 355-360页

作者： WILNER, B Benjamin Wilner Engineering Science and Mechanics Program School of Civil Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332

A study of the effect of an elastic spherical particle embedded in an infinite elastic-plastic matrix subject to hydrostatic tension is presented. Two types of particles will be considered: (1) a perfectly fitting inclusion, (2) a misfitting one. A numerical solution is developed to solve the governing equations. Various combinations of elastic constants and power hardening coefficients are studied for different load levels. The analysis is concentrated on the interfacial normal stresses and its dependence on the different parameters.

关键词： Hydrostatics Tension Particulate matter Stress Hardening Elastic constants Equations Fittings

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THE REVERSE engineering PROCESS - A COMPETITION engineering PERSPECTIVE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第2期100卷 47-53页

作者： DIMASCIO, AJ MIXON, CO Dr. A.J. Di Mascio:is currently a senior program manager for VSE Corporation of Alexandria Va. Prior to joining VSE he was a career civil servant in the Department of the Navy (retired in May 1986). His last two assignments were director Office of Naval Acquisition Support and deputy commander of the Naval Air Systems Command. He has a doctorate degree from George Washington University and B.S. and M.S. degrees from Drexel Institute of Technology. Capt. Cameron O. Mixon USN (Ret.):was graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1950 and was subsequently commissioned and entered active naval service. During World War II he entered the Navy as an apprentice seaman and was discharged after the war ended as a chief petty officer (motor machinist diesel). As a commissioned officer he served aboard the USS Walker (DD-517) as engineer officer. In 1955 he was designated an engineering duty officer after which he served on the COMMINELANT Staff then as repair officer aboard the USS Yellowstone (AD-27). He had tours of duty at SRF Yokosuka Charleston and Long Beach Naval Shipyards and in the Vietnamese Naval Shipyard in Saigon as the senior naval advisor. His last tour prior to retirement was as senior machinery inspector on the INSURVBoard Washington D.C. He is currently employed by VSE Corporation where he has been active in the areas of breakout and reverse engineering.

Reverse engineering can be a powerful tool in the development of a competitive technical data package. However, it should be incorporated as one subset of the several tools available in a comprehensive competition engineering program. There are several technical programmatic, and economic factors which must be considered within the overall system context of such a competition engineering framework prior to committing to implementation of reverse engineering. This paper presents an overview of some of the principal technical, management and economic considerations which should be factored into the planning, decision-making, and control processes when applying reverse engineering techniques to a Replenishment Spares Breakout program. A decision-making model and process management descriptive model are presented as guides to planning and control.

关键词： MILITARY engineering

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A PRIMITIVE PSEUDO WAVE-EQUATION FORMULATION FOR SOLVING THE HARMONIC SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS

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ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES 1987年第4期10卷 188-199页

作者： WESTERINK, JJ CONNOR, JJ STOLZENBACH, KD Ocean Engineering Program Civil Engineering Department Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA Department of Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA

A finite element method formulation for solving the harmonic shallow water equations in their primitive or unmodified form is developed and analysed. The scheme, referred to as the Primitive Pseudo Wave Equation Formulation (PPWE), involves developing a weak weighted residual form of the continuity equation and furthermore forming a pseudo wave equation by substituting the discretized form of the momentum equation into the discretized form of the continuity equation. The final set of equations to be solved, the pseudo wave equation and the primitive momentum equations, deceptively resemble the discretized equations of the wave equation formulation of Lynch and Gray. Despite this resemblance, Fourier analysis indicates that the PPWE scheme is still fundamentally primitive. However, application of the PPWE scheme to a set of stringent test problems results in very good solutions with well controlled nodal oscillations. It is shown that this low degree of spurious oscillations is due to the treatment of the boundary conditions such that elevation is taken as an essential condition and normal flux is taken as a natural condition. This particular boundary condition treatment is suggested by the formation of the pseudo wave equation. Furthermore, even though the equation re-arrangement does not in itself effect the solutions, it does make the scheme much more efficient.

关键词： shallow water equations harmonic primitive spurious oscillations wave equation

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A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MULTIPHASE TRANSPORT-THEORY TO GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1987年第1期7卷 84-92页

作者： HINCHEE, RE REISINGER, HJ Robert E. Hinchee Ph.D. P.E. is manager of Western Regional Engineering Operations for EA Engineering Science and Technology Inc. (41 Lafayette Circle Lafayette CA 94549). He holds a doctorate in civil and environmental engineering from Utah State University is a registered professional engineer and is a master's level certified hazardous materials manager. He is involved in subsurface hydrocarbon behavior research and practical assessment and remediation of contaminated sites. His experience includes investigation and design of remediation at more than 50 subsurface petroleum spill sites. H. James Reisinger II CHMM is a vice president of EA Engineering Science and Technology Inc. (Hunt Valley/Loveton Center 15 Loveton Circle Sparks MD 21152) and is responsible for all analytical services. He holds a master's degree from Millersville State University and is a master's level certified hazardous materials manager. He has developed sampling and analytical programs and provided analysis of the resulting data for more than 100 contaminated sites. He is currently responsible for a major laboratory that is in the EPA CLP program and certified in eight states.

Hydrocarbon transport in the subsurface environment occurs in several phases, chiefly the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), dissolved and vapor phases. Mechanisms that influence transport include the physicochemical properties of the specific compounds present (density, vapor pressure, viscosity, hydrophobicity) and the physical and chemical properties of the subsurface environment, including geology, aquifer minerology and ground water hydrology. Hydrocarbon liquids are typically complex mixtures composed of numerous compounds, each with its own individual physicochemical and, therefore, transport properties. Examination of chemical data can provide insights into the transport mechanisms operating at a site: Ground water transport results in relative enrichment by more soluble, less hydrophobic hydrocarbon compounds as a function of distance from a spill; vapor phase transport typically results in relative enrichment in more volatile hydrocarbon *** sites at which subsurface fuel spills resulted in ground water contamination will illustrate the use of transport mechanism theory. At Site 1 a subsurface spill resulted in a NAPL plume approximately 150m (500 feet) and a dissolved hydrocarbon plume resulting from ground water transport of dissolved hydrocarbon approximately 350m (1150 feet) hydraulically downgradient of the source. At Site 2 there was a sudden subsurface fuel spill; ground water pumping with hydrocarbon recovery was begun within a week of spillage. Vapor phase transport resulted in contaminated ground water hydraulically upgradient of the source. In addition, there was cross-contamination at Site 2, probably as the result of contaminated water level gauging equipment, but the chemical characteristics of this contamination were sufficiently obvious to permit its identification. An understanding of transport mechanisms is instrumental in contamination assessment source identification, contaminant fate prediction and design of an appropriate reme

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RELIABILITY-BASED FATIGUE DESIGN FOR SHIP STRUCTURES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 135-149页

作者： WHITE, GJ AYYUB, BM Gregory J. White: LCdr. USNR-R is an assistant professor of naval architecture at the U.S. Naval Academy. He received a B. S. degree in engineering mechanics from Vanderbilt University in 1975 an M. E. degree in naval architecture from the University of California Berkeley in 1981 and a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in 1986. Dr. White served on active duty with the U.S. Navy from 1975 to 1979 first as the damage control assistant aboard the USS Reasoner (FF-1063) and then as the commissioning CIC officer aboard the USS Merrill (DD-976). After leaving active duty and while attending graduate school he worked at Mare Island Naval Shipyard in the scientific section (Code 250.1). Upon completion of graduate school he then worked for Exxon International Company as a research engineer in the R & D division of the tanker department. A lieutenant commander in the Ready Reserve Dr. White drills with the repair department of a submarine tender reserve unit and recently completed the reserve engineering duty officer qualification program. A member of ASNE since 1983 Dr. White is also a member of SNAME and the U.S. Naval Institute Dr. White received the “Jimmie” Hamilton Award for 1985. Bilal M. Ayyub:is currently an assistant professor of civil engineering at the University of Maryland. He received his B. S. degree in civil engineering from the University of Kuwait in 1980. He completed both his M. S. (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) in civil engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. While there he was awarded the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science Fellowship. Dr. Ayyub has extensive background in risk-based analysis and design simulation pre-stressed composite steel girders and construction engineering. He is engaged in research work involving structural reliability bridges marine structures mathematical modelling using the theories of probability statistics and fuzzy sets. His research work is sponsored by the National Transportation Safety Board the University of Maryland the Natio

In the continuing effort to apply reliability methods to marine structures, the next logical step is to include these techniques in the design process. The advantage of doing this would be the ability to design more efficient structures with some measure of certainty of the reliability level involved. The particular application in ship structural design which would benefit the most from using reliability methods is the design against fatigue failure. In this paper, some of the reliability-based methods currently being used (or proposed for use) in the design of structures against fatigue are examined. Each is evaluated as to its suitability for use in the structural design of ships. In addition, the authors propose a new reliability-based fatigue design format which is based on their recently introduced Reliability-Conditioned (RC) design method and the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) code format. This approach is hoped to provide the design engineer with an easy to understand and use tool based on the LRFD format. The RC method will enable him to quickly and accurately design the components of a ship's structure such that a desired level of safety against fatigue is achieved. Each of the methods discussed is used to solve a practical example. The results of that example and several others are used to discuss the relative merits of each method.

关键词： SHIPS

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