检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

Experimental investigation of surfactant-enhanced dissolution of residual NAPL in saturated soil

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1997年第4期17卷 89-98页

作者： Chevalier, LR Masten, SJ Wallace, RB Wiggert, DC Dr. Susan J. Mastenis an associate professor of environmental engineering in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University (East Lansing MI 48824–1326 517/353-8539). She received a B.S. in biochemistry from Fairleigh Dickinson University an M.S.E. in environmental engineering from West Virginia University and a Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Harvard University. Prior to locating at MSU Dr. Masten conducted research at EAWAG-ETH Zurich Switzerland at the University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia and at the R.S. Kerr U.S. EPA Laboratory in Ada Oklahoma. Her research is focused on using chemical oxidation processes to remediate ground water and soils that are contaminated with organic chemicals. She also has extensive experience in the area of analytical chemistry. Professor David C. Wiggert'scurrent research interests in the area of environmental fluid mechanics are associated with ground water remediation. He is involved in experimental testing field studies and modeling of bioremediation of contaminants in ground water and in the application of innovative techniques to enhance the delivery of chemicals microbes and nutrients into contaminated soils to enhance in situ remediation. Recently completed projects dealt with the formation and performance of frozen containment barriers and the natural remediation properties of an industrial ground water recharge pond. Past research includes analysis of ground water flow in relation to water quality improvement and hydrologic and water quality studies of small watersheds. He is also actively researching fluid transients associated with free-surface flows and with pipeline systems specific topics include fluid-structure interaction and uncertainty analysis. Professor Roger B. Wallace'sresearch involves the mechanics of fluids in porous media. Current research focuses on contaminant transport and remediation in ground water systems including the role of nonaqueous phase liquids such as gasoline. This includes ex

Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is a longterm source of ground water contamination as the pollutant slowly partitions into the air and water phases. The objective of this work was to study the efficacy of aqueous surfactant solution to enhance the dissolution of a residual NAPL below the capillary fringe, hence reducing the time needed for aquifer restoration. An analytical technique was developed to measure the concentration of NAPL in a nonionic surfactant. Soil column experiments simulated conditions in the saturated soil where a NAPL may become trapped as a discontinuous immobile phase. Experimental results indicate that dissolution was a rate-limited process, approaching equilibrium concentrations after 24 hours. The relative permeability of the aqueous phase initially decreased as surfactant was injected, but increased over time as the saturation of residual NAPL was reduced through mass transfer into the surfactant-enhanced aqueous phase. These findings suggest that enhancing the aqueous phase with a nonionic surfactant may significantly enhance the in situ recovery or residual NAPL.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Byproduct formation during the reduction of TCE by zero-valence iron and palladized iron

引用

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1997年第1期17卷 122-127页

作者： Liang, LY Korte, N Goodlaxson, JD Clausen, J Fernando, Q Muftikian, R Liyuan Liang received a B.S. in civil engineering from Northeastern University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in environmental engineering from California Institute of Technology. Currently she is a principal investigator and the leader of the Environmental Engineering Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge TN 37831). Dr. Liang has been conducting research in environmental chemistry for the last 10 years in the areas of particle dynamics in natural water and subsurface environments equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption/desorption of metals and organic contaminants at solid/aqueous interface chemical spe-ciation in aqueous systems and redox-transformation and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants. Nit Korte received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana and an MS. in analytical chemistry from the University o f Arizona Tucson Arizona. Currently he is restoration technology manager at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Environmental Sciences Division Grand Junction Office 2597 B 314 Rd. Grand Junction CO 81503). Korte's primary research interest is studying the fate and effect of trace species in the environment. He has more than 15 years experience in planning and conducting field investigations at hazardous waste sites. He also serves as an adjunct faculty member at Mesa State College in Grand Junction Colorado. Korte is a certified hazardous materials manager and a certified ground water professional. J.D. Goodlaxson is an analytical chemist with the Environmental Engineering Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge TN 37831). He received a B.S. in biology with a chemistry minor from the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. His research interests include adsorption/desorption of heavy metals onto solid organic matrixes and redox-transformation of organic contaminants in aqueous systems. Jay L. Clausen is a hydrogeologist/geochemist with Lockheed Martin Energy Systems Inc. (761 Veterans A

Trichloroethene (TCE) was reduced with zero-valence iron and palladized iron in zero-head-space extractors. Progress of the reaction in these batch studies was monitored with purge-and-trap gas chromatography and a flame ionization detector. When a 5 ppm initial concentration of TCE reacts with zero-valence iron, approximately 140 ppb of vinyl chloride persists for as long as 73 days. The concentration of vinyl chloride (approximately 10 ppb) remaining with palladized iron is approximately an order of magnitude less than when zero-valence iron is the reductant. These data suggest that volatile byproducts may be underrepresented in other published data regarding reduction with zero-valence metals. These results also demonstrate that the reduction of TCE with palladized iron (0.05 percent palladium) is more than an order of magnitude faster than with zero-valence iron. With a 5:1 solution-to-solid ratio the TCE half-life with zero-valence iron is 7.41 hours, but is only 0.59 hours with the palladized iron.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Hot methanol extraction for the analysis of volatile organic chemicals in subsurface core samples from Dover Air Force Base, Delaware

引用

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1997年第1期17卷 104-121页

作者： Ball, WP Xia, G Durfee, DP Wilson, RD Brown, MJ Mackay, DM William P. Ball is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and environmental engineering at Johns Hopkins University (313 Ames Hall 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218). His research interests are in the physical and chemical processes that control contaminant fate in aqueous systems both in the natural environment and in engineered processes of treatment and remediation. Recent work has included both laboratory and computer modeling studies related to contaminant fate and transport in subsurface environments. Ball holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in environmental engineering and science from Stanford University and a B.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered pro-fessional engineer in the state of Virginia. Guoshou Xia is a Ph.D. candidate at Johns Hopkins University He was previously a lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at Southeast University in China. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Hefei University and his M.S. degree in environmental engineering from East China University of Chemical Technology. His current research interests are in the area ofsubsurface contaminant transport with emphasis on better understanding the nature of organic contaminant interactions with subsurface solids. Donald P. Durfee received his M.S. degree in environmental engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1993 and is currently a Ph.D. student at Johns Hopkins. He is studying contaminant fate and transport in the subsurface and is also interested in site characterization and remediation issues. Ryan D. Wilson is a research associate and Ph.D. student in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario. His research interests include field and modeling studies of semipassive remediation technologies and the behavior of gaseous tracers. Wilson received his B.Sc. in geology from the University of Alberta in 1987 and his M.Sc. in earth sciences (hydrogeology) from the University of Waterloo in 1993. Michael J. Br

The evaluation of contaminant concentrations in ground water and soil is an essential aspect of most hazardous waste remedial investigations. This paper describes methods applied toward obtaining, preserving, and analyzing subsurface samples for the determination of VOC concentrations in the saturated region of an unconfined coastal plain aquifer at Dover Air Force Base (DAFB), Delaware. The described protocol involved headspace-free subsampling of cores, field preservation of subsamples in methanol, and overnight extraction of the VOCs at elevated temperature (70 degrees C). Methanol-extracted compounds were subsequently transferred to hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography. The method was found to achieve quantitative extraction from the aquifer sands in a single step, although extraction from fine-grained and more strongly sorbing aquitard samples required multiple methanol extractions to achieve comparable recovery. An extensive set of DAFB results is presented as an indication of how these methods can be applied toward characterizing field-scale contamination with a high degree of resolution and accuracy. These data have enabled a quantitative estimate of the contaminant distribution at this site and offer valuable insight into processes of contaminant migration into the underlying aquitard. In these regards, the methods used are believed to have provided much more accurate results than could have been obtained using more commonly applied techniques.

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Hydroacoustic assessment of abundance and diel distribution of sockeye salmon and kokanee in the sawtooth Valley Lakes, Idaho

引用

North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1997年第2期17卷 253-267页

作者： Beauchamp, David A. Luecke, Chris Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A. Gross, Howard G. Budy, Phaedra E. Spaulding, Scott Dillenger, Robert Gubala, Chad P. Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Fisheries and Wildlife-Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322-5210 United States Department of Fisheries and Wildlife-Ecology Center Utah State University Logon UT 84322-5210 United States Shoshone-Bannock Indian Fisheries Department Fort Hall ID 83203 Post Office Box 306 United States Idaho Department of Fish and Game Eagle ID 83616 1798 Trout Road United States Institute for Natural Systems Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Utah State University Logan UT 84322-4110 United States WCA Inc Environmental Consultants Salt Lake City UT 84101 56 West 400 South Suite 201 United States

We used dual-beam hydroacoustics and echo integration techniques, combined with midwater trawling and gillnetting, to assess the abundance and distribution of the endangered Snake River juvenile sockeye salmon and resident kokanee (both Oncorhynchus nerka) in Sawtooth Valley lakes of Idaho during September 1991 and 1992. Abundance of O. nerka varied among the four lakes containing this species (12, 500–257, 000) and varied between years in Redfish Lake (86, 400 in 1994 and 241, 000 in 1992) and Alturas Lake (230, 000 in 1991 and 257, 000 in 1992). In Alturas Lake, where piscivore densities were high and zooplankton densities were low, small acoustic targets (≤18 cm long) were nearly absent from the limnetic zone during daylight, and high densities remained in colder intermediate depths (15–30 m) during crepuscular and nocturnal periods. In Redfish Lake, where predator density was much lower and zooplankton density was higher, targets concentrated in schools at 25–30 m during daylight, dispersed into the upper 10 m at dusk, then were broadly distributed over the upper 30 m at night. In Pettit and Stanley lakes, nocturnal distributions of smaller (3–7 cm) and intermediate (7–18 cm) target sizes were skewed toward the epilimnion, and larger targets remained in the metalimnion or upper hypolimnion. The different diel vertical distribution patterns suggested that juvenile O. nerka exposed to limited food and high predation risk consumed smaller rations and maximized bioenergetic efficiency. Populations with higher food supplies and exposed to lower piscivore densities exploited the higher epilimnetic prey densities and temperatures at night and crepuscular periods to maximize growth but deviated further from bioenergetic efficiency. Populations responded differently to the unique combination of constraints that limit potential sockeye salmon smolt production at each lake. Consequently, different management strategies may be needed in each lake. © 1997 American Fisheries

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Structure and support of water-resources management and decision-making

引用

JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 1996年第3-4期177卷 253-268页

作者： Reitsma, RF University of Colorado at Boulder Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water Environmental Systems Department of Civil Environmental Architectural Engineering Campus Box 421 Boulder CO 80309-0421 USA

The thesis of this paper is that it is necessary to look beyond the usual role of decision-support systems (DSS) as analytical tools for assisting operational management of water-resources systems. In particular, there is a need to include components capable of supporting the political, organizational and social dimensions of the decision-making process. With the help of a case study in water-resources allocation for the Colorado River, it is shown that decision-making is not as ill-structured as first appears and this should be exploited in the design of the DSS. In the case of the Colorado River, the overall approach has been decomposed into six aspects or 'layers', each of which requires its own set of information-management tools. Classical decision-making perspectives are then used to explain the role of these layers and their significance for the development of a water-resources DSS.

关键词： Water resources

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Ground water discharge of agricultural pesticides and nutrients to estuarine surface water

引用

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第1期16卷 118-129页

作者： Gallagher, DL Dietrich, AM Reay, WG Hayes, MC Simmons, GM Daniel L. Gallagher Ph.D. P.E. is an associate professor of civil engineering Environmental Engineering Division at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg VA 24061–0246). His research interests include pollutant fate and transport modeling and simulation statistics ground/surface water interactions and geographical information systems. Andrea M. Dietrich Ph.D. is an associate professor of civil engineering Environmental Engineering Division at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg VA 24061–0246). Her research interests include water quality environmental sampling and monitoring using both instrumental and sensory methods water treatment and toxicology. William G. Reay Ph.D. is a research scientist in the Department of Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Division at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg VA 24061–0246). His research interests include ground water hydrology and contamination. Mary C. Hayes Ph.D. is vice president of Quality Control and Product Applications at Ohmicron Environmental Diagnostics (375 Pheasant Run Newtown PA 18940). Her research interests include application of immunoassays to environmental analyses. George M. Simmons Jr. Ph.D. is an alumni distinguished professor and associate department head of biology at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg VA 24061–0406). His current research interest is nonpoint fecal coliform sources to tidal inlet in the Chesapeake Bay.

This research investigated the transport of land-applied nutrients and pesticides from unconfined aquifers to tidal surface waters of Virginia's coastal plain. Ground water, estuarine surface water, ground water discharge, upland soil, and offshore sediment samples were collected from May 1992 until February 1993 from four agricultural sites. Samples were analyzed for inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and five pesticides: atrazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and carbofuran. Pesticides from aqueous samples were determined by liquid-solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) an/or by pesticide-specific immunoassay. Soil and sediment samples were analyzed by extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Nutrient measurements indicated that fertilizer nitrogen was moving from the ground water to the surface water. and nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface were correlated with fresh water discharge rates. Mean nitrate-N flux was 2.48 mg/m(2) . hr with a maximum value of 30.98 mg/m(2) . hr. Pesticides were detected in more than half of the upland soil samples. in approximately 40 percent of the ground water samples, and in just under 20 percent of the seepage meter samples. Pesticides were nor detected in any of the offshore sediment samples or surface water samples. Alachlor and metolachlor were detected in upland soil samples at concentrations ranging from 10 to almost 500 mu g/kg. All five pesticides were found in ground water samples at concentrations generally below 1 mu g/L, with alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor most frequently Found. Alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor were detected in water discharging across the sediment-water interface and entering estuarine waters at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 mu g/L. These levels were generally consistent with the amount of dilution due to the mixing of fresh ground water and saline pore waters prior to discharge acros

关键词：

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Methods of reducing the erosion from cells in a concrete block spillway

引用

Proceedings of the Institution of civil Engineers: Water, Maritime and Energy 1996年第3期118卷 199-203页

作者： Baker, R. Bessaih, N. Telford Research Institute of Environmental Systems University of Salford Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia

In recent years concrete blocks with cells have been extensively used to provide auxiliary dam spillways or to protect other surfaces subjected to supercritical flow. When the cells are filled with topsoil and grass is allowed to grow, their use is currently limited by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) guidelines to a maximum velocity of 8 m/s. In addition a geotextile underlayer is recommended to prevent damage to the embankment material when soil and grass is eroded from the cells in a flood. The mechanism of removal of granular material from a cell by flowing water is presented in this paper. Two simple modifications to the cell geometry are also described - a bar across the upper surface or a step in the downstream cell wall - which reduce the depth of erosion by at least 50%. Such modifications would limit the amount of maintenance necessary to the spillway after a flood and reduce the reliance upon the geotextile to prevent failure.

关键词： Spillways

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

In situ remediation of jet a in soil and ground water by high vacuum, dual phase extraction

引用

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第1期16卷 73-79页

作者： Kirshner, M Pressly, NC Roth, RJ Marvin Kirshner is chief environmental engineer for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (One World Trade Center New York NY 10048). He is responsible for the management of all environmental engineering investigation and design including soil and ground water remediation. He has 30 years of experience in environmental engineering. Kirshner received a bachelor's degree and master's degree in civil engineering from The City College of New York a master of business administration from the University of Pittsburgh and a juris doctor degree in law from Duquesne University. He is a professional engineer in New York New Jersey and Pennsylvania and is a member of the Bar in Pennsylvania. Nicholas C. Pressly is an associate engineer with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (One World Trade Center New York NY 10048). He is responsible for the evaluation testing design and implementation of subsurface remediation systems at Port Authority airport facilities. He has more than seven years experience in environmental engineering. Pressly received a bachelor's degree in geomechanics from the University of Rochester in 1988 and a master of engineering in environmental engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1993. Robert J. Roth is the operations manager at Terra Vac's Mid-Atlantic office in Trenton New Jersey (806 Sylvia St. West Trenton NJ 08628). Roth manages the design construction and operation of soil and ground water treatment systems at sites that use soil vapor extraction dual phase extraction bioventing air sparging and air injection for remediation. He received his Ph.D. in environmental science from Rutgers University in 1992 his M.S. in environmental science from Rutgers University in 1983 and his B.S. in civil engineering from Rutgers University in 1974. Roth is a licensed professional engineer in the state of New Jersey.

This report summarizes the initial results of subsurface remediation at Terminal 1, Kennedy International Airport, to remediate soil and ground water contaminated with Jet A fuel. The project was driven and constrained by the construction schedule of a major new terminal at the facility. The remediation system used a combination of ground water pumping, air injection, and soil vapor extraction. In the first five months of operation, the combined processes of dewatering, volatilization, and biogradation removed a total of 36,689 pounds of total volatile and semivolatile organic jet fuel hydrocarbons from subsurface soil and ground water. The results of this case study have shown that 62 percent of the removal resulted from biogradation, 27 percent of the removal resulted from biodegradation, 27 percent occurred as a result of liquid removal, and 11 percent resulted from the extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

关键词： Extraction

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Developing a healthy disrespect for numbers

引用

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第2期16卷 59-64页

作者： Nyer, EK Regan, T Nautiyal, D Evan K. Nyer is a vice president with Geraghty & Miller Inc. where he is responsible for maintaining and expanding the company's technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology engineering modeling risk assessment and bioremediation. He has been active in the development of new treatment technologies for many years. His areas of research interest include biological treatment suspended solids separation chemical oxidation in situ treatment air treatment systems and the application of new technologies to ground water cleanup. He has been responsible for the strategies technical design and installation of more than 200 ground water and soil remediation systems at contaminated sites throughout the United States. Terry Regan is an associate and principal scientist in Geraghty & Miller's Andover Massachusetts office where he is currently the office manager. His primary technical responsibilities have included managing large-scale environmental investigation and remediation projects. Regan has a B.S. in environmental science/geology from the University of Lowell and an M.S. in hydrology from the University of New Hampshire. He has more than 13 years experience in the environmental industry. Deepak Nautiyal is a staff engineer with more than six years experience in the applied civil engineering field with three years specifically in the site remediation application of civil/environmental engineering. He specializes in remedial design and pneumatic fracturing and his primary responsibilies are providing engineering support to environmental projects. Nautiyal has a B.S. in civil engineering from the Institute of Technology India an M.S. in building engineering and management from the School of Planning and Architecture India and an M.S. in environmental engineering from the New Jersey Institute of Technology.

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Inexpensive electronic water level recorders for hydrologic studies

引用

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第2期16卷 77-83页

作者： Keenan, R Dickerson, J Gardner, L Reeves, H Richard Keenan is a hydrogeologist at Golder Associates Inc. Jacksonville Florida working on site investigation and remediation projects for ground water and soil contamination. His research interests include ground water modeling geologic analysis of coastal plain depositional environments and processing and analysis of remotely sensed images. He was raised in South Carolina and Puerto Rico and received a B.S. in marine science (1989) and an M.S. in geology (1994) from the University of South Carolina. John Dickerson has been on the civil engineering faculty of the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina for the past 20 years. He is a registered professional engineer and specializes in dynamical measurements and control in addition to the application of microprocessors in engineering experiments. He grew up in northern Illinois received a mechanical engineering degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1963 and a Ph.D. in applied mechanics from the California Institute of Technology in 1967. Leonard Gardner has been a faculty member of the Geological Sciences Department at the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina since 1968. He has published numerous papers on the geochemistry of weathering and soil genesis and on geological and geochemical processes in salt marshes. He was born and raised in New Jersey received a B.S. in English (1958) from St. Peter's College in Jersey City and then earned a B.S. (1963) M.S. (1966) and Ph.D. (1968) in geology from the Pennsylvania State University. Howard W. Reeves is an assistant professor in Civil Engineering at Northwestern University. Reeves joined the faculty at Northwestern in 1994 to coordinate the environmental geotechnics research area and was an assistant professor of Geological Sciences at the University of South Carolina from 1991 to 1994. Reeves earned a B.S. in chemical engineering and an M.S. in environmental engineering at the University of Notre Dame and a Ph. D. in en vironmental engineering at The Un

Hydrologic investigations typically involve the collection of water level measurements at discrete points in space and time. The high cost of commercial electronic recorders can be a burden. We have developed an inexpensive ((similar to)$200) electronic water level recorder consisting of a Motorola microcontroller, a clock. memory, pressure transducers, and associated circuitry. The instrument is powered by a 6-V battery. These devices. each capable of monitoring up to eight channels of analog input, are presently providing continuous monitoring of nested piezometers, tide gauges, and rain gauges in hydrologic studies at the Savannah River site and the North Inlet (South Carolina) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. The instruments can be custom tailored to record water levels at any specified time interval, or whenever the water level changes by a specified amount, and can store up to 32,000 water level observations. These instruments have been used to conduct slug tests and can be configured to monitor observation wells for pumping tests. Simplicity of construction and availability of components offer hydrologists an inexpensive but reliable method of water level recording. Several examples of the use of this instrumentation in diverse hydrologic settings are described.

关键词： Recording instruments

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：