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COMPARISONS OF 3 METHODS TO DETERMINE THE VERTICAL STRATIFICATION OF PORE FLUIDS

GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1990年第1期10卷 91-95页

作者： TAYLOR, K HESS, J MAZZELLA, A HAYWORTH, J Dr. Kendrick Taylor was awarded a doctorate in hydrogeology from the University of Nevada at Reno in 1987. He holds an M.S. and a B.S. from the University of Wisconsin and Colorado Schools of Mines respectively. His current research interest is the development of geophysical methods for hydrologic applications. In addition to his position at the Desert Research Institute (Water Resources Center P.O. Box 60220 Reno N V 89506) he instructs a course in hydrogeophysics at the University of Nevada at Reno. Dr Aldo Maz Ila received a B.A. in physics from of Maryland and a Ph.D. in engineering geoscience from the University of California Berkeley (1976). He worked four years in the Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathqmatics at the University of Maryland and five years at Physics International Co.on equation of state and fluid dynamics projects. He was founder and president of Terraphysics Co. for 11 years a company specializing in geophysical research and exploration for geothermal minerals and ground water. In 1985 he joined the U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Subsurface Monitoring Branch (P.O.Box 93478 Las Vegas NV89193-3478). He is a project officer on a wide variety of geophysical research and technical support projects for detection of subsurface contaminations and ground water investigations. Joel S. Hayworth obtained his B.S. in geophysics from the University of California Santa Barbara in 1986 and his M.S. degree in hydrogeology from the University of Nevada Las Vegas in 1988. He worked as a research assistant at the University of Nevada's Desert Research Institute and is currently working on a Ph.D. in civil engineering (hydrology) at A uburn University.His research interests include application of geophysical methods to ground water investigations and mathematical modeling of aquifer contaminant transport processes. Dr. John Hess received his B.S. in geophysics and his Ph.D. in hydrogeology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1969 and 1974 respectively

Three methods were used to investigate the possibility of vertical stratification of the pore fluid in an aquifer. The wells available for the study were fully screened and had a 5cm disturbed annulus around them. The first method used a pump with a straddle packer to isolate a short section of the secreened interval. A tracer test demonstrated that most of the pumped sample came from the well bore, presumably by piping through the disturbed. annulus. The second method used induction logs to measure the formation electrical conductivity as a function of depth. Due to the presence of clays and an inability to obtain porosity information, it was not possible to determine the pore fluid electrical conductivity using induction logs. A third method, dilution sampling, was developed that used a straddle packer to isolate a segment of the well screen. A tracer was injected into the packed-off segment, and the tracer concentration in the well was monitored. The tracer was removed from the packed-off segment by dilution and advection by ground water. When the tracer was completely removed from the packed-off segment, the fluid in the segment was considered to be representative of the adjacent pore fluid. Only the dilution sampling method determined unambiguously that the pore fluid was not stratified.

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ECONOMICS OF SAMPLE COMPOSITING AS A SCREENING TOOL IN GROUND-WATER QUALITY MONITORING

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1989年第1期9卷 186-192页

作者： RAJAGOPAL, R WILLIAMS, LR R. Rajagopal received a B.Sc. in mathematics and graduate level training in statistics from the University of Bombay a master's degree in industrial and systems engineering (operations research) from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. in resource management with an emphasis on ground water pollution control from the University of Michigan. He is a professor of geography and civil and environmental engineering at the University of Iowa. In 1985 Rajagopal received the National Association of Environmental Professional's Distinguished Service Award. He is currently a visiting scientist in the Advanced Monitoring Systems Division Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Las Vegas NV 89193). Llewellyn R. Williams received a Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1971 and has served the U.S. EPA for the past 16 years. He is currently acting director Quality Assurance Division of the U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas Nevada (89193-3478). He has authored or co-authored approximately 100 technical articles. The subjects of these works include water quality monitoring bioassay and chemical analysis method development and validation and quality assurance for field and laboratory studies. Recently Dr. Williams arranged to bring together a panel of experts consisting of regulators chemists and statisticians to develop guidance for applying composite sampling to achieve cost savings in environmental monitoring programs.

Recent advances in high throughput/automated compositing with robotics/field-screening methods offer seldom-tapped opportunities for achieving cost-reduction in ground water quality monitoring programs. An economic framework is presented in this paper for the evaluation of sample compositing as a screening tool in ground water quality monitoring. When the likelihood of occurrence of a contaminant in a well is very small, the use of sample compositing instead of routine exhaustive sampling will lead to reduction in analytical efforts. Such reduction will be maximum when there are no contaminated wells in the network. An N-fold reduction will result when none of the wells in a network of N wells are contaminated. When 25 percent or more wells in a network are contaminated, the use of sample compositing will require, at the most, an additional 50 percent analytical effort compared to exhaustive sampling. A quantitative measure of the cost-effectiveness of sample compositing as a screening tool is shown to be dependent on two factors: a ratio (f1) of laboratory analytical cost to that of well installation and field sampling costs and a ratio (f2) of the expected number of contaminated wells to that of the total number of wells in the network. Several useful mathematical results of primary interest are derived and illustrated with case examples in the paper. Selected areas for further research are also outlined.

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Optimization of Water Supply systems: Risk Analysis and Reliability of Supply

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Water and Environment Journal 1989年第1期3卷 22-26页

作者： WARREN, R.P. COOK, S.C. LUMBERS, J.P. FANNER, P. Mr. Warren and Dr Cook are Project Engineer and Managing Director respectively Tynemarch Systems Engineering Ltd. Dr lumbers is a Lecturer in Public Health & Environmental Engineering. Department of Civil Engineering. Imperial College and Mr Fanner is employed in the Technology & Development section of Thames Water.

The problem of determining minimum premissible storage in the optimization of water distribution networks is assessed by means of evaluating the reliability of the system operation during range crisis events. Reliability is treated in both a deterministic and probabilistic manner, and an illustration of the analysis given for a typical scenario on an existing network. Copyright © 1989, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词： Crisis events levels of service network analysis optimization probability analysis risk analysis supply security water supply

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MODELING GROUND-WATER QUALITY SAMPLING DECISIONS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1988年第4期8卷 121-134页

作者： HSUEH, YW RAJAGOPAL, R Ya-Wen Hsueh received undergraduate training in liberal arts at the National Taiwan University and a master's degree in geography with an emphasis in water resources from the University of Iowa. Her major research interests are in the fields of water resources Systems analysis environmental impact assessment and geographic information Systems. Her current affiliation at the National Taiwan University (Department of Environmental Science Taiwan Republic of China) includes research dealing with an assessment of state-of-the-art applications and management of Geographic Information Systems in the Department of Interior of the Government of Taiwan. R. Rajagopal received undergraduate and graduate education in mathematics and statistics from the University of Bombay a master's degree in operations research from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. in resource management with an emphasis on ground water pollution control from the University of Michigan. He is a professor of geography and civil and environmental engineering at the University of Iowa. He is currently a visiting scientist in the Advanced Monitoring Systems Division Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory P.O. Box 93478 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Las Vegas NV 89193.

Questions such as what, where, when, and how often to sample play a central role in the development of monitoring strategies. Limited resources will not permit sampling for many contaminants at the same frequency at all well sites. Therefore, a resource allocation strategy is necessary to arrive at answers for the preceding types of questions. Such a strategy for a ground water quality monitoring program is formulated as an integer programming model (an optimization model). The model will be of use in the process of deciding what constituents to sample and where to sample them so as to maximize a given objective, subject to a set of budget, sampling, and regulatory constraints. The maximization objective in the model is defined as a weighted function of population exposure to a scaled measure of observed chemical concentrations. The sampling constraints are based on the observed variability of contaminants in the aquifer, needed precision in estimates, a chosen level of significance, the available budget for implementing the program, and selected regulatory constraints. The model is tested with field data obtained for 10 selected constituents from more than 650 wells in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in Iowa. Results from two alternative formulations of the model are compared, analyzed, and discussed. Further avenues for research are briefly outlined.

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CONTAMINATION OF FARMSTEAD WELLS BY PESTICIDES, VOLATILE ORGANICS, AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN KANSAS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1988年第3期8卷 153-160页

作者： STEICHEN, J KOELLIKER, J GROSH, D HEIMAN, A YEAROUT, R ROBBINS, V Dr. James M. Steichen is professor of agricultural engineering at Kansas State University (Agricultural Engineering Department Seaton Hall Manhattan KS 66506). He joined the faculty at KSU in 1978. His responsibilities are teaching and research in soil and water conservation and water quality. He holds B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in agricultural engineering front Oklahoma State University. He has authored numerous articles papers and extensive publications on hydrology water quality and soil conservation planning. Dr. Doris L. Grosh is a professor of industrial engineering and statistics at Kansas State University (Industrial Engineering & Statistics Departments Manhattan KS 66506). Her responsibilities include administration teaching and research. Her major fields of interest are applied statistics reliability and operations research. She is the author of a book A Primer of Reliability Theory. She majored in mathematics and physics earning a B.S. from the University of Chicago and an M.S. and Ph.D in statistics from Kansas State University. Alan Heiman has been a soil conservationist with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (122 W. Main Beloit KS 67420) since 1987. He has earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural mechanization at Kansas State University. Robert D. Yearout received a Ph.D. in industrial engineering at Kansas State University in 1987. He has just finished his first year teaching industrial and engineering management at the University of North Carolina-Asheville (One University Heights Asheville NC 28804). Dr. James K. Koelliker is professor of civil engineering at Kansas State University (Manhattan KS 66506). His teaching and research are in the areas of water resources Systems with emphasis on agricultural water management and the effects of agriculture on water quality. He graduated from Kansas State University in 1967 with a B.S. in agricultural engineering. He received an M.S. in water resources and a Ph.D. in engineering from lowa State University. He has been on the faculty o

Concern about the public health consequences of possible contamination of farmstead wells led to a random statewide survey in Kansas. Results of the analyses showed that 8 percent of tested wells had detectable amounts of pesticides, 2 percent had detectable amounts of volatile organic chemicals, and 37 percent had some inorganic contaminant exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL). Nitrate was the most common source of inorganic contamination, exceeding the MCL in 28 percent of the wells. Selenium levels exceeded the MCL in 9 percent of the wells. A multiple regression model for nitrate-N was developed. The factors included the age of the well, land use around the well, and the distance to the closest possible source of organic contamination.

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IMPROVED LOGISTICS SUPPORT THROUGH STANDARDIZATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第2期100卷 40-46页

作者： KINNEY, ET CONSTANT, AE Edward T. Kinney:is presently director of the Machinery Group Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea). He graduated from Michigan State University in 1952 and joined the Bureau of Ships Engineer-In-Training Program. Mr. Kinney has held a variety of technical and senior management positions in NavSea and the Naval Material Command. He has authored a number of technical articles and papers and has been a contributing author to the Naval Engineers Journal. He is a past president of the Association of Scientists and Engineers and holds membership in ASNE SNAME Federal Conference of Environmental Engineers and ASME and is chairman of the ASME Shipbuilding Standards Machinery Committee. Alexander E. Constant:is a native of Newport Rhode Island and a graduate of Pennsylvania Military College from which he received his BS degree in civil engineering in 1960. After two years with the U.S. Forest Service working in civil sanitary engineering designing recreational facilities he joined the Vermont Water Resources Department as a project engineer. He was recruited by the Navy in 1966 and he accepted a position in the Piping Systems Branch where he attained the position of director. At present he is head of the Auxiliary Equipment Division Naval Sea Systems Command where for the past six years he has been responsible for the design operation maintenance and life cycle support for the majority of the U.S. Navy's shipboard auxiliary equipment. He has been a member of U.S. and international committees on standardization and has been a delegate representing the U.S. at several meetings throughout the world.

This paper presents improvements in logistics support of hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) components through standardization to the piece part level. The process of component standardization is outlined and compared with traditional HM&E acquisition approaches. The impact of standardization on logistics support is presented with case examples cited to graphically demonstrate how logistics improvements are derived. The paper also presents standardization costs and benefit analyses. A compelling case for increased HM&E standardization efforts is made from a logistics improvement perspective.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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Microgravity Experiments on Granular Materials

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 1986年第1期87卷 203-212页

作者： Nicholas C. Costes V. C. Jano S. Sture Systems Dynamics Laboratory NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Alabama USA Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado Boulder USA

Gravity induced stresses in terrestrial laboratory specimens comprising of relatively weak and soft granular materials, are often of the same magnitude as the external tractions that are applied during investigations of constitutive behavior especially at low intergranular stress levels. The presence of heterogeneous strain and stress fields within such a specimen makes it difficult if not impossible to obtain objective and unambiguous constitutive properties and to devise relevant constitutive equations. To fill this technological gap, microgravity experiments are now planned which will be performed during future flights of the Space Shuttle, in conjunction with ground-based tests. This paper deals with analytical and experimental issues related to constitutive modeling of granular materials.

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THE EFFECT OF SAMPLING FREQUENCY ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1986年第4期6卷 65-73页

作者： RAJAGOPAL, R R. Rajagopal received a B. Sc. in mathematics in 1964 and graduate level training in statistics during 1965-67 from the University of Bombay a master's degree in industrial and systems engineering (operations research) from the University of Florida in 1969 and a Ph. D. in resource management with an emphasis on ground water pollution control from the University of Michigan in 1974. He presently is an associate professor of Geography and Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Iowa (302 Jessup Hall Iowa City IA 52242). In 1985 Prof. Rajagopal received the National Association of Environmental Professional's Distinguished Service A ward

There is an implicit relationship between the frequency of sampling and the value of information obtained. This relationship is briefly explored by a study of nitrates in aquifers of the Quaternary age and fluorides and sulfates in aquifers of the Cambro-Ordovician age in Iowa. The ambient distribution of these chemicals, in general, is positively skewed with a significant number of observations in the lower end of the feasible range. It is shown that a much broader perspective of the distribution of these chemicals in ground water can be obtained by studying a whole spectrum of parameters (quantiles) ranging from the minimum to the maximum, rather than just the mean or the median alone. Simple random samples of varying sizes drawn from the available data base revealed that many parameters of location, such as the quantiles, of nitrates, fluorides, and sulfates in selected aquifers can be estimated closely by samples of sizes 50, 100 and 250. Results based on such hindsight warrant further investigation of the behavior of sampling distributions of a set of high priority chemicals in different hydrogeological environments.

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SAMPLING FOR TOXIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1986年第2期6卷 67-72页

作者： BRYDEN, GW MABEY, WR ROBINE, KM Gregg W. Bryden received a BA. in biology from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1984. Since then he has worked at Kennedy/Jenks Engineers in the Laboratory Division where field chemistry and sampling programs are his primary responsibilities. William R. Mabey is senior environmental chemist with Kennedy/Jenks Engineers. Mabey has more than 12 years experience in research development of methods and evaluation of the fate of chemicals in the aquatic systems. At Kennedy/Jenks Engineers Mabey is responsible/or evaluating chemical speciation reactivity and mobility of chemicals in soils and ground waters as part of site assessments and remedial actions. Mabey has a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Oregon. Keith M. Robine received a B.S. inchemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981 and an M.S. in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1984. Robine who specialized in environmental engineering at Stanford has been project engineer for a number of ground water monitoring programs at Kennedy/Jenks Engineers. He recently left Kennedy/Jenks Engineers to take up a teaching position.

In this paper, we relate recent developments in ground water sampling techniques to the practical application of sampling for toxic contaminants in ground water. We address the choices that must be made in choosing equipment for a particular project by going through a step-by-step procedure for collecting a ground water sample from a typical monitoring well. Ground water sampling topics that are discussed include: choice of equipment for purging and sampling a well, monitoring for purged ground water indicators and quality assurance/quality control.

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ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM UNITED-STATES NAVY SHIPS - THE 1ST 10 YEARS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 66-75页

作者： GEYER, AT SPENCE, JA Andrew T. Geyer III:graduated from the United States Merchant Marine Academy (Kings Point) in 1971. In 1976 he received a master of civil engineering degree environmental specialty from the University of Delaware. Mr. Geyer is a commissioned Naval Reserve officer licensed marine engineer and registered professional engineer. From 1974 to 1978 he worked at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center on the development of shipboard pollution control systems for naval ships. From 1978 to the present he has worked at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES) where he is head of the Environmental Pollution Abatement Section. Mr. Geyer is NAVSEA's in-service engineering agent (ISEA) for shipboard pollution abatement systems. He is member of ASNE's Delaware Valley Section the Water Pollution Control Federation and the Delaware Association of Professional Engineers. James A. Spence:received his bachelor of science degree in marine engineering from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1959. Since graduation he has served as an officer in the U.S. Navy and is an active member of the Naval Reserve. He joined the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES) in 1963 where he has been head of the Air & Gas Compressor Section head Engineering Procedures Section head Environmental Pollution Abatement Section and director Ship Survivability Office. He is currently the head of the Reciprocating Machinery Branch. Mr. Spence is a member of the ASNE Delaware Valley Section and was chairman of their 1983 Ship Survivability Colloquium.

Increasing public concern over the decline of our national environmental quality resulted in the passage of Public Law 92–500, “The Federal Water Pollution Control Act.” Issuance of subsequent executive orders, including 12088 of 13 October 1978, directed all federal facilities, including naval ships, to comply with all federal, state and local pollutant discharge regulations. This requirement is promulgated to the naval forces afloat by the Chief of Naval Operations via OPNAV INST 5090.1 of 26 May 1983. The early 1970s saw the evolution of an aggressive U.S. Navy research and development program in the area of shipboard pollution control. Early efforts focused on the development of flow-through type marine sanitation devices (MSDs). However, available commercial technology could not produce a reliable and easily maintainable device which was capable of consistently meeting the effluent discharge requirements established by the U.S. Coast Guard. Anticipating the April 1981 compliance date, the Navy committed to installing a collection, holding and transfer (CHT) system on board most of its vessels. Between 1973 and 1983, over 430 ships and 400 small craft had been fitted with MSDs. In addition, 53 Navy ships have had a state-of-the-art oily waste treatment systems installed in anticipation of future requirements. This paper addresses major installation, operation and maintenance problems encountered and lessons learned over the last decade. Ongoing efforts leading to the design of optimized shipboard pollution abatement equipment are also discussed.

关键词： WATER POLLUTION

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