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Impact of Building Design and Operating Strategies on Urban Heat Island Effects Part II: Sensitivity Analysis

Journal of engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities 2024年第3期5卷 031005页

作者： Ameer, Baqer Krarti, Moncef Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering Building Systems Program University of Colorado Boulder Boulder 80309 CO United States Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Safat 13109 Kuwait

This study investigates the mutual thermal interactions between buildings and the microclimate within urban area centers. Buildings are the primary energy consumers in cities, and one of the main causes of the urban heat island (UHI) formation. In this article, a flexible simulation environment is developed and used to model the mutual thermal interactions between building energy systems and their urban surroundings in Phoenix, AZ, characterized by its hot climate. The impacts of various operating strategies for both commercial and residential buildings are assessed on both UHI effects and energy consumption. Specifically, the study evaluates the impacts of indoor temperature settings, precooling strategies, and air infiltration/exfiltration rates. It has been found that heat rejected by air conditioning systems significantly impacts UHI formation in urban centers located in hot climates. Specifically, commercial buildings were found to cause more UHI effects than residential buildings due to higher cooling loads. The impacts of heat rejected from heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are found to be more dominant than that from air exfiltration on the microclimate of urban centers. For urban center made up of commercial buildings with a street aspect ratio of 2, heat from air exfiltration is estimated to be as low as 10% of the heat rejected by HVAC systems. Copyright © 2024 by ASME.

关键词： air conditioning air infiltration building energy efficiency cities precooling controls temperature settings thermal mass urban heat island

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3D Printing vs. Traditional Construction: Cost Comparisons from Design to Waste Disposal Stages 41

3D Printing vs. Traditional Construction: Cost Comparisons f...

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41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, ISARC 2024

作者： Besklubova, Svetlana Raza, Muhammad Huzaifa Zhong, Ray Y. Skibniewski, Miroslaw J. Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD20742-3021 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780645832211

Construction 3D printing (3DP) has the potential to be cost-effective compared to traditional construction, due to its shorter supply chain and higher level of automation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies comparing the costs of traditional construction and 3DP across various stages, from design to waste disposal. Therefore, this study investigates the overall cost of traditional and 3DP construction, considering both off-site and on-site 3DP techniques. Mathematical models are developed to analyse costs, including research and development (R&D), Architecture, engineering, and Construction (AEC), transportation, warehousing, setup installation, printing and on-site assembling processes, waste disposal, and environmental costs. Real-time case studies have been investigated to validate the feasibility and practicality of the models. The comparative analysis revealed that the design stage cost of 3DP is 19 times higher than those of traditional construction due to significant investments in R&D. Off-site 3DP incurs higher logistics costs primarily due to holding costs. Nevertheless, it becomes a more viable option for small-scale projects (less than 35t for the considered cases), like printing architectural elements, as the expense of delivering printed components to the construction site is lower compared to transporting bulky 3DP equipment and raw materials. On-site 3DP presents a competitive alternative to traditional construction methods, both for individual projects and large-scale developments. The findings of this research provide valuable insights that can help the construction industry optimize cost-effectiveness and enhance efficiency in construction practices. © 2024 ISARC. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： 3D printing

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Deep-Learning-based damage detection of an experimentally tested full-scale wind turbine blade 11

Deep-Learning-based damage detection of an experimentally te...

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11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, EWSHM 2024

作者： Varouxis, Theodoros Dertimanis, Vasilis Abdallah, Imad Chatzi, Eleni Pakrashi, Vikram Malekjafarian, Abdollah Structural Dynamics and Assessment Laboratory School of Civil Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland UCD Centre for Mechanics Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Reducing the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of wind farms can foster adoption of environmentally sustainable and cost-effective energy sources. O&M costs in Wind Turbines can account up to 35% of the turbine's total levelized cost per KWh, with a large portion attributed to that for wind turbine blades (WTB). In the present study, an experimental campaign for fatigue damage progression monitoring is presented. After subjecting the WTB to cyclic loading, an artificial transverse crack was introduced in the trailing edge (TE).The dynamic response of the blade to three different excitation schemes - white noise, white noise with the inclusion of a fundamental sinusoidal component and a frequency sweep- is obtained via the use of accelerometers, strain gauges and a real-time deflection monitoring system. These tests yielded generated 4 different health states, the initial healthy and 3 damaged states. The progressive damage is presented using frequency response functions (FRFs),while a simple deep-learning damage detection framework is developed. A conventional autoencoder (AE) is trained using the Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) corresponding to the blade's healthy state;then, an unsupervised damage detection algorithm is formulated using the AE. © 2024 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, EWSHM 2024. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fatigue damage

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Tracking Perimeter Control for Two-Region Macroscopic Traffic Dynamics: An Adaptive Dynamic Programming Approach 27

Tracking Perimeter Control for Two-Region Macroscopic Traffi...

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27th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation systems, ITSC 2024

作者： Chen, Can Huang, Yunping Zhang, Hongwei Hsu, Shu-Chien Zhong, Renxin The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hong Kong Hong Kong School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China School of Intelligent Systems Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505929

Leveraging the concept of the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) concept, perimeter control can be implemented in some identified critical intersections to alleviate network-level congestion effectively. Considering the time-varying nature of the travel demand pattern and the equilibrium of the accumulation state, we reformulate the conventional set-point perimeter control (SPC) problem for the two-region MFD system into an optimal tracking perimeter control problem (OTPCP). Unlike the SPC schemes that stabilize the traffic dynamics to the desired equilibrium point, the proposed tracking perimeter control (TPC) scheme will regulate the traffic dynamics to a desired trajectory in a differential framework. Due to the inherent network uncertainties, such as uncertain dynamics of heterogeneity and demand disturbance, the system dynamics could be uncertain or even unknown. To address these issues, we propose an adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach to solving the OTPCP without utilizing knowledge of the system dynamics. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ADP-based TPC. Compared with the SPC scheme, the proposed TPC scheme achieves a 20.01% reduction in total travel time and a 3.15% improvement in cumulative trip completion in our case study. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Travel time

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CAV Traffic Control to Mitigate the Impact of Congestion from Bottlenecks: A Linear Quadratic Regulator Approach and Microsimulation Study

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ACM Journal on Autonomous Transportation systems 2024年第2期1卷 1-37页

作者： Suyash C. Vishnoi Junyi Ji Mirsaleh Bahavarnia Yuhang Zhang Ahmad F. Taha Christian G. Claudel Daniel B. Work Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute for Software Integrated Systems Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA

This work investigates traffic control via controlled connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) using novel controllers derived from the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) theory. CAV-platoons are modeled as moving bottlenecks impacting the surrounding traffic with their speeds as control inputs. An iterative controller algorithm based on the LQR theory is proposed along with a variant that allows for penalizing abrupt changes in platoon speeds. The controllers use the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model implemented using an extended cell transmission model (CTM), which considers the capacity drop phenomenon for a realistic representation of traffic in congestion. The impact of various parameters of the proposed controller on the control performance is analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed traffic control algorithms is tested using a traffic control example and compared with existing proportional-integral (PI) and model predictive control (MPC) controllers from the literature. A case study using the TransModeler traffic microsimulation software is conducted to test the usability of the proposed controller as well as existing controllers in a realistic setting and derive qualitative insights. It is observed that the proposed controller works well in both settings to mitigate the impact of the jam caused by a fixed bottleneck. The computation time required by the controller is also small, making it suitable for real-time control.

关键词： Traffic control moving-bottleneck control connected and autonomous vehicles linear-quadratic regulator microsimulation-based analysis

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DAFNI: A computational platform to support infrastructure systems research

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Proceedings of the Institution of civil Engineers: Smart Infrastructure and Construction 2023年第3期176卷 108-116页

作者： Matthews, Brian Hall, Jim Batty, Michael Blainey, Simon Cassidy, Nigel Choudhary, Ruchi Coca, Daniel Hallett, Stephen Harou, Julien J James, Phil Lomax, Nik Oliver, Peter Sivakumar, Aruna Tryfonas, Theodoros Varga, Liz Scientific Computing Department Science and Technology Facilities Council Didcot United Kingdom School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis University College London London United Kingdom Transportation Research Group Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom Department of Civil Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham United Kingdom Department of Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics Cranfield University Cranfield United Kingdom Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom School of Engineering Newcastle University Newcastle United Kingdom School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Civil Engineering University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering University College London London United Kingdom

Research into the engineering of infrastructure systems is increasingly data intensive. Researchers build computational models to explore scenarios such as investigating the merits of infrastructure plans, analysing historical data to inform system operations or assessing the impacts of infrastructure on the environment. Models are more complex, at higher resolution and with larger coverage. Researchers also require a 'multi-systems' approach to explore interactions between systems, such as energy and water with urban development, and across scales, from buildings and streets to regions or nations. Consequently, researchers need enhanced computational resources to support cross-institutional collaboration and sharing at scale. The Data and Analytics Facility for National Infrastructure (DAFNI) is an emerging computational platform for infrastructure systems research. It provides high-throughput compute resources so larger data sets can be used, with a data repository to upload data and share these with collaborators. Users' models can also be uploaded and executed using modern containerisation techniques, giving platform independence, scaling and sharing. Further, models can be combined into workflows, supporting multi-systems modelling and generating visualisations to present results. DAFNI forms a central resource accessible to all infrastructure systems researchers in the UK, supporting collaboration and providing a legacy, keeping data and models available beyond the lifetime of a project. © 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved.

关键词： Urban growth

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Digital Water and Its Impact on Sustainability

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Resource: engineering and Technology for Sustainable World 2022年第4期29卷 37-39页

作者： Muhammed, Khaleel Anandhi, Aavudai Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Florida A&M University Tallahassee United States Department of Biological Systems Engineering Florida A&M University Tallahassee United States

Digital water is an emerging research direction that involves using technology to manage water use. The digital water ecosystem is described by the International Water Association (IWA) as being composed of many stake... 详细信息

关键词： Changes in water use Digital water Information Technology Innovation Optimizing global water use Sustainability Water management

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Quantifying the Benefits of Mindful Driving Training in Safety and Sustainability

Quantifying the Benefits of Mindful Driving Training in Safe...

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2023 systems and Information engineering Design Symposium, SIEDS 2023

作者： Dollahite, Rebecca Duffy, Michael Park, B. Brian University of Virginia Department of Systems & Information Engineering United States University of Virginia Facilities Management United States University of Virginia Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350300642

While automobiles are essential for enabling the daily lives of many Americans and businesses, they have caused significant public health concerns, including over 31,785 fatalities in 2022 from traffic crashes and generating 27% of the United States' greenhouse gas emissions in 2020. It has been shown that mindful driving training reduces aggressive driving behaviors, which is expected to reduce crashes, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas *** this research, we work with the University of Virginia (UVA)'s Facilities Management (FM) group which monitors over 280 vehicles through GPS tracking software. The FM group started mindful driving training in March 2021 and has since completed training for nearly half of drivers. We started collecting and analyzing these vehicles' performance data, including harsh braking, hard acceleration, speed violation, seatbelt violation, fuel consumption, and idling time. We quantified the impacts of mindful driving using before and after analysis. The safety impact was assessed using delta changes in harsh braking, speed violation, seatbelt violation, and number of relative crashes and the sustainability impact was based on the changes in hard acceleration, fuel economy, and idling time. Our analyses showed that mindful driving training greatly improves sustainability with reduced fuel consumption and safety with reduced occurrences of safetyrelated violations. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Sustainable development

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Constrained CAV Control for Mixed Vehicular Platoons Via Gain Parameterizations and Padé Approximations 63

Constrained CAV Control for Mixed Vehicular Platoons Via Gai...

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63rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC 2024

作者： Bahavarnia, MirSaleh Ji, Junyi Taha, Ahmad F. Work, Daniel B. Vanderbilt University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2201 West End Avenue NashvilleTN37235 United States Institute for Software Integrated Systems United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316339

The key objective of the connected and automated vehicle (CAV) platoon control problem is to regulate CAVs' position while ensuring stability and accounting for vehicle dynamics. The unconstrained version of this problem has thoroughly been investigated in the literature. We elaborate on the constrained version of this problem to theoretically mitigate the two shortcomings of the unconstrained counterpart: (i) the synthesis of unrealistic high-gain control parameters due to the lack of a systematic way to incorporate the lower and upper bounds on the control parameters, and (ii) the performance sensitivity to the communication delay due to inaccurate Taylor series approximation. The former is mitigated via a systematic parameterization of the control gains based on the Hurwitz stability criterion. The latter is mitigated by taking advantage of the well-known Padé approximation. The usefulness of the proposed theoretical results is assessed by performing numerous numerical simulations. Furthermore, a thorough comparative analysis is empirically conducted between the constrained and unconstrained versions of the CAV platoon control problem with application to the mixed vehicular platoon. Modern transportation systems will benefit from the proposed CAV controls by effectively attenuating the stop-and-go disturbance - a single cycle of deceleration followed by acceleration - amplification throughout the mixed vehicular platoon as it will potentially reduce collisions. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Parameterization

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Efficient Brillouin frequency shift extraction method employing Brillouin gain spectrum fitting in the distributed BOTDA fiber sensor 10

Efficient Brillouin frequency shift extraction method employ...

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10th IEEE International Conference on Photonics, ICP 2024

作者： Hamzah, Abdulwahhab Essa Hamzah, Mustafa Essa Ghadzali, Intan Fatimah Sasila Fadhel, Mahmoud Muhanad Sapiee, Nurfarhana Mohamad Zan, Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Tanaka, Yosuke Mohamad, Hisham Ali, Sawal Hamid Md Bakar, Ahmad Ashrif A. Department of Electrical Electronic and Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Bangi43600 Malaysia Division of Advanced Electrical and Electronic Engineering Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Japan Civil & Environmental Engineering Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Perak32610 Malaysia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350383164

—This paper demonstrates the deployment of quadratic curve fitting (QCF) based on half-peak Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) for fast and accurate Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) extraction. The method was analysed and compared with three other methods such as Lorentzian curve fitting (LCF), Gaussian curve fitting (GCF) and pseudo-Voigt curve fitting (pVCF). The QCF based on half-peak achieved an accuracy similar to other curve fitting methods. In addition, the QCF has a faster processing time by eight-fold than the others, allowing the system to handle a large amount of data with good performance. The results would provide some general ideas for deploying the QCF algorithm for the system on chip platform with direct detection for fast BFS measurement. ©2024 IEEE.

关键词： System-on-chip

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